"Divide et impera": Federalist 10 in a wider sphere

William and Mary Quarterly

Volumn 62, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 175-211

  Holton, Woody ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF RICHMOND   (United States)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 33845941046     PISSN: 00435597     EISSN: 1933-769     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3491599     Document Type: Review

References (209)

1. For attributions of "divide et impera" to Machiavelli, see[William Watson], A Decacordon of Ten Quodlibeticall Questions Concerning Religion and State ... (1602; repr., Ilkley, England, 1974), 69;
2. [Richard Overton with William Walwyn], "A remonstrance of manythousand citizens ..., " July 7, 1646, on http://www.constitution.org/ lev/eng-lev-04.htm;
3. Robert Beverley, The History and Present State of Virginia, ed. Louis B.Wright (1705; repr., Chapel Hill, N.C., 1947), 106;
4. Jonathan Swift, "On the Irish Bishops" (1731), in The Poems of Jonathan Swift, ed. William Ernst Browning (London, 1910), 2: 246;
5. Henry Knox, "Plan for the General Arrangement of the Militia, "Mar. 28, 1786, in North Callahan, Henry Knox, General Washington's General (New York, 1958), 239;
6. E. Cobham Brewer, Dictionary of Phrase and Fable ... ([1870]; repr., New York, [1881?]), 231; "Ab nihilo - Citations latines"(http://www. abnihilo.com).
7. Douglass G. Adair, The Intellectual Origins of Jeffersonian Democracy:Republicanism, the Class Struggle, and the Virtuous Farmer, ed. Mark E. Yellin(Lanham, Md., 2000), 124;
8. J. Allen Smith, The Spirit of American Government: A Study of the Constitution, Its Origin, Influence and Relation to Democracy (New York, 1907), chaps. 3-6;
9. Gordon S. Wood, The Creation of the American Republic, 1776-1787 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1969);
10. Daniel W. Howe, "The Political Psychology of The Federalist, "William and Mary Quarterly, 3d ser., 44, no. 3 (July 1987): 493;
11. Robert A. Dahl, How Democratic Is the American Constitution? (New Haven, Conn., 2001), 11-12.
12. Alfred F. Young, "Conservatives, the Constitution, and the 'Spiritof Accommodation, '" in How Democratic Is the Constitution?, ed. Robert A.Goldwin and William A. Schambra (Washington, D.C., 1980), 117-47;
13. Bernard Bailyn, To Begin the World Anew: The Genius and Ambiguities ofthe American Founders (New York, 2003), 122-23.
14. For exceptions to this narrow focus on Madison, see Rosemarie Zagarri, The Politics of Size: Representation in the United States, 1776-1850 (Ithaca, N.Y., 1987);
15. Larry D. Kramer, "Madison's Audience, " Harvard Law Review 112, no. 3 (January 1999): 611-79.
16. Cecelia M. Kenyon, "Men of Little Faith: The Anti-Federalists on the Nature of Representative Government, " WMQ 12, no. 1 (January 1955): 12-13, 39 (though Kenyon ultimately dismissed the Anti-Federalists' ideas as"obsolete, " she also showed very clearly that the American critique oflarge legislative districts went far beyond Montesquieu's);
17. Kenyon, ed., The Antifederalists (Indianapolis, Ind., 1966) xxxix-xlii
18. Robert J. Morgan, "Madison's Theory of Representation in the Tenth Federalist, Journal of Politics 36, no. 4 (November 1974): 870;
19. Charles F. Hobson, "The Negative on State Laws: James Madison, the Constitution, and the Crisis of Republican Government, " WMQ 36, no. 2(April 1979): 220;
20. Murray Dry, "Anti-Federalism in The Federalist: A Founding Dialogueon the Constitution, Republican Government, and Federalism, " in Saving the Revolution: The Federalist Papers and the American Founding, ed. Charles R.Kesler (New York, 1987), 41;
21. Stanley Elkins and Eric McKitrick, The Age of Federalism (New York, 1993), 83, 87;
22. Kramer Harvard Law Review 112: 664;
23. Saul Cornell, The Other Founders: Anti-Federalism and the Dissenting Tradition in America, 1788-1828 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1999), 58.
