Slavery cannot be covered up with broadcloth or a bandanna: The evolution of white abolitionist attacks on the patriarchal institution

Journal of the Early Republic

Volumn 25, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 383-415

  Pierson, Michael D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 70449981855     PISSN: 02751275     EISSN: 15530620     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/jer.2005.0063     Document Type: Article

References (255)

1. Connecticut: Silas Deane to Samuel B. Webb, July 16, 1785, in Correspondence and Journals of Samuel Blachley Webb, ed. Worthington Chauncey Ford (3 vols., New York, 1893-1894), 3: 49
2. Theodore Sedgwick to Rufus King, June 18, 1787, in The Life and Correspondence of Rufus King, Comprising His Letters, Private and Official, His Public Documents, and His Speeches, ed. Charles R. King, Vol. 1 (New York, 1894), 224
3. New York: "Extract of a Letter from a Gentleman in Washington County to His Friend in Albany," Albany Gazette, June 21, 1787
4. "The Observer," VIII, Pennsylvania Gazette, Dec. 23, 1789
5. William Lincoln, History of Worcester, Massachusetts, From its Earliest Settlement to September, 1836, With Various Notices Relating to the History of Worcester County (Worcester, MA, 1837), 132
6. Richard Donald Hershcopf, "The New England Farmer and Politics, 1785-1787" (M.A. thesis, University of Wisconsin, 1947), 75
7. J. R. Pole, Political Representation in England and the Origins of the American Republic (London, 1966), 235
8. Representatives withheld for purely financial motives: Thomas Welsh to Abigail Adams, May 24, 1786, in Microfilms of the Adams Papers Owned by the Adams Manuscript Trust and Deposited in the Massachusetts Historical Society (microfilm, 608 reels, Boston, MA, 1954-1959), reel 368
9. Pole, Political Representation, 234
10. Michael Zuckerman, Peaceable Kingdoms: New England Towns in the Eighteenth Century (New York, 1970), 26-31
11. "Lucius Junius Brutus" [Fisher Ames], II, Independent Chronicle, Oct. 19, 1786, in Works of Fisher Ames, as Published by Seth Ames, ed. W. B. Allen (2 vols., Indianapolis, IN, 1983), 1: 46
12. Lee to Washington, Oct. 1, 1786, in The Papers of George Washington, Confederation Series, ed. W. W. Abbot and Dorothy Twohig (6 vols., Charlottesville, VA, 1992-1997), 4: 281
13. Leonard L. Richards, Shays's Rebellion: The American Revolution's Final Battle (Philadelphia, PA, 2002), 144
14. Paxton, Massachusetts, instructions to Hezekiah Ward, quoted in New Hampshire Mercury (Portsmouth), Nov. 22, 1786
15. Samuel Henshaw to Nathan Dane, May 21, 1786, Nathan Dane Papers (Library of Congress, Washington, DC) quoted in Whitney K. Bates, "The State Finances of Massachusetts, 1780-1789" (M.A. thesis, University of Wisconsin, 1948), 123
16. William Plumer to Samuel Plumer, Jr., June 6, 9, 17, 1786, "Letters of William Plumer, 1786-1787," Colonial Society of Massachusetts Transactions, 11 (1906-1907), 385
17. Van Beck Hall, Politics Without Parties: Massachusetts, 1780-1791 ([Pittsburgh, PA], 1972), 198
18. Hershcopf, "New England Farmer," 74-75
19. Henry Harrison Metcalf, ed., Laws of New Hampshire . . . , Vol. 5 (Concord, NH, 1916), 134-35, 145, 194 (ch. 29, Feb. 28, 1786, ch. 39, Mar. 4, 1786, ch. 2, Sept. 14, 1786)
20. Wood, Creation of the Republic, 186-87
21. "Impartial Reason" [William Whiting], An Address to the Inhabitants of the County of Berkshire Respecting their Present Opposition to Civil Government (Hartford, CT, [1778]), 27
22. Pole, Political Representation, 197-204, 213-14
