메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 39, Issue 11, 2009, Pages 2033-2046

Recent woody invasion of wetlands on the Kenai Peninsula Lowlands, south-central Alaska: A major regime shift after 18000 years of wet sphagnumsedge peat recruitment

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANNUAL PRECIPITATION; AVAILABLE WATER; BLACK SPRUCE; LITTLE ICE AGE; METEOROLOGICAL RECORDS; PEAT CORES; PEAT LAND; PICEA MARIANA; REGIME SHIFT; SHRUBLANDS; SUMMER TEMPERATURE; TREE RINGS; WISCONSIN; WOODY INVASIONS; WOODY VEGETATION;

EID: 70450029194     PISSN: 00455067     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/X09-121     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (76)

References (85)
  • 1
    • 0033960013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Younger Dryas cold interval as viewed from central Greenland
    • doi:10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00062-1
    • Alley, R.B. 2000. The Younger Dryas cold interval as viewed from central Greenland. Quat. Sci. Rev. 19(1-5): 213-226. doi:10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00062-1.
    • (2000) Quat. Sci. Rev , vol.19 , Issue.1-5 , pp. 213-226
    • Alley, R.B.1
  • 2
    • 33750151949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Holocene development of boreal forests and fire regimes on the Kenai lowlands of Alaska
    • doi:10.1191/0959683606hol966rp
    • Anderson, R.S., Hallett, D.J., Berg, E., Jass, R.B., Toney, J.L., de Fontaine, C.S., and De Volder, A. 2006. Holocene development of boreal forests and fire regimes on the Kenai lowlands of Alaska. Holocene, 16(6): 791-803. doi:10.1191/0959683606hol966rp.
    • (2006) Holocene , vol.16 , Issue.6 , pp. 791-803
    • Anderson, R.S.1    Hallett, D.J.2    Berg, E.3    Jass, R.B.4    Toney, J.L.5    de Fontaine, C.S.6    de Volder, A.7
  • 4
    • 8844236794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA), Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press
    • Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA). 2005. Arctic climate impact assessment. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
    • (2005) Arctic climate impact assessment
  • 5
    • 0037135184 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid wastage of Alaska glaciers and their contribution to rising sea level
    • doi:10.1126/science.1072497. PMID:12130781
    • Arendt, A.A., Echelmeyer, K.A., Harrison, W.D., Lingle, C.S., and Valentine, V.B. 2002. Rapid wastage of Alaska glaciers and their contribution to rising sea level. Science (Washington, D.C.), 297(5580): 382-386. doi:10.1126/science.1072497. PMID:12130781.
    • (2002) Science (Washington, D.C.) , vol.297 , Issue.5580 , pp. 382-386
    • Arendt, A.A.1    Echelmeyer, K.A.2    Harrison, W.D.3    Lingle, C.S.4    Valentine, V.B.5
  • 6
    • 0034621899 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduced growth of Alaskan white spruce in the twentieth century from temperature-induced drought stress
    • doi:10.1038/35015049. PMID:10864320
    • Barber, V.A., Juday, G.P., and Finney, B.P. 2000. Reduced growth of Alaskan white spruce in the twentieth century from temperature-induced drought stress. Nature (Lond.), 405(6787): 668-673. doi:10.1038/35015049. PMID:10864320.
    • (2000) Nature (Lond.) , vol.405 , Issue.6787 , pp. 668-673
    • Barber, V.A.1    Juday, G.P.2    Finney, B.P.3
  • 7
    • 33646193519 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fire history of white and Lutz spruce forests on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, over the last two millennia as determined from soil charcoal
    • doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2006.02.042
    • Berg, E.E., and Anderson, R.S. 2006. Fire history of white and Lutz spruce forests on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, over the last two millennia as determined from soil charcoal. For. Ecol. Manage. 227(3): 275-283. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2006.02.042.
    • (2006) For. Ecol. Manage , vol.227 , Issue.3 , pp. 275-283
    • Berg, E.E.1    Anderson, R.S.2
  • 8
    • 33646203829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spruce beetle outbreaks on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, and Kluane National Park and Reserve, Yukon Territory: Relationship to summer temperatures and regional differences in disturbance regimes
    • doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2006.02.038
    • Berg, E.E., Henry, J.D., Fastie, C.L., De Volder, A.D., and Matsuoka, S.M. 2006. Spruce beetle outbreaks on the Kenai Penin- sula, Alaska, and Kluane National Park and Reserve, Yukon Territory: relationship to summer temperatures and regional dif- ferences in disturbance regimes. For. Ecol. Manage. 227(3): 219-232. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2006.02.038.
