The neuropsychological connection between creativity and meditation

Creativity Research Journal

Volumn 21, Issue 2-3, 2009, Pages 199-222

  Horan, Roy ^a  

^a HONG KONG POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 70449916623     PISSN: 10400419     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10400410902858691     Document Type: Article

References (258)

1. Adey, W. R., Kado, R. T., & Walter, D. O. (1967). Computer analysis of EEG data from Gemini Flight GT-7. Aerospace Medicine, 38, 345-359.
2. Aftanas, L. I., & Golocheikine, S. A. (2001). Human anterior and frontal midline theta and lower alpha reflect emotionally positive state and internalized attention: High-resolution EEG investigation of meditation. Neuroscience Letters, 310, 57-60.
3. Aftanas, L. I., & Golocheikine, S. A. (2003). Changes in cortical activity in altered states of consciousness: The study of meditation by high-resolution EEG. Human Physiology, 29, 143-151.
4. Aftanas, L. I., Reva, N. V., Varlamov, A. A., Pavlov, S. V., & Makhnev, V. P. (2004). Analysis of evoked EEG synchronization and desynchronization in conditions of emotional activation in humans: temporal and topographic characteristics. Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology, 34, 859-867.
5. Alligood, M. R. (1991). Testing Roger's theory of accelerating change: The relationship among creativity, actualization, and empathy in persons 18-92 years of age. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 13, 84-96.
6. Arenander, A. (1996, April). Global neural ground state: Coherent brain mechanisms associated with transcendental consciousness. Paper presented at Toward a Science of Consciousness, Tucson II.
7. Arenander, A. (2000). Research proposal: The effects of the transcen-dental meditation technique on the temporal and spatial mapping of the brain-A MEG study. Fairfield, IA: Brain Research Institute, The Institute of Science Technology and Public Policy.
8. Asada, H., Fukuda, Y., Tsunoda, S., Yamaguchi, M., & Tonoike, M. (1999). Frontal midline theta rhythms reflect alternative activation of prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulated cortex in humans. Neuroscience Letters, 274, 29-32.
9. Astin, J. A., Shapiro, S. L., Eisenberg, D. M., & Forys, K. L. (2003). Mind-body medicine: State of the science, implication for practice. Journal of the American Board of Family Practice, 16, 131-147.
10. Austin, J. H. (1999). Zen and the brain. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
11. Austin, J. H. (2006). Zen-brain reflections. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
12. Bagchi, B. K., & Wenger, M. A. (1957). Electrophysiological correlates of some yogi exercises. Electrophysiology and Clinical Neurophysiology, 7, 132-149.
13. Ball, O. E. (1980). The effect of TM and the TM-Sidhi program on verbal and figural creativity (TTCT), auditory creativity (S and I), and hemispheric dominance (SOLAT) [Unpublished doctoral dissertation] Atlanta, GA: University of Georgia.
14. Banquet, J. P. (1973). Spectral analysis of the EEG in meditation. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 35, 143-151.
15. Banquet, J. P., & Lesévre, N. (1980). Event-related potentials in altered states of consciousness. Progress in Brain Research, 54, 447-453.
16. Barcelo, F., Perianez, J. A., & Knight, R. T. (2002). Think differently: A brain orienting response to task novelty. NeuroReport, 13, 1887-1892.
17. Barrett, A. M., Beversdorf, D. Q., Crucian, G. P., & Heilman, K. M. (1998). Neglect after right hemisphere stroke: A smaller floodlight for distributed attention. Neurology, 51, 972-978.
18. Bartels, A., & Zeki, S. (2000). The neural basis of romantic love. NeuroReport, 11, 3829-3834.
19. Başar, E. (1992). Brain natural frequencies are causal factors for resonances and induced rhythms. In E. Bas ̧ar & T. H. Bullock (Eds.), Induced rhythms in the brain (pp. 425-467). Boston: Birkhauser.
20. Başar, E., Başar-Eroǧlu, C., Demiralp, T., & Schurmann, M. (1995). Time and frequency analysis of the brain's distributed gamma-band system. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology, 14, 400-410.
21. Başar, E., Başar-Eroǧlu, C., Karakaş, S., & Schurmann, M. (2001). Gamma, alpha, delta and theta oscillations govern cognitive processes. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 39, 241-248.
22. Başar-Eroǧlu, C., Başar, E., Demiralp, T., & Schurmann, M. (1992). P300-response: Possible psychophysiological correlates in delta and theta frequency channels: A review. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 13, 161-179.
23. Başar-Eroǧlu, C., Struber, D., Kruse, P., Başar, E., &Stadler, M. (1996a). Frontal gamma-band enhancement during multistable visual perception. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 24, 113-125.
24. Başar-Eroǧlu, C., Struber, D., Schurmann, M., Stadler, M., & Başar, E. (1996b). Gamma-band responses in the brain: A short review of psychophysiological correlates and functional significance. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 24, 101-112.