23. Jackson Turner Main, The Antifederalists: Critics of the Constitution, 1781-1788 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1961)
24. Main, Political Parties Before the Constitution (Chapel Hill, NC, 1973)
25. David P. Szatmary, Shays' Rebellion: The Making of an Agrarian Insurrection (Amherst, MA, 1980)
26. Alan Taylor, Liberty Men and Great Proprietors: The Revolutionary Settlement on the Maine Frontier, 1760-1820 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1990)
27. Brown, Redeeming the Republic, ch. 5-9
28. Michael Merrill and Sean Wilentz, Introduction, in The Key of Liberty: The Life and Democratic Writings of William Manning "A Laborer," 1747-1814, ed. Merrill and Wilentz (Cambridge, MA, 1993), 3-86
29. Michael A. Bellesiles, Revolutionary Outlaws: Ethan Allen and the Struggle for Independence on the Early American Frontier (Charlottesville, VA, 1993)
30. Terry Bouton, "Tying Up the Revolution: Money, Power, and the Regulation in Pennsylvania, 1765-1800" (Ph.D. diss., Duke University, 1996)
31. Saul Cornell, The Other Founders: Anti-Federalism and the Dissenting Tradition in America, 1788-1828 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1999), 99-120
32. Bouton, "A Road Closed: Rural Insurgency in Post-Independence Pennsylvania," Journal of American History, 87 (Dec. 2000), 855-87
33. Madison, June 6, 1787, in Records of the Convention, ed. Farrand, 1: 134
34. Gordon S. Wood, "Interests and Disinterestedness in the Making of the Constitution," in Beyond Confederation: Origins of the Constitution and American National Identity, ed. Richard Beeman, Stephen Botein, and Edward C. Carter II (Chapel Hill, NC, 1987), 73-77
35. "Father of the Constitution": Charles Jared Ingersoll (1825)
36. quoted in Drew R. McCoy, The Last of the Fathers: James Madison and the Republican Legacy (Cambridge, MA, 1989), 73
37. Massachusetts: Thomas Dwight to Theodore Sedgwick, July 9, 1789, Sedgwick Papers (Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston, hereinafter MHS)
38. New Hampshire: Jeremy Belknap, The History of New-Hampshire, Vol. 2 (Boston, MA, 1791), 479
39. Virginia: Edmund Randolph, speech in Virginia ratifying convention, June 10, 1788, DHRC, 9: 1103. Historians: John Fiske, The Critical Period of American History, 1783-1789 (Boston, MA, 1888), 272-74
40. Jack N. Rakove, Original Meanings: Politics and Ideas in the Making of the Constitution (New York, 1996)
41. Garry Wills, Explaining America: The Federalist (Garden City, NY, 1981)
42. Richard K. Matthews, If Men Were Angels: James Madison and the Heartless Empire of Reason (Lawrence, KS, 1995)
43. Joyce Appleby, "The American Heritage: The Heirs and the Disinherited," Journal of American History, 74 (Dec. 1987), 798-813
44. John P. Kaminski, "The Constitution Without a Bill of Rights," in The Bill of Rights and the States: The Colonial and Revolutionary Origins of American Liberties, ed. Patrick T. Conley and Kaminski (Madison, WI, 1992), 20-22
45. For dissenting voices, see Bernard Bailyn, "The Ideological Fulfillment of the American Revolution," in Bailyn, Faces of Revolution: Personalities and Themes in the Struggle for American Independence (New York, 1990), 225-67
46. Martin Diamond, "Democracy and The Federalist: A Reconsideration of the Framers' Intent," American Political Science Review, 53 (Mar. 1959), 52-68
47. Ralph Ketcham, "Publius: Sustaining the Republican Principle," The William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 44 (July 1987), 576-82