24. [Herman Husband], Proposals to Amend and Perfect the Policy of the Government of the United States of America; or, The Fulfilling of the Propheciesin the Latter Days ... ([Philadelphia], 1782), 3-4.
25. Attribution of Proposal to Amend and Perfect to Husband is from Mark H.Jones, "Herman Husband: Millenarian Carolina Regulator, and Whiskey Rebel" (Ph.D. diss., Northern Illinois University, 1982), 272-79.
26. James Madison, June 26, 1787, in Max Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 (New Haven, Conn., 1911), 1: 431;
27. Charles A. Beard, An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States (New York, 1913), chap. 6.
28. For taxation and debt, see Woody Holton, "'From the Labours of Others': The War Bonds Controversy and the Origins of the Constitution in New England, " WMQ 61, no. 2 (April 2004): 271-316.
29. Thomas Paine, Common Sense, in Philip S. Foner, ed., The Complete Writings of Thomas Paine (New York, 1945), 1: 28-29;
30. Alexander Hamilton to Robert Livingston, [Apr. 25, 1785], in Harold C.Syrett et al., eds., The Papers of Alexander Hamilton (New York, 1962), 3: 609;
31. Charles Royster, Light-Horse Harry Lee and the Legacy of the American Revolution (New York, 1981), 89;
32. E. James Ferguson, The Power of the Purse (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1961), 337;
33. Ferguson, "The Nationalists of 1781-1783 and the Economic Interpretation of the Constitution, " Journal of American History 56, no. 2(September 1969): 242;
34. Merrill Jensen, The Articles of Confederation: An Interpretation of the Social-Constitutional History of the American Revolution, 1774-1781 (Madison, Wis., 1940), esp. 239-45.
35. Timothy Dwight, Travels in New England and New York, ed. Barbara Miller Solomon (Cambridge, Mass., 1969), 1: 188-90.
36. Husband, Proposals to Amend and Perfect, 3-4, 10, 8;
37. [Zephaniah Swift?], The Security of the Rights of Citizens in the Stateof Connecticut Considered (Hartford, Conn., 1792), 47n;
38. Edmund S. Morgan, Inventing the People: The Rise of Popular Sovereigntyin England and America (New York, 1988), 247.
39. Husband, Proposals to Amend and Perfect, 15.
40. Boston dateline, State Gazette of (Charleston) South Carolina, Oct. 19, 1786;
41. "Camillus, " Maryland Journal and Baltimore Advertiser, Apr. 13, 1787 (reprinted from the [Boston] Independent Chronicle);
42. Roger H. Brown, Redeeming the Republic: Federalists, Taxation, and the Origins of the Constitution (Baltimore, 1993), 119;
43. Jackson Turner Main, Political Parties before the Constitution (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1973), 117.
44. On statewide elections, see "A. B., " (New Haven) Connecticut Journal, Oct. 23, 1776;
45. Jackson Turner Main, The Upper House in Revolutionary America, 1763-1788(Madison, Wis., 1967), 180-82.
46. For commutation certificates, see Stephen Reed Grossbart, "The Revolutionary Transition: Politics, Religion, and Economy in Eastern Connecticut, 1765-1800" (Ph.D. diss., University of Michigan, 1989), 210, 225;
47. Ferguson, Power of the Purse, 188.
48. On the citizen convention, see "An Address to the Discontented People of America, " (Bennington) Vermont Gazette, or Freemen's Depository, Sept. 11, 1783 (reprinted from the [Hartford] Connecticut Courant);
49. Christopher Collier, Roger Sherman's Connecticut: Yankee Politics and the American Revolution (Middletown, Conn., 1971), 215;
50. Richard Buel Jr., Dear Liberty: Connecticut's Mobilization for the Revolutionary War (Middletown, Conn., 1980), 307-9;
51. Richard J. Purcell, Connecticut in Transition, 1775-1818 (Washington, D.C., 1918), 192-202.
52. Oliver Wolcott Sr. to Oliver Wolcott Jr., Sept. 24, 1787 (typescript), in Merrill Jensen et al., eds., The Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution (Madison, Wis., [1981]), microfilm supplement, CN: item 19, 110-11;
53. "An Intercepted Letter, " Conn. Courant, Oct. 23, 1786(reprinted from the New-Haven Gazette).