25. Başar-Eroǧlu, C., Başar, E., Schurmann, M., Schutt, A., Struber, D., Stadler, M., & Karakaş, S. (1999). Gamma-band responses in the brain: Functional significance. In E. Başar (Ed.), Brain function and oscillations, II: Integrative brain function. neurophysiology and cognitive processes (pp. 367-380). New York: Springer-Verlag.
26. Beckert, D. E., & Shapiro, D. (1981). Physiological responses to clicks during zen, yoga and transcendental meditation. Psychophysiology, 18,694-699.
27. Beisteiner, R., Altenmuller, E., Lang, W., Lindinger, G., & Deecke, L. (1994). Musicians processing music: Measurement of brain potentials with EEG. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 6, 311-327.
28. Bekhtereva, N. P., Dan'ko, S. G., Starchenko, M. G., Pakhomov, S. V., & Medvedev, S. V. (2001). Study of the brain organization of creativity: III. Brain activation assessed by the local cerebral blood flow and EEG. Human Physiology, 27, 390-397.
29. Berger, H. (1929). Uber das electrenkephalogramm des menschen [On the human electroencephalogram]. Archiv fur Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten, 87, 527-570.
30. Botvinick, M. M., Braver, T. S., Barch, D. M., Carter, C. S., & Cohen, J. D. (2001). Conflict monitoring and cognitive control. Psychological Review, 108, 624-652.
31. Bowden, E. M., Jung-Beeman, M., Fleck, J., & Kounios, J. (2005). New approaches to demystifying insight. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9, 322-328.
32. Braitenberg, V. (1978). Cortical architectonics: General and areal. In M. A. B. Braizer, & H. Petsche (Eds.), Architectonics of the cerebral cortex (pp. 443-465). New York: Raven Press.
33. Brefczynski-Lewis, J. A., Lutz, A., Schaefer, H. S., Levinson, D. B., & Davidson, R. J. (2007). Neural correlates of attentional expertise in long-term meditation practitioners. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 104, 11483-11488.
34. Briggs, J. (2000). Fire in the crucible: Understanding the process of creative genius. Grand Rapids, MI: Phanes Press.
35. Brooks, D. R., Durgananda, S., Muller-Ortega, P. E., Mahony, W., Rhodes Bailly, C., & Sabharathnam, S. P. (1997). Meditation revolution: A history and theology of the Siddha Yoga lineage. South Fallsburg, NY: Agama.
36. Brown, D., Forte, M., & Dysart, M. (1984a). Differences in visual sensitivity among mindfulness meditators and non-meditators. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 58, 727-733.
37. Brown, D., Forte, M., & Dysart, M. (1984b). Visual sensitivity and mindfulness meditation. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 58, 775-784.
38. Buzan, T., & Buzan, B. (2000). The mind map book. London: BBC Worldwide Limited.
39. Cahn, B. R., & Polich, J. (2006). Meditation states and traits: EEG, ERP, and neuroimaging studies. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 180-211.
40. Camfield, D. (2005). Neurobiology of creativity. In C. Stough (Ed.), Neurobiology of creativity (pp. 53-72). New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum.
41. Carlozzi, A. F., Bull, K. S., Eells, G. T., & Hurlburt, J. D. (1995). Empathy as related to creativity, dogmatism, and expressiveness. Journal of Psychology, 129, 365-373.
42. Carson, S. H., Higgins, D. M., & Peterson, J. B. (2003). Decreased latent inhibition is associated with increased creative achievement in high-functioning individuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 499-506.
43. Chavez, R. A., Graff-Guerrero, A., Garcia-Reyna, J. C., Vaugier, V., & Cruz-Fuentes, X. (2004). Neurobiologia de la creatividad: Resultados preliminares de un studio de activacion cerebral [Neurology of creativity: Preliminary results of a study about cerebral activation]. Salud Mental, 27, 38-46.
44. Christensen, P. R., Guilford, J. P., Merrifield, R. P., & Wilson, R. C. (1960). Alternate uses. Beverly Hills, CA: Sheridan Psychological Service.
45. Cleeremans, A., & Jimenez, L. (2002). Implicit learning and consciousness: A graded, dynamic perspective. In R. M. French & A. Cleeremans (Eds.), Implicit learning and consciousness (pp. 1-40). East Sussex: Psychology Press.
46. Cowger, E. L. (1974). The effects of meditation (zazen) upon selected dimensions of personality development. Dissertation Abstracts International, 34, 8-A, Part 1, 4734.
47. Cowger, E. L., & Torrance, E. P. (1982). Further examination of the quality of changes in creative functioning resulting from meditation (zazen) training. Creative Child and Adult Quarterly, 7, 211-217.
48. Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1996). Creativity, flow, and the psychology of discovery and invention. London: Rider.
49. Danko, S. G., Starchenko, M. G., & Bechtereva, N. P. (2003). EEG local and spatial synchronization during a test on the insight strategy of solving creative verbal tasks. Human Physiology, 29, 502-504.