    • (2006) For. Ecol. Manage , vol.227 , Issue.3 , pp. 219-232
    • Berg, E.E.1    Henry, J.D.2    Fastie, C.L.3    de Volder, A.D.4    Matsuoka, S.M.5
  • 9
    • 23944439865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surface energy exchanges along a tundra-forest transition and feedbacks to climate
    • doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2005.05.006
    • Beringer, J., Chapin, F.S., III, Thompson, C.D., and McGuire, A.D. 2005. Surface energy exchanges along a tundra-forest transition and feedbacks to climate. Agric. For. Meteorol. 131(3-4): 143- 161. doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2005.05.006.
    • (2005) Agric. For. Meteorol , vol.131 , Issue.3-4 , pp. 143-161
    • Beringer, J.1    Chapin III, F.S.2    Thompson, C.D.3    McGuire, A.D.4
  • 10
    • 33646481483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vegetation change and forest regeneration on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska following a spruce beetle outbreak, 1987-2000
    • doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2006.02.051
    • Boucher, T.V., and Mead, B.R. 2006. Vegetation change and forest regeneration on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska following a spruce beetle outbreak, 1987-2000. For. Ecol. Manage. 227(3): 233-246. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2006.02.051.
    • (2006) For. Ecol. Manage , vol.227 , Issue.3 , pp. 233-246
    • Boucher, T.V.1    Mead, B.R.2
  • 11
    • 0036230020 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Primary and secondary stem growth in arctic shrubs: Implications for community response to environmental change
    • doi:10.1046/j.1365-2745.2001.00657.x
    • Bret-Harte, M.S., Shaver, G.R., and Chapin, F.S., III. 2002. Pri- mary and secondary stem growth in arctic shrubs: implications for community response to environmental change. J. Ecol. 90(2): 251-267. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2745.2001.00657.x.
    • (2002) J. Ecol , vol.90 , Issue.2 , pp. 251-267
    • Bret-Harte, M.S.1    Shaver, G.R.2    Chapin, F.S.3
  • 12
    • 0025248916 scopus 로고
    • The history and paleoclimatic significance of subfossil remains of Pinus sylvestris in blanket peats from Scotland
    • doi:10.2307/2261038
    • Bridge, M.C., Haggart, B.A., and Lowe, J.J. 1990. The history and paleoclimatic significance of subfossil remains of Pinus sylvestris in blanket peats from Scotland. J. Ecol. 78(1): 77-99. doi:10.2307/2261038.
    • (1990) J. Ecol , vol.78 , Issue.1 , pp. 77-99
    • Bridge, M.C.1    Haggart, B.A.2    Lowe, J.J.3
  • 13
    • 1642518248 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Between year and site variability in growing season net ecosystem CO2 exchange at a large peatland, Ontario, Canada
    • Bubier, J.L., Bhatia, G., Moore, T.R., Roulet, N.T., and Lafleur, P.M. 2003. Between year and site variability in growing season net ecosystem CO2 exchange at a large peatland, Ontario, Canada. Ecosystems (New York, Print), 6: 353-367.
    • (2003) Ecosystems (New York, Print) , vol.6 , pp. 353-367
    • Bubier, J.L.1    Bhatia, G.2    Moore, T.R.3    Roulet, N.T.4    Lafleur, P.M.5
  • 14
    • 0034209867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Summer differences among Arctic ecosystems in regional climate forcing
    • doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<2002:SDAAEI>2.0.CO;2
    • Chapin, F.S., III, Eugster, W., McFadden, J.P., Lynch, A.H., and Walker, D.A. 2000. Summer differences among Arctic ecosystems in regional climate forcing. J. Clim. 13(12): 2002-2010. doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<2002:SDAAEI>2.0.CO;2.
    • (2000) J. Clim , vol.13 , Issue.12 , pp. 2002-2010
    • Chapin III, F.S.1    Eugster, W.2    McFadden, J.P.3    Lynch, A.H.4    Walker, D.A.5
  • 17
    • 0003003858 scopus 로고
    • The growth of Sphagnum: Methods of measurement
    • doi:10.2307/2258168
    • Clymo, R.S. 1970. The growth of Sphagnum: methods of measurement. J. Ecol. 58(1): 13-49. doi:10.2307/2258168.
    • (1970) J. Ecol. , vol.58 , Issue.1 , pp. 13-49
    • Clymo, R.S.1
  • 18
    • 0002014702 scopus 로고
    • The ecology of Sphagnum
    • Edited by A.J.E. Smith. Chapman & Hall, New York
    • Clymo, R.S., and Hayward, P.M. 1982. The ecology of Sphagnum. In Bryophyte ecology. Edited by A.J.E. Smith. Chapman & Hall, New York. pp. 229-289.