54. For a New Jersey effort to nominate candidates, see "A Friend to New-Jersey, " (Elizabethtown) New-Jersey Journal and Political Intelligencer, Aug. 29, 1787 (reprinted from a Philadelphia newspaper).
55. Brown, Redeeming the Republic, 86-93;
56. James Madison, "Influence of the Size of a National on Government, " [1791-92?], in Rutland et al., Papers of James Madison, 14:159;
57. Colleen A. Sheehan, "The Politics of Public Opinion: James Madison's'Notes on Government, '" WMQ 49, no. 4 (October 1992): 615;
58. "One of the People, " (Philadelphia) Pennsylvania Gazette, Oct.17, 1787.
59. Wood, Creation of the American Republic;
60. Morgan, Inventing the People, 245-62;
61. W. Paul Adams, "Republicanism in Political Rhetoric before1776, " Political Science Quarterly 85, no. 3 (September 1970): 397-421;
62. Smith, Spirit of American Government, chaps. 3-6;
63. Dahl, How Democratic?;
64. Young, "Conservatives";
65. Daniel Lazare, The Frozen Republic: How the Constitution Is Paralyzing Democracy (New York, 1996);
66. Woody Holton, "Did the Constitution Save the Economy?" Journalof American History 42 (forthcoming).
67. Madison to George Washington, Apr. 16, 1787, Madison to Thomas Jefferson, Oct. 24, 1787, Rutland et al., Papers of James Madison, 9: 384, 10: 212;
68. James Madison, May 31, 1787, ["James Madison: Note to His Speech onthe Right of Suffrage"], ca. 1821, James Wilson, June 6, 1787, in Farrand, RFC, 1: 56, 3: 454, 1: 133 [emphasis in original];
69. Madison, "Remarks on Mr Jeffersons Draught of a Constitution, "1788, in Julian P. Boyd et al., eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson (Princeton, N.J., 1950), 6: 309;
70. "Aristides" [Alexander Contee Hanson], Remarks on the Proposed Plan of a Federal Government (Annapolis, Md., 1788), "An American Citizen, " Philadelphia Independent Gazetteer, Sept. 29, 1787, in Jensen etal., DHRC, 15: 525, 13: 272. My thanks to John Leonard for the Hanson reference.
71. "Madison: Note to His Speech, " in Farrand, RFC, 3: 454;
72. "The State Soldier II, " Va. Ind. Chron., Feb. 6, 1788, in Jensen et al., DHRC, 8: 348;
73. Jay Fliegelman, Declaring Independence: Jefferson, Natural Language, andthe Culture of Performance (Stanford, Calif., 1993);
74. Sandra M. Gustafson, Eloquence Is Power: Oratory and Performance in Early America (Chapel Hill, N.C., 2000).
75. Madison, "Remarks on Mr Jeffersons Draught, " in Boyd et al., Papers of Thomas Jefferson, 6: 309.
76. On the pursuit of fame, see James Conniff, "The Enlightenment and American Political Thought: A Study of the Origins of Madison's Federalist Number 10, " Political Theory 8, no. 3 (August 1980): 386-87;
77. Douglass Adair, "Fame and the Founding Fathers, " in Fame andthe Founding Fathers: Essays by Douglass Adair, ed. Trevor Colbourn (1974;repr., Indianapolis, Ind., 1998), 3-36.
78. Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, speech in the South Carolina House of Representative, Jan. 18, 1788, in Jonathan Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Convention on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution ...(Washington, D.C., 1836), 4: 302.
79. Garry Wills, Explaining America: The Federalist (Garden City, N.Y., 1981), 227, 251.
80. For attribution of the Conn. Courant article to Noah Webster, see Jensenet al., DHRC, 13: 169n.
81. The belief that the state legislatures, not the people, should choosesenators united admirers of the state assemblies (most of whom came from smallstates) with delegates who feared the people (Jack N. Rakove, James Madison andthe Creation of the American Republic [Glenview, Ill., 1990], 57-63).