50. d'Aquili, E. G., & Newberg, A. B. (1999). The mystical mind: Probing the biology of religious experience. Minneapolis, MN: Augsburg Fortress.
51. Das, N., & Gastaut, H. (1955). Variations in the electrical activity of the brain, heart, and skeletal muscles during yogic meditation and trance. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 6, 211-219.
52. Davidson, R. J. (2004). Well-being and affective style: Neural substrates and biobehavioural correlates. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society, 359, 1395-1411.
53. Davidson, R., Goleman, D., & Schwartz, G. (1976). Attentional and affective concomitants of meditation: A cross sectional study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 85, 235-238.
54. Davidson, R. J., Jackson, D. C., & Larson, C. L. (2000). Human encephalography. In J. T. Cacioppo, L. G. Tassinary, & G. G. Berntson (Eds.), Handbook of psychophysiology (2nd ed., pp. 27-52). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
55. Desmedt, J. E., & Tomberg, C. (1994). Transient phaselocking of 40Hz electrical oscillations in prefrontal and parietal human cortex reflects the process of conscious somatic perception. Neuroscience Letters, 168, 126-129.
56. Dietrich, A. (2003). Functional neuroanatomy of altered states of consciousness: The transient hypofrontality hypothesis. Consciousness and Cognition, 12, 231-256.
57. Dietrich, A. (2004a). The cognitive neuroscience of creativity. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 11, 1011-1026.
58. Dietrich, A. (2004b). Neurocognitive mechanisms underlying the experience of flow. Consciousness and Cognition, 13, 746-761.
59. Dijksterhuis, A., & Meurs, T. (2006). Where creativity resides: The generative power of unconscious thought. Consciousness and Cognition, 15, 135-146.
60. Dillbeck, M. C., & Orme-Johnson, D. (1987). Physiological differences between transcendental meditation and rest. American Psychologist, 42,879-881.
61. Doerner, D. (1983). Heuristics and cognition in complex systems. In R. Groner, M. Groner, & F. W. Bishof (Eds.), Methods of heuristics (pp. 89-108). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
62. Dolce, G., & Waldeier, H. (1974). Spectral and multivariate analysis of EEG changes during mental activity in man. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 36, 577-584.
63. Domino, G. (1977). Transcendental meditation and creativity: An empirical investigation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 62, 358-362.
64. Dulany, D. E. (1997). Consciousness in the explicit (deliberative) and implicit (evocative). In J. D. Cohen & J. W. Schooler (Eds.), Scientific approaches to consciousness (pp. 179-212). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
65. Dunn, B. R., Hartigan, J., & Mikulas, W. (1999). Concentration and mindfulness meditations: Unique forms of consciousness? Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 24, 147-165.
66. Eckhorn, R., Bauer, R., Jordan, W., Brosch, W., Kruse, W., Munk, M., & Reitboeck, H. J. (1988). Coherent oscillations: A mechanism of feature linking in the visual cortex. Biological Cybernetics, 60, 121-130.
67. Edelman, G. M. (1989). The remembered present. New York: Basic Books.
68. Edelman, G. M., & Tononi, G. (2000). A universe of consciousness: How matter becomes imagination. New York: Basic Books.
69. Eysenck, H. J. (1995). Genius: The natural history of creativity. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
70. Eysenck, M. W., & Calvo, M. G. (1992). Anxiety and performance: The processing efficiency theory. Cognition and Emotion, 6, 409-434.
71. Farb, N. A. S., Segal, Z. V., Mayberg, H., Bean, J., McKeon, D., Fatima, Z., & Anderson, A. K. (2007). Attending to the present: Mindfulness meditation reveals distinct neural modes of reference. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 2, 313-322.
72. Felleman, D. J., & Van Essen, D. C. (1991). Distributed hierarchical processing in the primate cerebral cortex. Cerebral Cortex, 1, 1-47.
73. Feuerstein, G. (1989). Yoga: The technology of ecstasy. Los Angeles, CA: Jeremy P. Tarcher.
74. Fiez, J. A. (1997). Phonology, semantics and the role of the left prefrontal cortex. Human Brain Mapping, 5, 79-83.
75. Finger, S. (1994). Origins of neuroscience. New York: Oxford University Press.
76. Fink, A., & Neubaeur, A. (2006). EEG alpha oscillations during te performance of verbal creativity tasks: Differential effects of sex and verbal intelligence. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 62(1), 46-53.
77. Fink, A., Grabner, R. H., Benedek, M., & Neubaeur, A. (2006). Short communication: Divergent thinking training related to frontal electroencephalogram alpha synchronization. European Journal of Neuroscience, 23, 2241-2246.
78. Frackowiak, R. S. J., Ashburner, J. T., Penny, W. D., Zeki, S., Friston, K. J., Frith, C. D., et al. (2004). Human brain function (2nd ed.) London: Academic Press.