48. Pauline Maier, "A Pearl in a Gnarled Shell: Gordon S. Wood's The Creation of the American Republic Reconsidered," The William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 44 (July 1987), 587-89
49. Lance Banning, The Sacred Fire of Liberty: James Madison and the Founding of the Federal Republic (Ithaca, NY, 1995), 250
50. Joseph J. Ellis, Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation (New York, 2000), 52
51. Edmund S. Morgan, "Just Say No," review of A Necessary Evil by Garry Wills, New York Review of Books, 46 (Nov. 18, 1999), 40
52. Stanley Elkins and Eric McKitrick, The Age of Federalism (New York, 1993), 11, 44
53. McCoy, Last of the Fathers, 41
54. Gordon S. Wood, "Democracy and the Constitution," in How Democratic is the Constitution? ed. Robert A. Goldwin and William A. Schambra (Washington, DC, 1980), 8
55. Wills, Explaining America, Rakove, Original Meanings
56. Garrett Ward Sheldon, The Political Philosophy of James Madison (Baltimore, MD, 2001), ch. 3, 4
57. The picture of the Critical Period that many contemporaries drew differed not only from Ellis's and Banning's descriptions but also from that of Merrill Jensen and Jackson Turner Main, "Neo-Progressive" scholars who defended the Confederation-era state legislature against the attacks mounted by the Framers of the Constitution and their modern admirers. Jensen, The New Nation: A History of the United States During the Confederation, 1781-1789 (New York, 1950), esp. 423-24
58. Main, "The American States in the Revolutionary Era," in Sovereign States in an Age of Uncertainty, ed. Ronald Hoffman and Peter J. Albert (Charlottesville, VA, 1981), 1-30
59. "Justice," Middlesex Gazette, Mar. 6, 27, 1786
60. Delaware: (P) Kent County citizens, petition, Nov. 10, 1783, May-June 1784 legislative petitions, Record Group (hereinafter RG) 1111, Delaware Public Archives (hereinafter DPA), Dover, reel 5, frame 374
61. Maryland: (E) anonymous essays, Maryland Journal and Baltimore Advertiser, Nov. 25 and 29, 1785
62. (L) "An Address of the House of Delegates of Maryland, To their Constituents," Maryland Journal and Baltimore Advertiser, Feb. 2, 1787
63. (S) "An Undelivered Defense of a Winning Cause: Charles Carroll of Carrollton's 'Remarks on the Proposed Federal Constitution,' " ed. Edward C. Papenfuse, Maryland Historical Magazine, 71 (Summer 1976), 246
64. (E) "A Freeman," Worcester Magazine, II: 28 (2nd week of Oct. 1786), 337
65. "On the Payment of the Massachusetts State Notes," Hampshire Herald, Feb. 14, 1786
66. (P) Sterling town meeting (Jan. 3, 1787) and Middlesex County convention ([Nov.] 3, 1786), petitions, Shays's Rebellion Collection (American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, MA). New Hampshire: (E) "Observator," New Hampshire Gazette, May 20, 1785
67. "Zeno," "An Observation - Proved," New Hampshire Gazette, Dec. 9, 1786
68. (L) John Sullivan, speech to legislature, Dec. 7, 1786, New Hampshire Gazette, Dec. 30, 1786
69. (S) Belknap, History of New-Hampshire, 2: 462. New Jersey: (E) "Tim Candid," "To the Primitive Whig," New-Jersey Gazette, Feb. 6, 1786
70. "Civis," New-Jersey Journal, and Political Intelligencer, May 31, 1786
71. (P) Sussex County citizens, petition, item 58, box 1-19, Bureau of Archives and History Manuscript Collection (New Jersey State Archives, Trenton)
72. New York: (E) anonymous essay, New York dateline, New-Haven Gazette and Connecticut Magazine, Feb. 2, 1786
73. (S) "An Observer," Virginia Independent Chronicle, Apr. 4, 1787
74. Robert R. Livingston to Hamilton, Mar. 3, 1787, in The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, ed. Harold C. Syrett et al. (26 vols., New York, 1961-1979), 4: 103