    • (1982) Bryophyte ecology , pp. 229-289
    • Clymo, R.S.1    Hayward, P.M.2
  • 22
    • 39849105424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in the alpine forest-tundra ecotone commensurate with recent warming in southcentral Alaska: Evidence from orthophotos and field plots
    • G04015, doi:10. 1029/2007JG000453
    • Dial, R.J., Berg, E.E., Timm, K., McMahon, A., and Geck, J. 2007. Changes in the alpine forest-tundra ecotone commensurate with recent warming in southcentral Alaska: evidence from orthophotos and field plots. J. Geophys. Res. 112(G4): G04015. doi:10. 1029/2007JG000453.
    • (2007) J. Geophys. Res , vol.112 , Issue.G4
    • Dial, R.J.1    Berg, E.E.2    Timm, K.3    McMahon, A.4    Geck, J.5
  • 23
    • 0842269805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Summer warming and increased winter snow cover affect Sphagnum fuscum growth, structure and production in a sub-arctic bog
    • doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2003.00718.x
    • Dorrepaal, E., Aerts, R., Cornelissen, J.H.C., Callaghan, T.V., and van Logtestijn, R.S.P. 2003. Summer warming and increased winter snow cover affect Sphagnum fuscum growth, structure and production in a sub-arctic bog. Glob. Change Biol. 10(1): 93-104. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2003.00718.x.
    • (2003) Glob. Change Biol , vol.10 , Issue.1 , pp. 93-104
    • Dorrepaal, E.1    Aerts, R.2    Cornelissen, J.H.C.3    Callaghan, T.V.4    van Logtestijn, R.S.P.5
  • 24
    • 0031466110 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mass balance of mountain and subpolar glaciers: A new global assessment for 1961-1990
    • doi:10.2307/1551986
    • Dyurgerov, M.B., and Meier, M.F. 1997. Mass balance of mountain and subpolar glaciers: a new global assessment for 1961-1990. Arct. Alp. Res. 29(4): 379-391. doi:10.2307/1551986.
    • (1997) Arct. Alp. Res , vol.29 , Issue.4 , pp. 379-391
    • Dyurgerov, M.B.1    Meier, M.F.2
  • 26
    • 33646195991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Community perspectives on spruce beetle impacts on the Kenai Peninsula Alaska
    • doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2006.02.036
    • Flint, C.G. 2006. Community perspectives on spruce beetle impacts on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. For. Ecol. Manage. 227(3): 207-218. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2006.02.036.
    • (2006) For. Ecol. Manage , vol.227 , Issue.3 , pp. 207-218
    • Flint, C.G.1
  • 27
    • 0033859013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vegetation change in a south German raised bog: Ecosystem engineering by plant species or ecosystem level feedback mechanism?
    • Frankl, R., and Schmeidl, H. 2000. Vegetation change in a south German raised bog: ecosystem engineering by plant species or ecosystem level feedback mechanism? Flora, 195: 267-276.
    • (2000) Flora , vol.195 , pp. 267-276
    • Frankl, R.1    Schmeidl, H.2
  • 28
    • 0033823962 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stand structure, invasion, and growth dynamics of bog pine (Pinus uncinata var. rotundata) in relation to peat cutting and drainage in the Jura Mountains, Switzerland
    • doi:10.1139/cjfr-30-7-1114
    • Freléchoux, F., Buttler, A., Schweingruber, F.H., and Gobat, J.-M. 2000. Stand structure, invasion, and growth dynamics of bog pine (Pinus uncinata var. rotundata) in relation to peat cutting and drainage in the Jura Mountains, Switzerland. Can. J. For. Res. 30(7): 1114-1126. doi:10.1139/cjfr-30-7-1114.
    • (2000) Can. J. For. Res , vol.30 , Issue.7 , pp. 1114-1126
    • Freléchoux, F.1    Buttler, A.2    Schweingruber, F.H.3    Gobat, J.-M.4
  • 29
    • 0034914363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sphagnum peatland distribution in North America and Eurasia during the past 21,000 years
    • doi:10.1029/2000GB001286
    • Gajewski, K., Viau, A., Sawada, M., Atkinson, D., and Wilson, S. 2001. Sphagnum peatland distribution in North America and Eurasia during the past 21,000 years. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 15(2): 297-310. doi:10.1029/2000GB001286.