79. Gackenbach, J. (1992). Interhemispheric EEG coherence in REM sleep and meditation: The lucid dreaming connection. In J. S. Antrobus & M. Bertini (Eds.), The neuropsychology of sleep and dreaming (pp. 265-288). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
80. Gallo, D. (1989). Educating for empathy, reason and imagination. Journal of Creative Behavior, 23, 98-115.
81. Getzels, J., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1976). The creative vision: A longitudinal study of problem finding in art. New York: Wiley.
82. Ghiselin, B. (1952). The creative process. New York: Mentor.
83. Glover, J. A., Ronning, R. R., & Reynolds, C. R. (1992). Handbook of creativity. New York: Plenum.
84. Gluck, M., & Myers, C. (1998). Psychobiological models of hippocampal function in learning and memory. In J. Martinez & R. Kesner (Eds.), Neurobiology of learning and memory (pp. 417-448). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
85. Goleman, D. J. (1996). The meditative mind: Varieties of meditative experience. New York: Penguin Putnam.
86. Grabner, R. H., Fink, A., & Neubauer, A. C. (2007). Brain correlates of self-rated originality of ideas: Evidence from event-related power and phase-locking changes in the EEG. Behavioral Neuroscience, 121,224-230.
87. Gray, C. M., & Singer, W. (1987). Stimulus-specific neuronal oscillations in the cat visual cortex: A cortical functional unit. Society for Neuroscience, Abstracts, 404, 1449.
88. Green, E. (1972). Bio-feedback for mind-body self regulation: Healing and creativity. In D. Shapiro, T. X. Barber, L. V. DiCara, J. Kamiya, N. E. Miller, & J. Stoyra (Eds.), Biofeedback and self control (pp. 152-162). Chicago: Aldine.
89. Greenstein, Y. J., Pavlides, C., & Winson, J. (1988). Long-term potentiation in the denate gyrus is preferentially induced at theta rhythm periodicity. Brain Research, 438, 331-334.
90. Gross, D. W., & Gotman, J. (1999). Correlation of high-frequency oscillations with the sleep-wake cycle and cognitive activity in humans. Neuroscience, 94, 1005-1018.
91. Guilford, J. P. (1967). The nature of human intelligence. New York: McGraw-Hill.
92. Gundel, A., & Wilson, G. (1992). Topographical changes in the ongoing EEG related to the difficulty of mental tasks. Brain Topography, 5, 17-25.
93. Haenschel, C., Baldeweg, T., Croft, R. J., Whittington, M., & Gruzelier, J. (2000). Gamma and beta frequency oscillations in response to novel auditory stimuli: A comparison of human electroencephalogram (EEG) data with in vitro models. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 97, 7645-7650.
94. Hagelin, J. S. (1987). Is consciousness the unified field? A field theorist's perspective. Modern Science and Vedic Science, 1, 29-87.
95. Hankins, T. C., & Wilson, G. F. (1998). A comparison of heart rate, eye activity, EEG and subjective measures of pilot mental workload during flight. Aviation and Space Environmental Medicine, 69, 360-367.
96. Harai, T. (1974). Psychophysiology of zen. Tokyo: Igaku Shoin.
97. Hardy, G. H., Seshu Aiyar, P. V., & Wilson, B. M. (Eds.). (1927). Collected papers by Srinivasa Ramanujan. Chelsea, NY: Cambridge University Press.
98. Harmony, T., Fernandez, T., Silva, J., Bernal, J., Diaz-Comas, L., Reyes, A., et al. (1996). EEG delta activity: An indicator of attention to internal processing during performance of mental tasks. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 24, 161-171.
99. Hassabis, D., Kumaran, D., & Maguire, E. A. (2007). Using imagination to understand the neural basis of episodic memory. Journal of Neuroscience, 27, 14365-14374.
100. Heilman, K. M., Nadeau, S. E., & Beversdorf, D. O. (2003). Creative innovation: Possible brain mechanisms. Neurocase, 9, 369-379.
101. Hobson, J. A., & Pace-Schott, E. F. (2002). The cognitive neuroscience of sleep: Neuronal systems, consciousness and learning. Nature Reviews, Neuroscience, 3, 679-693.
102. Holt, N. J., Delanoy, D. L., & Roe, C. A. (2004, August). Creativity, subjective paranormal experiences and altered states of consciousness. Paper presented at the 47th Annual Parapsychological Association Convention, Vienna.
103. Hoppe, K. D. (1988). Hemispheric specialization and creativity. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 11, 303-315.
104. Horan, R. (2007). The relationship between creativity and intelligence: A combined yogic-scientific approach. Creativity Research Journal, 19,179-202.
105. Huges, J. (1994). Self-realization in Kashmir Shaivism. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
106. Inouye, T., Shinisaki, K., Iyama, A., & Matsumoto, Y. (1993). Localization of activated areas and directional EEG patterns during mental arithmetic. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 86, 224-230.