75. "Extract of a Letter from Lancaster," Pennsylvania Gazette, May 2, 1787
76. (S) John Nicholson, "Address and Representation to the Inhabitants of the County of York," Pennsylvania Gazette, Feb. 21, 1787
77. "A Friend to the Public," Newport Mercury, Feb. 13, 1786
78. (S) Robert A. Becker, "Currency, Taxation, and Finance, 1775-1787," in The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the American Revolution, ed. Jack P. Greene and J. R. Pole (Oxford, 1991), 367
79. Virginia: (E) "Plain Reason," Virginia Independent Chronicle, Sept. 5, 1787
80. (L) Oct. 1787 session, ch. 1 (passed Jan. 1, 1788), in The Statutes at Large: Being a Collection of All the Laws of Virginia, from the First Session of the Legislature, in the Tear 1619, Vol. 12, ed. William Waller Hening (Richmond, VA, 1823), 412
81. Richard P. McCormick, Experiment in Independence: New Jersey in the Critical Period, 1781-1789 (New Brunswick, NJ, 1950), ix
82. Robert A. Becker, Revolution, Reform, and the Politics of American Taxation, 1763-1783 (Baton Rouge, LA, 1980), 121-22
83. John P. Kaminski, Paper Politics: The Northern State Loan-Offices During the Confederation, 1783-1790 (New York, 1989), 169
84. H. James Henderson, "Taxation and Political Culture: Massachusetts and Virginia, 1760-1800," The William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 47 (Jan. 1990), 105
85. Richards, Shays's Rebellion, 49, 88
86. Edwin J. Perkins, American Public Finance and Financial Services, 1700-1815 (Columbus, OH, 1994), 132, 133, 180
87. Max M. Edling, A Revolution in Favor of Government-Origins of the U.S. Constitution and the Making of the American State (Oxford, 2003), 156
88. Woody Holton, '"From the Labours of Others': The War Bonds Controversy and the Origins of the Constitution in New England," The William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 61 (Apr. 2004), 275-77
89. Edward C. Papenfuse, "The Legislative Response to a Cosdy War: Fiscal Policy and Factional Politics in Maryland, 1777-1789," in Sovereign States, ed. Hoffman and Albert, 139
90. Maryland: (L) "An Address of the House of Delegates of Maryland, To their Constituents," Maryland Journal and Baltimore Advertiser, Feb. 2, 1787
91. New Hampshire: (E) "Independens," New Hampshire Spy, Dec. 1, 1786
92. (P) Atkinson town meeting, petition, Aug. 21, 1786
93. Connecticut Courant, Jan. 1, 1787 (reprinted from New-London Gazette). Delaware: (P) Delaware citizens, petition, May-June 1785 legislative petitions, RG 1111, DPA, reel 6, frame 273
94. James Delaplain and Joseph Taylor, petition, Jan.-Feb. 1786 legislative petitions, RG 1111, DPA, reel 7, frame 147
95. (P) Lunenberg, Massachusetts, citizens, petition, June 30, 1786
96. and Dartmouth, Massachusetts, town meeting, representative instructions, May 18, 1786, both cited in Brown, Redeeming the Republic, 112
97. E. James Ferguson, "Currency Finance: An Interpretation of Colonial Monetary Practices," The William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 10 (Apr. 1953), 153-80
98. Theodore Thayer, "The Land-Bank System in the American Colonies," Journal of Economic History, 13 (Spring 1953), 145-59
99. Margaret Ellen Newell, From Dependency to Independence: Economic Revolution in Colonial New England (Ithaca, NY, 1998), 127-235
100. Worcester petition, New-Haven Chronicle, Dec. 26, 1786
101. "Crisis," New Hampshire Gazette, July 20, 1786
102. "Willing to Learn" [Abraham Clark?], The True Policy of New-Jersey, Defined . . . (Elizabeth-Town, NJ, 1786), 11