82. The latter fear seems to have been the greater one for at least threedelegates from large states - Gerry of Massachusetts and the two Charles Pinckneys of South Carolina - all of whom supported election by thelegislatures. Morris and Madison are described as the two most vocal delegatesin Catherine Drinker Bowen, Miracle at Philadelphia: The Story of the Constitutional Convention, May to September 1787 (Boston, 1966), 42.
83. "A Citizen of America" [Noah Webster], "An Examinationinto the Leading Principles of the Federal Constitution, " Oct. 17, 1787, in Bernard Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution: Federalist and Antifederalist Speeches, Articles, and Letters During the Struggle over Ratification (New York, 1993), 1: 133, 140n.
84. John Williams, June 21, 1788, Melancton Smith, June 20, 1788, in Elliot Debates in the State Conventions, 2: 242, 229-30;
85. Edmund S. Morgan, "Safety in Numbers: Madison, Hume, and the Tenth Federalist, " Huntington Library Quarterly 49. no. 2 (Spring 1986): 106;
86. "Federal Farmer, " An Additional Number of Letters from the Federal Farmer to the Republican; Leading to a Fair Examination of the System of Government Proposed by the Late Convention ... ([New York], 1788), in Jensen etal., DHRC, 17: 291.
87. For scholars who believe Madison relied more heavily on the large politythan the large legislative district, see Albert Furtwangler, The Authority of Publius: A Reading of the Federalist Papers (Ithaca, N.Y., 1984), 116;
88. David F. Epstein, The Political Theory of The Federalist (Chicago, 1984), 109;
89. Lance Banning, The Sacred Fire of Liberty: James Madison and the Foundingof the Federal Republic (Ithaca, N.Y., 1995), 208-9, 469 n. 52;
90. Alan Gibson, "Impartial Representation and the Extended Republic:Towards a Comprehensive and Balanced Reading of the Tenth Federalist Paper, " History of Political Thought 12, no. 2 (Summer 1991): 270, 282-304.
91. Kramer, Harvard Law Review 112;
92. Morgan, Journal of Politics 36;
93. Wills, Explaining America.
94. George Washington to David Stuart, Dec. 6, 1786, in W. W. Abbot and Dorothy Twohig, eds., The Papers of George Washington, Confederation Series(Charlottesville, Va., 1995), 4: 446.
95. Madison, July 25, 1787, "Madison: Note to His Speech, " in Farrand, RFC, 2: 110, 3: 454;
96. Cooke, Federalist, 65, 425;
97. Madison, in Drew R. McCoy, The Last of the Fathers: James Madison and the Republican Legacy (Cambridge, 1989), 65;
98. "The Petition of the Committee of Public Creditors of the City and Liberties of Philadelphia, " Pa. Gaz., Dec. 15, 1784
99. "Camillus, " Worcester Mag. 3, no. 1: 3;
100. "Extract of a Letter from South-Kingstown, July 4, " Providence Gazette and Country Journal, July 14, 1787.
101. Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, May 14, 1788, in Bailyn, Debate on the Constitution, 2: 586;
102. McCoy, Last of the Fathers, 73 ("Father of the Constitution");
103. Cooke, Federalist, 63-64.
104. On obstacles to organizing, see Adair, Intellectual Origins, 123;
105. Owen S. Ireland, Religion, Ethnicity, and Politics: Ratifying the Constitution in Pennsylvania (University Park, Pa., 1995). My thanks to Loren Young for his insight on this point.
106. James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, Oct. 24, 1787, in Rutland et al., Papers of James Madison, 10: 214.
107. [William Whiting], "Some Remarks on the Conduct of the Inhabitantsof the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in Interupting the Siting [sic] of the Judicial Courts in Several Counties in That State ..., " in Stephen T.Riley, ed., "Dr. William Whiting and Shays' Rebellion, " Proceedings ofthe American Antiquarian Society 66, pt. 2 (October 1956): 153-54;
108. John M. Murrin, "Fundamental Values, the Founding Fathers, and the Constitution, " in To Form a More Perfect Union: The Critical Ideas of the Constitution, ed. Herman Belz, Ronald Hoffman, and Peter J. Albert[Charlottesville, Va., 1992], 30-31;
109. Joyce Appleby, "The American Heritage: The Heirs and the Disinherited, " Journal of American History 74, no. 3 [December 1987]: 803;
110. Gibson, History of Political Thought 12: 302-4).
111. Minor Myers Jr., Liberty without Anarchy: A History of the Society of the Cincinnati (Charlottesville, Va., 1983), x, 96.