107. Ivanovsky, B., & Malhi, G. S. (2007). The psychological and neurophysiological concomitants of mindfulness forms of meditation. Acta Neuropsychiatrica, 17, 76-91.
108. Iyengar, B. K. S. (1993). Light on the Yoga Suätras of Patanjali. San Francisco: Aquarian.
109. James, W. (1925). The varieties of religious experience. New York: Longmans Green.
110. James, W. (1983). The principles of psychology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
111. Jausovec, N. (1994). Flexible thinking: An explanation for individual differences in ability. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton.
112. Jausovec, N. (2000a). Differences in cognitive processes between gifted, intelligent, creative and average individuals while solving complex problems: An EEG study. Intelligence, 28, 213-237.
113. Jausovec, N. (2000b). Differences in resting EEG related to ability. Brain Topography, 12, 229-240.
114. Jausovec, N. (2002). Neuropsychological bases of creativity. In S. P. Shohov (Ed.), Advances in Psychology Research (Vol. 15, pp. 193-219). Huappauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers.
115. Jedrczak, M. B., & Clements, G. (1985). The TM-Sidhi program, pure consciousness, creativity and intelligence. Journal of Creative Behavior, 19, 270-275.
116. Joy, S. (2004). Innovation motivation: The need to be different. Creativity Research Journal, 16, 313-330.
117. Jung-Beeman, M., Bowden, E. M., Haberman, J., Frymiare, J. L., Arambel-Liu, S., Greenblatt, R., et al. (2004). Neural activity when people solve verbal problems with insight. PLoS Biology, 2, 500-510.
118. Kabat-Zinn, J. (1990). Full catastrophe living: Using the wisdom of your body and mind to face stress, pain and illness. New York: Dell.
119. Kalliopuska, M. (1992). Creative way of living. Psychological Reports, 70, 11-14.
120. Kant, I. (1781/1992). Critique of pure reason (trans. N. K. Smith). London: MacMillan Press.
121. Karakaş, S., Başar-Eroǧlu, C., Özesmi, C., Kadafar, H., & Erzengin, Ö. Ü. (2001). Gamma response of the brain: A multifunctional oscillation that represents bottom-up with top-down processing. International Journal of Psychophysiolgy, 39, 137-150.
122. Kasamatsu, A., & Harai, T. (1966). An electroencephalographic study on the zen meditation (zazen). Folia Psychiatrica et Neurologica Japonica, 20, 315-336.
123. Kasof, J. (1997). Creativity and breadth of attention. Creativity Research Journal, 10, 303-315.
124. Katz, A. N. (1986). The relationships between creativity and cerebral hemisphericity for creative architechs, scientists, and mathematicians. Empirical Studies of the Arts, 4, 97-108.
125. Klimesche, W. (1987). A connectivity model for semantic processing. Psychological Research, 49, 53-61.
126. Klimesche, W. (1994). The structure of long-term memory: A connectivity model of semantic processing. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
127. Klimesche, W. (1996). Memory processes, brain oscillations and EEG synchronization. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 24,61-100.
128. Klimesche, W. (1999). EEG alpha and theta oscillations reflect cognitive and memory performance: A review and analysis. Brain Research Reviews, 29, 169-195.
129. Klimesche, W., Doppelmayr, M., Pachinger, T., & Ripper, B. (1997). Brain oscillations and human memory: EEG correlates in the upper alpha and theta band. Neuroscience Letters, 238, 9-12.
130. Knight, R. T. (1996). Contribution of human hippocampal region to novelty detection. Nature, 383, 256-259.
131. Koestler, A. (1964). The act of creation. London: Arkana.
132. Koukkom, M., Dittrich, A., & Lehmann, D. (1975). Hypnagogic experiences and EEG: Assessment by post-awakening questionnaire. Sleep Research, 4, 169.
133. Lalo, E., Gilbertson, T., Doyle, L., Di Lazzaro, V., Cioni, B., & Brown, P. (2007). Phasic increases in cortical beta activity are associated with alterations in sensory processing in the human. Experimental Brain Research, 177, 137-145.
134. Lang, W., Lang, M., Kornhuber, A., Deikmann, V., & Kornhuber, H. H. (1988). Event-related EEG spectra in a concept formation task. Human Neurobiology, 6, 295-301.
135. Larson, J., Wong, D., & Lynch, G. (1986). Patterned stimulation at the theta frequency is optimal for the induction of hippocampal long-term potentiation. Brain Research, 368, 347-350.
136. Laufs, H., Kleinschmidt, A., Beyerle, A., Eger, E., Salek-Haddadi, A., Preibisch, C., et al. (2003a). EEG-correlated fMRI of human alpha activity. NeuroImage, 19, 1463-1476.
137. Laufs, H., Krakow, K., Sterzer, P., Eger, E., Beyerle, A., SalekHaddadi, A., et al. (2003b). Electroencephalographic signatures of attentional and cognitive default modes in spontaneous brain activity fluctuations at rest. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 100, 11053-11058.