103. Ballard, quoted in Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, A Midwife's Tale: The Life of Martha Ballard, Based on Her Diary, 1785-1812 (New York, 1990), 21, 25
104. "Americanus," Columbian Herald, Sept. 28, 1785
105. Forrest McDonald, E Pluribus Unum: The Formation of the American Republic, 1776-1790 (Boston, MA, 1965), 123
106. Forrest McDonald and Ellen Shapiro McDonald, Requiem: Variations on Eighteenth-Century Themes (Lawrence, KS, 1988), 61-72
107. Perkins, American Public Finance, 141, 166, 173, 180
108. Richards, Shays's Rebellion, 74-83
109. Brown, Redeeming the Republic, 97, 108-121
110. Compare Szatmary, Shays' Rebellion, 1-36
111. Main, Antifederalists
112. Main, Political Parties Before the Constitution
113. Bouton, "Tying Up the Revolution," ch. 6
114. Joseph Plumb Martin, Private Yankee Doodle, Being a Narrative of Some of the Adventures, Dangers and Sufferings of a Revolutionary Soldier, ed. George F. Scheer (Boston, MA, 1962), 281
115. Maryland: (E) "Farmer," Maryland Journal and Baltimore Advertiser, July 7, 1786
116. Massachusetts: (E) William Whiting, "Some Brief Remarks on the Present State of Publick Affairs," in "Dr. William Whiting and Shays' Rebellion," ed. Stephen T. Riley, Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society, 61 (Oct. 1956), 133
117. "Crisis," United States Chronicle, Sept. 22, 1785 (reprinted from Massachusetts Spy)
118. (S) George Richards Minot, The History of the Insurrections, in Massachusetts, in the Year MDCCLXXXVI, and the Rebellion Consequent Thereon (Worcester, MA, 1788), 19
119. (P) Nathaniel Brown and five others, dissent to Londonderry citizens, petition, June 5, 1786
120. (S) Belknap, History of New-Hampshire, 2: 461-62, 466
121. New Jersey: (E) "Willing to Learn," New-Jersey's True Policy, 37
122. Pennsylvania: (E) "Centinel," Pennsylvania Gazette, Feb. 2, 1785
123. Rhode Island: (E) "A Friend to the Public," Newport Mercury, Jan. 30, 1786
124. South Carolina: (L) Benjamin Guerard, speech in South Carolina House of Representatives, n.d., Charleston Evening Gazette, Oct. 4, 1785
125. E. James Ferguson, The Power of the Purse (Chapel Hill, NC, 1961), 251-86
126. (L) Governor Samuel Huntington, closing speech to Connecticut legislature, Nov. 4, 1786
127. Middlesex Gazette, Nov. 13, 1786
128. (S) "Zeno," Middlesex Gazette, Sept. 25,1786
129. Delaware: (L) "Report of the Grand Com[mite]e," Oct. 26, 1786, Oct. 1786 legislative resolutions and reports, RG 1111, DPA, reel 8, frame 74
130. Minot, History of the Insurrections, 19
131. New Hampshire: (E) "Observator," New Hampshire Gazette, June 10, 1785
132. New Jersey: (P) Essex County, New Jersey, convention, resolves, paraphrased under New York dateline, Virginia Independent Chronicle, June 6, 1787
133. "A Real Farmer," United States Chronicle, Mar. 2, 1786
134. South Carolina: (L) Thomas Tudor Tucker, speech in South Carolina House of Representatives, Feb. 13, 1786, Charleston Morning Post, Feb. 14, 1786
135. (S) "Amicus," Virginia Independent Chronicle, July 4, 1787
136. [James Swan], National Arithmetick; or, Observations on the Finances of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts . . . Tending to Render the Publick Contributions More Easy to the People (Boston, MA, [1786]), 23
137. Webster, "Seventh Essay," in Webster, Political Essays, 288, 299
138. Webster was one of numerous Pennsylvania writers who attacked one subset of bondholders to advance the interests of another one. Woody Holton, "Did Democracy Cause the Recession that Led to the Constitution?" Journal of American History, 92 (Sept. 2005)
139. "Willing to Learn," Political Intelligencer and New-Jersey Advertiser, Dec. 14, 1785