112. W[illiam] Eustis to Henry Knox, Feb. 3, 1785, Henry Knox Papers(microfilm), box 17, item 165, Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston;Elbridge Gerry to Rufus King, Mar. 28, 1785, in Charles R. King, ed., The Lifeand Correspondence of Rufus King, Comprising His Letters, Private and Official, His Public Documents, and His Speeches (1894; repr., New York, 1971), 1: 83;
113. Sidney Kaplan, "Veteran Officers and Politics in Massachusetts, 1783-1787, " WMQ 9, no. 1 (January 1952): 29-57;
114. George Flint, in Ferguson, Power of the Purse, 254;
115. "A Private Citizen" [Noah Webster], Attention! or, New Thoughtson a Serious Subject, Being an Enquiry into the Excise Laws of Connecticut ...(Hartford, Conn., 1789), 17
116. Forrest McDonald, Alexander Hamilton: A Biography (New York, 1979), 44;
117. McDonald, E Pluribus Unum: The Formation of the American Republic, 1776-1790 (Boston, 1965), 34;
118. Alfred F. Young, The Democratic Republicans of New York: The Origins, 1763-1797 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1967), 76.
119. Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, A Midwife's Tale: The Life of Martha Ballard, Based on Her Diary, 1785-1812 (New York, 1990), 91.
120. "An Old Republican II, " "Strictures upon County Conventions in General, and Upon the Late Meeting Holden at Hatfield in Particular ..., " (Springfield Mass.) Hampshire Herald, Sept. 12, 1786;
121. George Richards Minot, The History of the Insurrections, in Massachusetts, in the Year MDCCLXXXVI, and the Rebellion Consequent Thereon(Worcester, Mass., 1788), 54;
122. Whiting, "Some Remarks, " 153-54;
123. "Plain Reason, " Va. Ind. Chron., Aug. 29, 1787
124. Bezaleel Howard, in Richard D. Brown, "Shays's Rebellion and Its Aftermath: A View from Springfield Massachusetts, 1787, " WMQ 40, no. 4(October 1983): 602;
125. "Publick Faith, " Mass Centinel, Feb. 8, 1786 (reprinted fromthe Hampshire Herald, Jan.31, 1786);
126. "Philodemus" [Thomas Tudor Tucker], Conciliatory Hints, Attempting, By a Fair State of Matters, To Remove Party-Prejudices ... And Proposing a Convention ... (Charleston, S.C., 1784), 29.
127. "Disculpus, " (Portsmouth) New Hampshire Mercury, Oct. 18, 1786;
128. Stratham town meeting, [Nov. 27, 1786], Stratham Town Records, 2: 27, New Hampshire State Library, Concord A legislative committee counted the number ofcitizens who had voted for and against paper money in the various town meetingsand declared that it had lost by one vote
129. (Jere R. Daniell, Experiment in Republicanism: New Hampshire Politics andthe American Revolution, 1741-1794 [Cambridge, Mass., 1970], 198-99;
130. John H. Flannagan Jr., "Trying Times: Economic Depression in New Hampshire, 1781-1789" [Ph.D. diss., Georgetown University, 1972], chap. 5;
131. Lynn Warren Turner, The Ninth State: New Hampshire's Formative Years[Chapel Hill, N.C., 1983], 52, 56).
132. Minot, History of the Insurrections, 68;
133. Massachusetts House of Representatives proceedings, Worcester Mag. 2, no.30: 362 (reprinted from the [Boston] Ind. Chron., Oct. 19, 1786);
134. Holton, JAH 42.
135. "Americanus I" [John Stevens Jr.], (New York) Daily Advertiser, Nov. 2, 1787,
136. in Bailyn, Debate on the Constitution, 1: 229-30;
137. "Harrington" [Benjamin Rush], Pa. Gaz., May 30, 1787;