138. Lehmann, D., Faber, P. L., Achermann, P., Jeanmonod, D., Gianotti, L. R. R., & Pizzagalli, D. (2001). Brain sources of EEG gamma frequency during volitionally meditation-induced, altered states of consciousness, and experience of the self. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging Section, 108, 111-121.
139. Leonard, M. A., & Brugger, P. (1998). Creative, paranormal, and delusional thought: A consequence of right hemisphere semantic activation? Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, and Behavioural Neurology, 11, 177-183.
140. Lesh, T. V. (1969). The relationship between zen meditation and the development of accurate empathy. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Oregon.
141. 15O-H2O PET study of meditation and the resting state of normal consciousness. Human Brain Mapping, 7, 98-105.
142. Lubart, T. I. (1994). Product-centered self-evaluation and the creative process. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, New Haven, CT: Yale University.
143. Lutz, A., Greischar, L. L., Rawlings, N. B., Ricard, M., & Davidson, R. (2004). Long-term meditators self induce high-amplitude gamma synchrony during mental practice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 101, 16369-16373.
144. Makeig, S., & Inlow, M. (1993). Lapses in alertness: Coherence of fluctuations in performance and EEG spectrum. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 86, 23-35.
145. Maquet, P. (2001). The role of sleep in learning and memory. Science, 294,1048-1052.
146. Martindale, C. (1977). Creativity, consciousness and cortical arousal. Journal of Altered States of Consciousness, 3, 69-87.
147. Martindale, C. (1999). Biological bases of creativity. In R. Sternberg (Ed.), Handbook of Creativity (pp. 137-152). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
148. Martindale, C., & Armstrong, J. (1974). The relationship of creativity to cortical arousal and its operant control. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 124, 311-320.
149. Martindale, C., & Hasenfus, N. (1978). EEG differences as a function of creativity, stage of the creative process, and effort to be original. Biological Psychology, 6, 157-167.
150. Martindale, C., & Hines, D. (1975). Creativity and cortical activation during creative, intellectual and EEG feedback tasks. Biological Psychology, 3, 91-100.
151. Martindale, C., Hines, D., Mitchell, L., & Covello, E. (1984). EEG alpha asymmetry and creativity. Personality and Individual Differences, 5, 77-86.
152. Martindale, C., Anderson, K., Moore, K., & West, A. N. (1996). Creativity, oversensitivity, and rate of habituation. Personality and Individual Differences, 20, 423-427.
153. Maslow, A. (1967). The creative attitude. In R. L. Mooney & T. A. Rasik (Eds.), Explorations in creativity (pp. 43-57), New York: Harper & Row.
154. Mason, L., Alexander, C., Travis, F., et al. (1997). Electrophysiological correlates of higher states of consciousness during sleep in long-term practitioners of the transcendental meditation program. Sleep, 20, 102-110.
155. McEvoy, T. M., Frumkin, L. R., & Harkins, S. W. (1980). Effects of meditation on brainstem auditory evoked potentials. International Journal of Neuroscience, 10, 165-170.
156. Mednick, S. A. (1962). The associative basis of the creative process. Psychological Review, 69, 220-232.
157. Mednick, S. A., & Mednick, M. T. (1967). Remote associates test: Examiner's manual. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
158. Mendelsohn, S. A. (1976). Associative and attentional processes in creative performance. Journal of Personality, 44, 341-369.
159. Metcalf, J., & Wiebe, D. (1987). Intuition in insight and noninsight problem solving. Memory and Cognition, 15, 238-246.
160. Miller, R. (1991). Cortico-hippocampal interplay and the representation of contexts in the brain. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
161. Molle, M., Marshall, L., Wolf, B., Fehm, H. L., & Born, J. (1999). EEG complexity and performance measures in creative thinking. Psychophysiology, 36, 95-104.
162. Muktänanda, Sw. (1977a). Entering the inner spaces. In P. Zweig (Ed.), Selected essays (pp. 5-20). South Fallsburg, NY: SYDA Foundation.
163. Muktänanda, Sw. (1977b). Meditation. In P. Zweig (Ed.), Selected essays (pp. 63-87). South Fallsburg, NY: SYDA Foundation.
164. Muktänanda, Sw. (1977c). Satsang with baba (vol. 3). South Fallsburg, NY: SYDA Foundation.
165. Muktänanda, Sw. (1983). Secret of the siddhas. South Fallsburg, NY: SYDA Foundation.
166. Muktänanda, Sw. (1994). The source of speech at the root of the mind. Darshan, 86, 24-29.
167. Muktänanda, Sw. (1997). Nothing exists that is not Shiva. South Fallsburg, NY: SYDA Foundation.
168. Mumford, M. D., Reiter-Palmon, R., & Redmond, M. R. (1994). Problem construction and cognition: Applying problem representations in ill-defined domains. In M. A. Runco (Ed.), Problem finding, problem solving, and creativity (pp. 3-39). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
169. Murphy, M., & Donovan, S. (1997). The physical and psychological effects of meditation: A review of contemporary research with a comprehensive bibliography, 1931-1996. Sausalito, CA: Institute of Noetic Sciences.