140. "An Address to the People of the Several Towns in the County of Hampshire, from the Body Now at Arms," Dec. 7, 1786, Virginia Independent Chronicle, Feb. 7, 1787
141. Charles Burrall, speech in Connecticut House of Representatives, May 15, 1787, Connecticut Courant, May 28, 1787
142. Middlesex Gazette, June 18, 1787
143. Delaware: Delaware citizens, petition, May-June 1786 legislative petitions, RG 1111, DPA, reel 7, frames 448-50
144. Maryland: "Modestus," Maryland Journal and Baltimore Advertiser, Apr. 10, 1787
145. New Jersey: "Willing to Learn," New-Jersey's True Policy, 22. New York: "A Letter from a Gendeman in New-York to His Friend in Connecticut, on the Subject of Paper Money," Connecticut Courant, Feb. 5, 1787
146. Virginia: "Plain Reason," Virginia Independent Chronicle, Aug. 29, 1787
147. "Leonidas," Middlesex Gazette, Mar. 19, 1787
148. Cornell, Other Founders, 99-120
149. Alfred F. Young, "Afterword: How Radical was the American Revolution?" in Beyond the American Revolution: Explorations in the History of American Radicalism, ed. Young (DeKalb, IL, 1993), 317-64, especially 330-32
150. Marjoleine Kars, Breaking Loose Together: The Regulator Rebellion in Pre-Revolutionary North Carolina (Chapel Hill, NC, 2002)
151. "The Plan," cited in Bouton, "Tying Up the Revolution," 208-209
152. Webster, "Seventh Essay," in Political Essays, ed. Webster, 284, 297
153. Historians: Elaine K. Swift, The Making of an American Senate: Reconstitutive Change in Congress, 1787-1841 (Ann Arbor, MI, 1996), 18
154. Francis D. Cogliano, Revolutionary America, 1763-1815: A Political History (London, 2000), 107
155. Isaac Kramnick, "Editor's Introduction," in James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay, The Federalist Papers (1788), ed. Kramnick (London, 1987), 25
156. Patrick T. Conley, "First in War, Last in Peace: Rhode Island and the Constitution, 1786-1790,"
157. Swift, Making of the American Senate, 18
158. (P) Sharon Town Meeting, petition, Feb. 22, 1787
159. Maryland: (E) "Brush," Maryland Journal and Baltimore Advertiser, Feb. 6, 1787
160. anonymous essay, Maryland Journal and Baltimore Advertiser, Nov. 25, 1785
161. New Hampshire: (E) "Sober Thoughts on the Present Scarcity of Money," New Hampshire Mercury, Sept. 13, 1786
162. (L) New Hampshire House of Representatives, journal, June 23, 1786
163. in Albert Stillman Batchellor, Early State Papers of New Hampshire..., Vol. 20 (Manchester, NH, 1891), 658
164. New Hampshire Mercury, Sept. 20, 1786
165. (S) "Minimaltasperus," first canto, New Hampshire Mercury, Oct. 4, 1786
166. Belknap, History of New-Hampshire, 2: 462
167. New Jersey: (E) "Willing to Learn," Political Intelligencer and New-Jersey Advertiser, Dec. 14, 1785
168. South Carolina: (P) "lower part of Camden District" citizens, petition, Oct. 5, 1785
169. in The State Records of South Carolina: Journals of the House of Representatives, 1785-1786, ed. Lark Emerson Adams and Rosa Stoney Lumpkin (Columbia, SC, 1979), 331
170. "Senex," South Carolina Gazette and Public Advertiser, June 1-4, 1785 (reprinted from Maryland Journal)
171. "Trim Tram," Maryland Journal and Baltimore Advertiser, June 20, 1786
172. (S) Charles Pettit to Benjamin Franklin, Oct. 18, 1786
173. Rhode Island: (E) "Zeno," Providence Gazette, Feb. 25, 1786
174. (S) "Memorial to the Honorable General Assembly," Providence Gazette, Mar. 4, 1786
175. South Carolina: (E) "American," Columbian Herald, Sept. 30, 1785
176. "Anonymous," State Gazette of South-Carolina, Oct. 3, 1785