    • (2001) Global Biogeochem. Cycles , vol.15 , Issue.2 , pp. 297-310
    • Gajewski, K.1    Viau, A.2    Sawada, M.3    Atkinson, D.4    Wilson, S.5
  • 30
    • 0001048525 scopus 로고
    • Response of northern peatlands to climate change: Effects on bryophytes
    • Gignac, L.D., and Vitt, D.H. 1994. Response of northern peatlands to climate change: effects on bryophytes. J. Hattori Bot. Lab. 75: 119-132.
    • (1994) J. Hattori Bot. Lab. , vol.75 , pp. 119-132
    • Gignac, L.D.1    Vitt, D.H.2
  • 31
    • 0026271247 scopus 로고
    • Northern peatlands: Role in the carbon cycle and probable responses to climatic warming
    • doi:10.2307/1941811
    • Gorham, E. 1991. Northern peatlands: role in the carbon cycle and probable responses to climatic warming. Ecol. Appl. 1(2): 182-195. doi:10.2307/1941811.
    • (1991) Ecol. Appl. , vol.1 , Issue.2 , pp. 182-195
    • Gorham, E.1
  • 32
    • 70450046155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wetland mapping and classification of the Kenai Lowland, Alaska [on- line]
    • Available from, [accessed 12 March 2007]
    • Gracz, M., Noyes, K., North, P., and Tande, G. 2007. Wetland mapping and classification of the Kenai Lowland, Alaska [on- line]. Ecosystem descriptions. Available from http://www.kenaiwetlands.net/ [accessed 12 March 2007].
    • (2007) Ecosystem descriptions
    • Gracz, M.1    Noyes, K.2    North, P.3    Tande, G.4
  • 33
    • 0034127716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scaling net ecosystem CO2 exchange from the community to landscape-level at a sub-arctic fen
    • doi:10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00330.x
    • Griffis, T.J., Rouse, W.R., and Waddington, J.M. 2000. Scaling net ecosystem CO2 exchange from the community to landscape-level at a sub-arctic fen. Glob. Change Biol. 6(4): 459-473. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00330.x.
    • (2000) Glob. Change Biol. , vol.6 , Issue.4 , pp. 459-473
    • Griffis, T.J.1    Rouse, W.R.2    Waddington, J.M.3
  • 34
    • 0036943499 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamics or constancy in Sphagnum dominated mire ecosystems? A 40-year study
    • doi:10.1034/j.1600-0587. 2002.250605.x
    • Gunnarsson, U., Malmer, N., and Rydin, H. 2002. Dynamics or constancy in Sphagnum dominated mire ecosystems? A 40-year study. Ecography, 25(6): 685-704. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0587. 2002.250605.x.
    • (2002) Ecography , vol.25 , Issue.6 , pp. 685-704
    • Gunnarsson, U.1    Malmer, N.2    Rydin, H.3
  • 35
    • 0027091273 scopus 로고
    • Some hydrological effects of peatland drainage in Alberta's boreal forest
    • doi:10.1139/x92-211
    • Hillman, G.R. 1992. Some hydrological effects of peatland drainage in Alberta's boreal forest. Can. J. For. Res. 22(11): 1588-1596. doi:10.1139/x92-211.
    • (1992) Can. J. For. Res , vol.22 , Issue.11 , pp. 1588-1596
    • Hillman, G.R.1
  • 37
    • 84920079286 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
    • Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)., Cambridge, UK, and New York
    • Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2007. Fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York.
    • (2007) Cambridge University Press
  • 38
    • 33749530854 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Water-table changes following precommercial thinning on post-harvest drained wetlands
    • doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2006.08.335
    • Jutras, S., Plamondon, A.P., Hokkä, H., and Bégin, J. 2006. Water- table changes following precommercial thinning on post-harvest drained wetlands. For. Ecol. Manage. 235(1-3): 252-259. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2006.08.335.
    • (2006) For. Ecol. Manage , vol.235 , Issue.1-3 , pp. 252-259
    • Jutras, S.1    Plamondon, A.P.2    Hokkä, H.3    Bégin, J.4
  • 41
    • 29844453791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wetland drying and succession across the Kenai Peninsula Lowlands, south-central Alaska
    • doi:10.1139/x05- 129
    • Klein, E., Berg, E.E., and Dial, R. 2005. Wetland drying and suc- cession across the Kenai Peninsula Lowlands, south-central Alaska. Can. J. For. Res. 35(8): 1931-1941. doi:10.1139/x05- 129.