170. Nardi, K., & Martindale, C. (1981, April). Creativity and reference for tones varying in dissonance and intensity. Paper presented at Eastern Psychological Association Meeting, New York.
171. Newberg, A. B., & d'Aquili, E. G. (2000). The creative brain/the creative mind. Zygon, 35, 53-68.
172. Nikhilänanda, Sw. (1956). Raja yoga. New York: Ramakrishna-Vivekananda Center.
173. Ochse, R. (1990). Before the gates of excellence: The determinants of creative genius. Cambridge, NY: Cambridge University Press.
174. O'Haire, T. D., & Marcia, J. E. (1980). Some personality characteristics associated with ananda marga meditators: A pilot study. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 51, 447-452.
175. Olejniczak, P. (2006). Neurophysiologic basis of EEG. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology, 23, 186-189.
176. Orme-Johnson, D. W., & Granieri, B. (1977). The effects of the age of enlightenment governor training courses on field independence, creativity, intelligence, and behavioral flexibility. In D. W. OrmeJohnson & J. T. Farrow (Eds.), Scientific research on Maharishi's Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi Program, collected papers (Vol. 1, pp. 713-718). New York: MERU Press.
177. Orme-Johnson, D. W., & Haynes, C. T. (1981). EEG phase coherence, pure consciousness, creativity, and the TM-sidhi experiences. Neuroscience, 13, 211-217.
178. Orme-Johnson, D. W., Clements, G., Haynes, C. T., & Badaoui, K. (1977). Higher states of consciousness: EEG coherence, creativity, and experiences of the sidhis. In D. W. Orme-Johnson & J. T. Farrow (Eds.), Scientific research on Maharishi's Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi Program, collected papers (Vol. 1, pp. 705-712). New York: MERU Press.
179. Otis, L. S. (1974). The facts on transcendental meditation: III. If well-integrated but anxious, try TM. Psychology Today, 7, 45-46.
180. Pagano, R. R., & Warrenberg, S. (1983). Meditation in search of a unique effect. In R. J. Davidson, G. E. Schwartz, & D. Shapiro (Eds.), Consciousness and self-regulation: Advances in research and theory, (Vol. 3, pp. 152-210). New York: Plenum Press.
181. Pardo, J. V., Fox, P. T., & Raichle, M. E. (1991). Localization of a human system for sustained attention by positron emission tomography. Nature, 349, 61-64.
182. Petsche, H. (1996). Approaches to verbal, visual, and musical creativity by EEG coherence analysis. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 24, 145-159.
183. Petsche, H., Kaplan, S., von Stein, A., & Filz, O. (1997). The possible meaning of the upper and lower alpha frequency ranges for cognitive and creative tasks. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 26,77-97.
184. Pfurtscheller, G., & Andrew, C. (1999). Event-related changes of band power and coherence: Methodology and interpretation. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology (Official Publication of the American Electroencephalographic Society), 16, 512-519.
185. Poddar, H. (1981). The philosophy of love: Devotional aphorisms of Devarsi Narada. Mathura, India: Shri Krishna Janmasthan Seva-Sansthan.
186. Poe, C. R., Nitz, D. A., McNaughton, B. L., & Barnes, C. A. (2000). Experience-dependent phase-reversal of hippocampal neuron firing during REM sleep. Brain Research, 855, 176-180.
187. Poincaré, H. (1913). The foundations of science. Lancaster, PA: Science Press.
188. Polanyi, M. (1998). Personal knowledge: Towards a post-critical philosophy. London: Routledge.
189. Polunina, A. G., & Davydov, D. M. (2006). EEG correlates of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. International Journal of Neuroscience, 116, 1231-1248.
190. Posner, M. (1994). Attention: The mechanism of consciousness. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 91, 7398-7403.
191. Psychological closure. (2003). In McGraw-Hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms (6th ed., p. 1182). New York: McGraw-Hill.
192. Qiu, J., Li, H., Luo, Y. J., Chen, A. T., Feng, F. H., Zhang, J. M., et al. (2006). Brain mechanism of cognitive conflict in a guessing Chinese logogriph task. Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuropsychology, 17, 679-682.
193. Ray, G. C. (1988). Higher stages of rajayoga and its possible correlation with process of evolution. Journal of the Institution of Engineers (India), ID 68, 37-42.
194. Razoumnikova, O. M. (2000). Functional organization of different brain areas during convergent and divergent thinking: An EEG investigation. Cognitive Brain Research, 10, 11-18.
195. Razoumnikova, O. M. (2005). Gender-dependent frequency-spatial organization of the brain cortex activity during convergent and
196. Rennie, C. J., Wright, J. J., & Robinson, P. A. (2000). Mechanisms of cortical electrical activity and emergence of gamma rhythm. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 205, 17-35.