138. Benjamin Rush, American Museum, January 1787
139. Sheehan, WMQ 49: 614;
140. Banning, Sacred Fire of Liberty, chaps. 7, 11.
141. "Brutus I, " New York Journal, Oct. 18, 1787,
142. For scholarship on Anti-Federalists, see Kenyon, WMQ 12;
143. Banning, Sacred Fire of Liberty, 204;
144. Zagarri, Politics of Size, 86, 93-94.
145. "Brutus I, " N.Y. Journal, Oct. 18, 1787
146. "Cornelius, " (Springfield, Mass.) Hampshire Chronicle, Dec. 18, 1787,
147. in Jensen et al., DHRC, 4: 412;
148. Zagarri, Politics of Size, 91-93.
149. On constituents not knowing enough about representatives, see "John De Witt III, " American Herald, Nov. 5, 1787,
150. George Athan Billias, Elbridge Gerry: Founding Father and Republican Statesman (New York, 1976), 163;
151. Norman K. Risjord, Chesapeake Politics, 1781-1800 (New York, 1978), 278-79.
152. On representatives not knowing enough about constituents, see George Mason, "Objections to the Constitution of Government Formed by the Convention, " Oct. 7, 1787.
153. "John De Witt III, " American Herald, Nov. 5, 1787
154. "Centinel I" [Samuel Bryan], Phil. Ind. Gaz., Oct. 5, 1787.
155. Adam Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments, ed. D. D. Raphael and A. L.Macfie (1759; repr., Oxford England, 1976), 86, 90;
156. Francis Hutcheson, in Garry Wills, Inventing America: Jefferson's Declaration of Independence (Garden City, N.Y., 1978), 287;
157. "Federal Farmer, " Additional Number of Letters, in Jensen etal., DHRC, 17: 281;
158. William Symmes, speech in Massachusetts ratifying convention, Jan. 22, 1788, in Herbert J. Storing, ed., The Complete Anti-Federalist (Chicago, 1981), 4: 63;
159. George Mason, June 4, June 11, June 16, 1788, Patrick Henry, June 12, 1788, Edmund Randolp, June 6, June 17, 1788, George Nicholas, June 14, 1788, in Elliot, Debates in the State Conventions, 3: 30-31, 34, 262, 426, 327, 123, 470, 393;
160. Melancton Smith, June 21, 1788, in Elliot, Debates in the State Conventions, 2: 246;
161. Rawlins Lowndes, speech in the South Carolina House of Representatives, Jan. 16, 1788,
162. in Bailyn, Debate on the Constitution, 2: 22.
163. Benjamin Gale, Nov. 12, 1787, in Jensen et al., DHRC, 3: 423. Scholarssuch as Kenyon (WMQ 12) believe the Federalists' assessment of arepresentative's virtue hinged on his willingness to sacrifice the narrowinterests of his region. Though that was often the case, numerous opponents aswell as supporters of the Constitution worried more about finding officeholderswho would not be too biased in favor of their own social class.
164. "O, " American Herald, Feb. 4, 1788, "Brutus III, "N.Y. Journal, Nov. 15, 1787, in Jensen et al., DHRC, 5: 855, 14: 123;
165. Samuel Chase, ["Notes of Speeches Delivered to the Maryland Ratifying Convention"], April 1788, in Storing, Complete Anti-Federalist, 5: 90;
166. Melancton Smith, June 21, 1788, in Elliot, Debates in the State Conventions, 2: 247-48;
167. For proposals to hold runoffs, see Jeremiah Hill to George Thacher, Sept.25, 1788, "A Real Farmer, " Hampshire Chron., Nov. 5, 1788,
168. in Merrill Jensen et al., eds., The Documentary History of the First Federal Elections, 1788-1790 (Madison, Wis., 1976), 1: 462-63, 471-72;
169. Kenyon, WMQ 12: 12-13, 40;
170. Dry, "Anti-Federalism in The Federalist, " 49;
171. William B. Allen, "Federal Representation: The Design of the Thirty-Fifth Federalist Paper, " Publius 6, no. 3 (Summer 1976): 67.
172. "Lycurgus III" [Herman Husband], XIV Sermons on the Charactersof Jacob's Fourteen Sons (Philadelphia, 1789), 29.