    • (2005) Can. J. For. Res , vol.35 , Issue.8 , pp. 1931-1941
    • Klein, E.1    Berg, E.E.2    Dial, R.3
  • 42
    • 0028995526 scopus 로고
    • Long-term effects of water level drawdown on the vegetation of drained pine mires in southern Finland
    • doi:10.2307/ 2404818
    • Laine, J., Vasander, H., and Laiho, R. 1995. Long-term effects of water level drawdown on the vegetation of drained pine mires in southern Finland. J. Appl. Ecol. 32(4): 785-802. doi:10.2307/ 2404818.
    • (1995) J. Appl. Ecol , vol.32 , Issue.4 , pp. 785-802
    • Laine, J.1    Vasander, H.2    Laiho, R.3
  • 43
    • 21444449142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An assessment of twentieth century tree-cover changes on a southern Swedish peatland combining dendrochronology and aerial photograph analysis
    • doi:10.1672/0277-5212(2004)024[0357:AAOTCT]2.0.CO;2
    • Linderholm, H.W., and Leine, M. 2004. An assessment of twenti- eth century tree-cover changes on a southern Swedish peatland combining dendrochronology and aerial photograph analysis. Wetlands, 24(2): 357-363. doi:10.1672/0277-5212(2004)024[0357:AAOTCT]2.0.CO;2.
    • (2004) Wetlands , vol.24 , Issue.2 , pp. 357-363
    • Linderholm, H.W.1    Leine, M.2
  • 44
    • 21744439533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecological histories from Alaskan tree lines provide insight into future change
    • doi:10.1890/03-0786
    • Lloyd, A.H. 2005. Ecological histories from Alaskan tree lines provide insight into future change. Ecology, 86(7): 1687-1695. doi:10.1890/03-0786.
    • (2005) Ecology , vol.86 , Issue.7 , pp. 1687-1695
    • Lloyd, A.H.1
  • 45
    • 0036130219 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial and temporal variability in the growth and climate response of treeline trees in Alaska
    • doi:10.1023/A:1014278819094
    • Lloyd, A.H., and Fastie, C.L. 2002. Spatial and temporal variability in the growth and climate response of treeline trees in Alaska. Clim. Change, 52(4): 481-509. doi:10.1023/A:1014278819094.
    • (2002) Clim. Change , vol.52 , Issue.4 , pp. 481-509
    • Lloyd, A.H.1    Fastie, C.L.2
  • 46
    • 0038416900 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geographic and temporal variations in fire history in boreal ecosystems of Alaska
    • No. DI, 8152. doi:10.1029/2001JD000332
    • Lynch, J.A., Clark, J.S., Bigelow, N.H., Edwards, M.E., and Finney, B.P. 2003. Geographic and temporal variations in fire his- tory in boreal ecosystems of Alaska. J. Geophys. Res. 108: No. DI, 8152. doi:10.1029/2001JD000332.
    • (2003) J. Geophys. Res , vol.108
    • Lynch, J.A.1    Clark, J.S.2    Bigelow, N.H.3    Edwards, M.E.4    Finney, B.P.5
  • 47
    • 0036275275 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Pacific Decadal Oscillation
    • doi:10.1023/A:1015820616384
    • Mantua, N.J., and Hare, S.R. 2002. The Pacific Decadal Oscilla- tion. J. Oceanogr. 58(1): 35-44. doi:10.1023/A:1015820616384.
    • (2002) J. Oceanogr , vol.58 , Issue.1 , pp. 35-44
    • Mantua, N.J.1    Hare, S.R.2
  • 48
    • 0031465646 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Pacific decadal climate oscillation with impacts on salmon
    • doi:10. 1175/1520-0477(1997)078<1069:APICOW>2.0.CO;2
    • Mantua, N.J., Hare, S.R., Zhang, Y., Wallace, J.M., and Francis, R.C. 1997. A Pacific decadal climate oscillation with impacts on salmon. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 78(6): 1069-1079. doi:10. 1175/1520-0477(1997)078<1069:APICOW>2.0.CO;2.
    • (1997) Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc , vol.78 , Issue.6 , pp. 1069-1079
    • Mantua, N.J.1    Hare, S.R.2    Zhang, Y.3    Wallace, J.M.4    Francis, R.C.5
  • 50
    • 0021568375 scopus 로고
    • A study of subfossil pine layers in a raised bog complex in the Irish midlands - I. Palaeowoodland extent and dynamics
    • McNally, A., and Doyle, G.J. 1984a. A study of subfossil pine layers in a raised bog complex in the Irish midlands - I. Palaeowoodland extent and dynamics. Proc. R. Ir. Acad. B, 84: 57-70.