177. Virginia: (P) Albemarle County citizens, petition, Nov. 3, 1787, Brunswick County citizens, petition, Oct. 28, 1786, VLP
178. Historian: Main, Political Parties Before the Constitution, 53, 63
179. "Camillus" [Ames], V, Independent Chronicle, Mar. 15, 1787, in Works of Fisher Ames, ed. Allen, 1: 75
180. John Welton, speech in Connecticut House of Representatives, May 30, 1787, Middlesex Gazette, June 18, 1787 (citing Leviticus 25: 8-17, 23-55)
181. Tenancy was increasing: Steven Sarson, "Landless and Tenancy in Early National Prince George's County, Maryland," The William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 57 (July 2000), 569-98
182. Bouton, "Tying Up the Revolution," 219
183. New Jersey: "A Patriot," New Jersey Gazette, Feb. 27, 1786
184. William Whiting, "Some Remarks on the Conduct of the Inhabitants of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in Interupting the Siting of the Judicial Courts . . . ," in "Dr. William Whiting," ed. Riley, 150
185. rejected amendment to 1776 Pennsylvania constitution, cited in Mark H. Jones, "Herman Husband: Millenarian, Carolina Regulator, and Whiskey Rebel" (Ph.D. diss., Northern Illinois University, 1982), 232
186. "A Friend to the Community," Independent Chronicle, Feb. 16, 1786; "John De Witt," I, American Herald, Oct. 22, 1787, DHRC, 4: 109
187. Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments, ed. D. D. Raphael and A. L. Macfie (1759; rep., Oxford, 1976), 36
188. Webster, "A Review of the Principles and Arguments of the Two Foregoing Essays..." (1790)
189. in Webster, Political Essays, 348
190. Dugald Stewart, "Of the Moral Faculty," in The Scottish Moralists on Human Nature and Society (Chicago, IL, 1967), ed. Louis Schneider, 52-65
191. Jay Fliegelman, Prodigals and Pilgrims: The American Revolution Against Patriarchal Authority, 1750-1800 (Cambridge, 1982), 26
192. "Willing to Learn" [Abraham Clark?], quoted in Ruth Bogin, "New Jersey's True Policy: The Radical Republican Vision of Abraham Clark," The William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 35 (Jan. 1978), 106
193. Thomas Jefferson, "Original Rough Draft" of the Declaration of Independence, (http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/images/decp4.jpg)
194. Whiting, "Some Remarks on the Conduct of the Inhabitants," 157
195. "Willing to Learn," NewJersey's True Policy, 12
196. "A Tradesman," New Hampshire Spy, Nov. 14, 1786
197. Ralph Izard, speech in South Carolina House of Representatives, Oct. 1, 1785, Charleston Evening Gazette, Oct. 1, 1785
198. Jerome J. Nadelhaft, The Disorders of War: The Revolution in South Carolina (Orono, ME, 1981), 145, 148
199. Patrick S. Brady, "The Slave Trade and Sectionalism in South Carolina, 1787-1808," Journal of Southern History, 38 (Nov. 1972), 601-620
200. Bouton, "A Road Closed," 857
201. McCormick, Experiment in Independence, 114-15
202. Deerfield selectmen, warrant for a town meeting, May 22, 1786, and Deerfield Town Meeting, June 6, 1786, Deerfield Town Records, [I], 187-89, NHSL
203. "Extract of a Letter from a Gentleman in New-York . . . ," Connecticut Courant, Apr. 10, 1786
204. Bouton, "A Road Closed," 855-87
205. Jan. 5, 1785, "Diary of Joseph Lewis," Proceedings of the New Jersey Historical Society, 60 (Jan. 1942), 61
206. Joseph R. Cole, A History of Greenbrier County (Lewisburg, WV, 1986), 104-107
207. John J. Reardon, Edmund Randolph: A Biography (New York, 1974), 151-52
208. Robert A. Gross, "White Hats and Hemlocks: Daniel Shays and the Legacy of the Revolution," in The Transforming Hand of Revolution: Reconsidering the American Revolution as a Social Movement, ed. Ronald Hoffman and Peter J. Albert (Charlottesville, VA, 1995), 286-345