173. For attribution of XIV Sermons to Husband, see Jones, "Herman Husband, " 310.
174. A Citizen of Connecticut" [William Beers], An Address to the Legislature and People of the State of Connecticut, On the Subject of Dividingthe State into Districts for the Election of Representatives in Congress (New Haven, Conn., 1791), 17, 18, 29, 35-36;
175. Swift, Security of the Rights, 22, 75, 87;
176. "Publius Secundus Americanus, " Daily Advertiser, Nov. 10, 1788.
177. in Jensen et al., History of the First Federal Elections, 3: 210-11.
178. Swift, Security of the Rights, 92.
179. (Baltimore) Maryland Journal, Nov. 14, 1788, anonymous essay, Daily Advertiser, Nov. 7, 1788, in Jensen et al., History of the First Federal Elections, 2: 125, 3: 209-10;
180. Beers, Address to the Legislature, 31.
181. William Findley, speech in Pennsylvania assembly, Sept. 24, 1788,
182. "A Real Farmer, " Hampshire Chron., Nov. 5, 1788,
183. in Jensen et al., History of the First Federal Elections, 1: 287, 471;
184. State Gazette, and (Trenton) New-Jersey Advertiser, Mar. 13, 1798,
185. Donald S. Lutz, Popular Consent and Popular Control: Whig Political Theory in the Early State Constitutions (Baton Rouge, La., 1980), xiv;
186. "Federal Farmer, " Observations Leading to a Fair Examination, in Jensen et al., DHRC, 14: 31;
187. Husband, XIV Sermons, 29.
188. Douglass Adair ("The Tenth Federalist Revisited, " in Colbourn, Fame and the Founding Fathers, 106-31)
189. For bondholders' support for the Constitution and windfalls from thefunding act, see Samuel P. Savage to George Thatcher, Feb. 17, 1788,
190. in Jensen et al., DHRC, 7: 1704-5;
191. Alexander Hamilton, "The Defence of the Funding System, " [July1795], in Syrett et al., Papers of Alexander Hamilton, 19: 5;
192. Beard, Economic Interpretation;
193. McDonald, E Pluribus Unum, 34;
194. Young, Democratic Republicans of New York, 75;
195. Leonard L. Richards, Shays's Rebellion: The American Revolution's Final Battle (Philadelphia, 2002), 156-59;
196. Robert A. McGuire and Robert L. Ohsfeldt, "Economic Interests andthe American Constitution: A Quantitative Rehabilitation of Charles A.Beard, " Journal of Economic History 44, no. 2 (June 1984): 509-19;
197. Robert A. McGuire, To Form a More Perfect Union: A New Economic Interpretation of the United States Constitution (Oxford, Eng., 2003).
198. For bondholders' request, see "The Memorial and Petition of the Public Creditors ... of Pennsylvania ..., "Aug. 21, 1789 (presented Aug. 28, 1789),
199. in Annals of Congress, 1st Cong., 1st sess., 822-25.
200. On original bond recipients' failure to petition Congress, see Elias Boudinot, speech in House of Representatives, Feb. 17, 1790,
201. in Annals of Congress, 1st Cong., 2nd sess., 1297;
202. James Madison, speech in House of Representatives, Feb. 18, 1790,
203. in Rutland et al., Papers of James Madison, 13: 52.
204. Theodore Sedgwick, speech in House of Representatives, Jan. 28, 1790,
205. editor's footnote, in Annals of Congress, 1st Cong., 2nd sess., 1135, 1135n;
206. Sam[uel] Breck to John Brown, Dec. 30, 1790, Brown Papers, John Carter Brown Library, Providence, R.I.;
207. Joseph Barrell to Samuel Webb, Jan. 31, 1790, in Worthington Chauncey Ford, ed., Correspondence and Journals of Samuel Blachley Webb (New York, 1894), 3: 150.
208. On thwarting bad factions but not good ones, see James Mac Gregor Burns, The Deadlock of Democracy: Four-Party Politics in America (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1963), 21-22;
209. John Zvesper, "The Madisonian Systems, " Western Political Quarterly 37, no. 2 (June 1984): 244.