    • (1984) Proc. R. Ir. Acad. B , vol.84 , pp. 57-70
    • McNally, A.1    Doyle, G.J.2
  • 51
    • 0021556222 scopus 로고
    • A study of subfossil pine layers in a raised bog complex in the Irish midlands - II. Seral relationships and floristics
    • McNally, A., and Doyle, G.J. 1984b. A study of subfossil pine layers in a raised bog complex in the Irish midlands - II. Seral relationships and floristics. Proc. R. Ir. Acad. B, 84: 71-81.
    • (1984) Proc. R. Ir. Acad. B , vol.84 , pp. 71-81
    • McNally, A.1    Doyle, G.J.2
  • 52
    • 0002333248 scopus 로고
    • Anatomical characteristics of some woody plants of the Angmagssalik District of southeast Greenland
    • Miller, H.J. 1975. Anatomical characteristics of some woody plants of the Angmagssalik District of southeast Greenland. Medd. Gronl. 198: 1-30.
    • (1975) Medd. Gronl , vol.198 , pp. 1-30
    • Miller, H.J.1
  • 53
    • 0032004257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of forest drainage on the peat bulk density of pine mires in Finland
    • doi:10.1139/cjfr-28-2-178
    • Minkkinen, K., and Laine, J. 1998. Effect of forest drainage on the peat bulk density of pine mires in Finland. Can. J. For. Res. 28(2): 178-186. doi:10.1139/cjfr-28-2-178.
    • (1998) Can. J. For. Res , vol.28 , Issue.2 , pp. 178-186
    • Minkkinen, K.1    Laine, J.2
  • 54
    • 0031688664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Uncertainty in predicting the effect of climate change on the carbon cycling of Canadian peatlands
    • doi:10.1023/A:1005408719297
    • Moore, T.R., Roulet, N.T., and Waddington, J.M. 1998. Uncer- tainty in predicting the effect of climate change on the carbon cycling of Canadian peatlands. Clim. Change, 40(2): 229-245. doi:10.1023/A:1005408719297.
    • (1998) Clim. Change , vol.40 , Issue.2 , pp. 229-245
    • Moore, T.R.1    Roulet, N.T.2    Waddington, J.M.3
  • 55
    • 52249092885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wetland succession in a permafrost collapse: Interactions between fire and thermokarst. PEATNET Special Issue
    • Myers-Smith, I.H., Harden, J.W., McGuire, A.D., Wilmking, M., Fuller, C.C., and Chapin, F.S., III. 2008. Wetland succession in a permafrost collapse: interactions between fire and thermokarst. PEATNET Special Issue. Biogeosciences, 5: 1273-1286.
    • (2008) Biogeosciences , vol.5 , pp. 1273-1286
    • Myers-Smith, I.H.1    Harden, J.W.2    McGuire, A.D.3    Wilmking, M.4    Fuller, C.C.5    Chapin, F.S.6
  • 56
    • 0027072819 scopus 로고
    • Tree establishment and microhabitat relationships in north Swedish peatlands
    • doi:10.1139/x92-244
    • Ohlson, M., and Zackrisson, O. 1992. Tree establishment and mi- crohabitat relationships in north Swedish peatlands. Can. J. For. Res. 22: 1869-1877. doi:10.1139/x92-244.
    • (1992) Can. J. For. Res , vol.22 , pp. 1869-1877
    • Ohlson, M.1    Zackrisson, O.2
  • 58
    • 0346121786 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reconstructing the recent dynamics of mires using a multitechnique approach
    • doi:10.1046/j.1365-2745.2003.00834.x
    • Pellerin, S., and Lavoie, C. 2003a. Reconstructing the recent dy- namics of mires using a multitechnique approach. J. Ecol. 91(6): 1008-1021. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2745.2003.00834.x.
    • (2003) J. Ecol , vol.91 , Issue.6 , pp. 1008-1021
    • Pellerin, S.1    Lavoie, C.2
  • 59
    • 0042623425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent expansion of jack pine in peatlands of southeastern Quebec: A paleoecological study
    • Pellerin, S., and Lavoie, C. 2003b. Recent expansion of jack pine in peatlands of southeastern Quebec: a paleoecological study. Ecoscience, 10: 247-257.
    • (2003) Ecoscience , vol.10 , pp. 247-257
    • Pellerin, S.1    Lavoie, C.2
  • 60
    • 55949118685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simulating the hydrogeologic setting of peatlands in the Kenai Peninsula Lowlands
    • doi:10.1672/07-71.1
    • Reeve, A.S., and Gracz, M. 2008. Simulating the hydrogeologic setting of peatlands in the Kenai Peninsula Lowlands. Wetlands, 28(1): 92-106. doi:10.1672/07-71.1.