209. Szatmary, Shays' Rebellion, especially 77-79
210. Stephen Reed Grossbart, "The Revolutionary Transition: Politics, Religion, and Economy in Eastern Connecticut, 1765-1800" (Ph.D. diss., University of Michigan, 1989), 265-66
211. Richard Buel, Jr., Dear Liberty: Connecticut's Mobilization for the Revolutionary War (Middletown, CT, 1980), 327, 330
212. John H. Flannagan, Jr., "Trying Times: Economic Depression in New Hampshire, 1781-1789" (Ph.D. diss., Georgetown University, 1972), ch. 3
213. Fiske, Critical Period, 218
214. Jean B. Lee, The Price of Nationhood: The American Revolution in Charles County (New York, 1994)
215. Robert A. Becker, ed., "John F. Grimke's Eyewitness Account of the Camden Court Riot, Apr. 27-28, 1785," South Carolina Historical Magazine, 83 (July 1982), 211
216. "The Following Paragraphs Are Extracted Out of London Papers," Sept. 30, 1785
217. Robert A. Becker, "Salus Populi Suprema Lex: Public Peace and South Carolina Debtor Relief Laws, 1783-1788," South Carolina Historical Magazine, 80 (Jan. 1979), 65-75
218. Nadelhaft, Disorders of War, 155, 168
219. John A. Hall, "Quieting the Storm: The Establishment of Order in Post-Revolutionary South Carolina" (Ph.D. dissertation, Oxford University, 1989), 322
220. Rachel N. Klein, Unification of a Slave State: The Rise of the Planter Class in the South Carolina Backcountry, 1760-1808 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1990), 127-28
221. Jeremiah Wadsworth, speech in the Connecticut legislature, Middlesex Gazette, Nov. 13, 1786
222. Maryland: Brown, Redeeming the. Republic, 127
223. New Hampshire: "A New-Hampshire Freeman," New Hampshire Mercury, Sept. 6, 1786
224. South Carolina: Alexander Gillon, speech in House of Representatives, Sept. 30, 1785, Charleston Evening Gazette, Sept. 30, 1785
225. [Aedanus Burke], A Few Salutary Hints, Pointing Out the Policy and Consequences Of Admitting British Subjects to Engross Our Trade And Become Our Citizens. .. (New York, 1786), 7, 14
226. Becker, "Salus Populi Suprema Lex," 73-74
227. Nadelhaft, Disorders of War, 159
228. Virginia: H. T., Virginia Independent Chronicle, Oct. 3, 1787
229. Patrick Henry, cited by Archibald Stuart in Norman K. Risjord, Chesapeake Politics, 1781-1800 (New York, 1978), 178
230. Minot, History of the Insurrections, 40, 96
231. [Husband], Proposals to Amend and Perfect the Policy, 28
232. Rudiments of Law and Government, 31, 33
233. Szatmary, Shays' Rebellion, 54
234. Risjord, Chesapeake Politics, 169-73
235. Baltimore, Maryland, and Wilmington, Delaware, datelines, New Hampshire Mercury, July 26, 1786
236. Woody Holton, "Divide et Impera: Federalist 10 in a Wider Sphere," The William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 62 (Apr. 2005), 175-212
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241. Oliver Ellsworth, speech in Connecticut ratifying convention, Jan. 7, 1788, D HRC, 3: 549
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247. Banning, Sacred Fire of Liberty
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249. Theodore Sedgwick, Jan. 28, 1790, Elbridge Gerry, Jan. 28, 1790, William Loughton Smith, Feb. 10, 1790, Thomas Hartley, Feb. 16, 1790, Annals of Congress, 1st Cong., 2nd sess., 1135, 1137, 1216, 1279
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253. Elias Boudinot, Feb. 11, 1790, Annals of Congress, 1st Cong., 2nd sess., 1238
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255. Laurance, Ames, Feb. 15, 1790