    • (2008) Wetlands , vol.28 , Issue.1 , pp. 92-106
    • Reeve, A.S.1    Gracz, M.2
  • 62
    • 68349156603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A guide to the late Quaternary history of the northern and western Kenai Peninsula
    • State of Alaska, Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska
    • Reger, R.D., Sturmann, A.G., Berg, E.E., and Burns, P.A.C. 2007. A guide to the late Quaternary history of the northern and western Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. State of Alaska, Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska.
    • (2007) Alaska
    • Reger, R.D.1    Sturmann, A.G.2    Berg, E.E.3    Burns, P.A.C.4
  • 63
    • 33750998652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shrinking ponds in subarctic Alaska based on 1950-2002 remotely sensed images
    • doi:10.1029/2005JG000150
    • Riordan, R., Verbyla, D., and McGuire, A.D. 2006. Shrinking ponds in subarctic Alaska based on 1950-2002 remotely sensed images. J. Geophys. Res. 111(G4): G04002. doi:10.1029/2005JG000150.
    • (2006) J. Geophys. Res , vol.111 , Issue.G4
    • Riordan, R.1    Verbyla, D.2    McGuire, A.D.3
  • 65
    • 0036801480 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling the impact of black spruce on the fire regime of Alaskan boreal forest
    • doi:10.1023/ A:1020247405652
    • Rupp, T.S., Starfield, A.M., Chapin, F.S., III, and Duffy, P. 2002. Modeling the impact of black spruce on the fire regime of Alas- kan boreal forest. Clim. Change, 55(1-2): 213-233. doi:10.1023/ A:1020247405652.
    • (2002) Clim. Change , vol.55 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 213-233
    • Rupp, T.S.1    Starfield, A.M.2    Chapin III, F.S.3    Duffy, P.4
  • 68
    • 0033759785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temperature and precipitation of Alaska: 50 year trend analysis
    • doi:10.1007/s007040070014
    • Stafford, J.M., Wendler, G., and Curtis, J. 2000. Temperature and precipitation of Alaska: 50 year trend analysis. Theor. Appl. Cli- matol. 67(1-2): 33-44. doi:10.1007/s007040070014.
    • (2000) Theor. Appl. Climatol , vol.67 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 33-44
    • Stafford, J.M.1    Wendler, G.2    Curtis, J.3
  • 71
    • 0035255013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Snow-shrub interactions in Arctic tundra: A hypothesis with climatic implications
    • doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<0336:SSIIAT>2.0. CO;2
    • Sturm, M., McFadden, J.P., Liston, G.E., Chapin, F.S., III, Racine, C.H., and Holmgren, J. 2001. Snow-shrub interactions in Arctic tundra: a hypothesis with climatic implications. J. Clim. 14(3): 336-344. doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<0336:SSIIAT>2.0. CO;2.
    • (2001) J. Clim , vol.14 , Issue.3 , pp. 336-344
    • Sturm, M.1    McFadden, J.P.2    Liston, G.E.3    Chapin III, F.S.4    Racine, C.H.5    Holmgren, J.6
  • 72
    • 0033491404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expansion of forest stands into tundra in the Noatak National Preserve, northwest Alaska
    • Suarez, F., Binkley, D., and Kaye, M.W. 1999. Expansion of forest stands into tundra in the Noatak National Preserve, northwest Alaska. Ecoscience, 6: 465-470.
    • (1999) Ecoscience , vol.6 , pp. 465-470
    • Suarez, F.1    Binkley, D.2    Kaye, M.W.3
  • 73
    • 33645510833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The evidence for shrub expansion in northern Alaska and the Pan-Arctic
    • doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01128.x
    • Tape, K., Sturm, M., and Racine, C. 2006. The evidence for shrub expansion in northern Alaska and the Pan-Arctic. Glob. Change Biol. 12(4): 686-702. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01128.x.
    • (2006) Glob. Change Biol. , vol.12 , Issue.4 , pp. 686-702
    • Tape, K.1    Sturm, M.2    Racine, C.3
  • 74
  • 75
    • 34249043416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carbon in boreal peatlands
    • Edited by R.K. Weider and D.H. Vitt. Springer, New York
    • Vasander, H., and Kettunen, A. 2006. Carbon in boreal peatlands. In Boreal peatland ecosystems. Edited by R.K. Weider and D.H. Vitt. Springer, New York. pp. 165-194.
    • (2006) Boreal peatland ecosystems , pp. 165-194
    • Vasander, H.1    Kettunen, A.2
  • 76
    • 0020454983 scopus 로고
    • Waterborne nutrient flow through an upland-peatland watershed in Minnesota
    • doi:10.2307/1938872
    • Verry, E.S., and Timmons, D.R. 1982. Waterborne nutrient flow through an upland-peatland watershed in Minnesota. Ecology, 63(5): 1456-1467. doi:10.2307/1938872.
    • (1982) Ecology , vol.63 , Issue.5 , pp. 1456-1467
    • Verry, E.S.1    Timmons, D.R.2
  • 77
    • 0034104522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carbon balance of a boreal patterned peatland
    • doi:10. 1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00283.x
    • Waddington, J.M., and Roulet, N.T. 2000. Carbon balance of a boreal patterned peatland. Glob. Change Biol. 6(1): 87-97. doi:10. 1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00283.x.
    • (2000) Glob. Change Biol , vol.6 , Issue.1 , pp. 87-97
    • Waddington, J.M.1    Roulet, N.T.2
  • 78
    • 70449894867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Western Region Climate Center (WRCC), Comparative data for the western states. Available from, [accessed 14 April 2008]
    • Western Region Climate Center (WRCC). 2008. Comparative data for the western states. Available from http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/ summary/Climsmak.html [accessed 14 April 2008]
    • (2008)
  • 79
    • 84879884071 scopus 로고
    • Late Holocene, high-resolution glacial chronologies and climate, Kenai Mountains, Alaska
    • doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<0281:LHHRGC>2.3.CO;2
    • Wiles, G.C., and Calkin, P.E. 1994. Late Holocene, high-resolution glacial chronologies and climate, Kenai Mountains, Alaska. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 106(2): 281-303. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<0281:LHHRGC>2.3.CO;2.
    • (1994) Geol. Soc. Am. Bull , vol.106 , Issue.2 , pp. 281-303
    • Wiles, G.C.1    Calkin, P.E.2
  • 80
    • 36549023513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Century to millennial-scale temperature variations for the last two thousand years indicated from glacial geologic records of southern Alaska
    • doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.07.036
    • Wiles, G.C., Barclay, D.J., Calkin, P.C., and Lowell, T.V. 2008. Century to millennial-scale temperature variations for the last two thousand years indicated from glacial geologic records of southern Alaska. Global Planet. Change, 60(1-2): 115-125. doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.07.036.
    • (2008) Global Planet. Change , vol.60 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 115-125
    • Wiles, G.C.1    Barclay, D.J.2    Calkin, P.C.3    Lowell, T.V.4
  • 81
    • 23844492747 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Longitudinal variation of radial growth at Alaska's northern treeline-recent changes and possible scenarios for the 21st century
    • doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2004.10.017
    • Wilmking, M., and Juday, G.P. 2005. Longitudinal variation of radial growth at Alaska's northern treeline-recent changes and possible scenarios for the 21st century. Global Planet. Change, 47(2-4): 282-300. doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2004.10.017.
    • (2005) Global Planet. Change , vol.47 , Issue.2-4 , pp. 282-300
    • Wilmking, M.1    Juday, G.P.2
  • 82
    • 39849089437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changing climate sensitivity of black spruce (Picea mariana) in a peatland-forest landscape in interior Alaska
    • doi:10.1016/j.dendro.2007.04.003
    • Wilmking, M., and Myers-Smith, I.H. 2008. Changing climate sensitivity of black spruce (Picea mariana) in a peatland-forest landscape in interior Alaska. Dendrochronologia, 25(3): 167-175. doi:10.1016/j.dendro.2007.04.003.
    • (2008) Dendrochronologia , vol.25 , Issue.3 , pp. 167-175
    • Wilmking, M.1    Myers-Smith, I.H.2
  • 83
    • 7244250190 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent climate warming forces contrasting growth responses of white spruce at treeline in Alaska through temperature thresholds
    • doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00826.x
    • Wilmking, M., Juday, G.P., Barber, V., and Zald, H. 2004. Recent climate warming forces contrasting growth responses of white spruce at treeline in Alaska through temperature thresholds. Glob. Change Biol. 10(10): 1724-1736. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00826.x.
    • (2004) Glob. Change Biol , vol.10 , Issue.10 , pp. 1724-1736
    • Wilmking, M.1    Juday, G.P.2    Barber, V.3    Zald, H.4
  • 84
    • 0021569778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 1984. Piston corers for peat and lake sediments
    • doi:10. 2307/1941430
    • Wright, H.E., Jr., Mann, D.H., and Glaser, P.H. 1984. Piston corers for peat and lake sediments. Ecology, 65(2): 657-659. doi:10. 2307/1941430.
    • Ecology , vol.65 , Issue.2 , pp. 657-659
    • Wright Jr., H.E.1    Mann, D.H.2    Glaser, P.H.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.