197. Reverberi, C., Toraldo, A., D'Agostini, S., & Skrap, M. (2005). Better without (lateral) frontal cortex? Insight problems solved by frontal patients. Brain, 128, 2882-2890.
198. Ritskes, R., Ritskes-Hottinga, M., Stodkilde-Jorgensen, H., Baerentsen, K., & Hartman, T. (2003). MRI scanning during Zen meditation: The picture of enlightenment? Constructivism in the Human Sciences, 8, 85-90.
199. Rizzolatti, G., Luppino, G., & Matelli, M. (1998). The organization of the cortical motor system: new concepts. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 106, 283-296.
200. Robertson, L. C., Lamb, M. R., & Knight, R. T. (1988). Effects of lesions of temporal-parietal junction on perceptual and attentional processing in humans. Journal of Neuroscience, 8, 3757-3769.
201. Rodriguez, E., George, N., Lachaux, J. P., Martinerie, J., Renault, B., & Varela, F. J. (1999). Perception's shadow: Long-distance synchronization of human brain activity. Nature, 397, 430-433.
202. Roland, P. E., & Friberg, L. (1985). Localization of cortical areas activated by thinking. Journal of Neurophysiology, 53, 1219-1243.
203. Rorvik, D. M. (1970). Brain waves. Look, 34, 88-95.
204. Schanze, T., & Eckhorn, R. (1994, August). Phase-coupling of stimulusspecific oscillatory events at different frequencies: Multiple microelec trode recordings from cat and monkey visual cortex. Paper presented at the International Conference/Workshop on Alpha Processes in the Brain, Lubek, Germany.
205. Schwartz, G. (1973, August). The psychobiology of meditation. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, Montreal.
206. Schwartz, G. (1974). The facts on transcendental meditation: TM relaxes some people and makes them feel better. Psychology Today, 7,39-44.
207. Schwartz, J. M., & Begley, S. (2002). The mind and the brain: Neuro plasticity and the power of mental force. New York: Regan Books.
208. Shantananda, Sw. (1999). Sankalpa: The power of intention. Darshan, 142,4-10.
209. Shantananda, Sw. (2003). The splendor of recognition. South Fallsburg, NY: Siddha Yoga Dham Associates.
210. Shear, J. (1999). Experiential clarification of the problem of self. In S. Gallagher & J. Shear (Eds.), Models of the self (pp. 407-420). Thoverton, England: Imprint Academic.
211. Sheer, D. E. (1984). Focused arousal, 40Hz EEG and dysfunction. In T. Elbert, B. Rockstroh, & N. Birbaumer (Eds.), Self-regulation of the brain and behavior (pp. 64-84). Berlin: Springer.
212. Sheer, D. E. (1989). Sensory and cognitive 40Hz event-related potentials: Behavioral correlates, brain function, and clinical application. In E. Basar & T. H. Bullock (Eds.), Brain dynamics (Springer Series in Brain Dynamics, Vol. 2, pp. 339-374). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
213. Shemyakina, N. V., & Dan'ko, S. G. (2004). Influence of the emotional perception of a signal on the electroencephalographic correlates of creative activity. Human Physiology, 30, 145-151.
214. Siegel, D. (2007). Mindfulness training and neural integration: Differentiation of distinct streams of awareness and cultivation of well-being. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 2, 259-263.
215. Singh, J. (1991). Vijnana bhairava or divine consciousness. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
216. So, K. T., & Orme-Johnson, D. (2001). Three randomized experiments on the longitudinal effects of the transcendental meditation technique on cognition. Intelligence, 29, 419-440.
217. Srinivasan, P. K. (Ed.). (1968). Ramanujan: Letters and reminiscences, memorial number, (Vol. 1). Madras, India: Muthialpet High School.
218. Sternberg, R. J. (1988). The nature of creativity: Contemporary psychological perspectives. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
219. Sternberg, R. J. (2003). Wisdom, intelligence, and creativity synthesized. New York: Cambridge University Press.
220. Sternberg, R. J., & Lubart, T. I. (1991). An investment theory of creativity and its development. Human Development, 34, 1-32.
221. Sternberg, R. J., & Lubart, T. I. (1995). Defying the crowd: Cultivating creativity in a culture of conformity. New York: Free Press.
222. Sternberg, R. J., & Lubart, T. I. (1996). Investing in creativity. American Psychologist, 51, 677-688.
223. Sternberg, R. J., & Lubart, T. I. (1999). The concept of creativity: Prospects and paradigms. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Handbook of creativity (pp. 3-15). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
224. Struber, D., Başar-Eroǧlu, C., Hoff, E., & Stadler, M. (2000). Reversal-rate dependent differences in the EEG gamma-band during multistable perception. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 38, 243-252.
225. Suedfeld, P., Metcalfe, J., & Bluck, S. (1987). Enhancement of scientific creativity by flotation REST (restricted environmental stimulation technique). Journal of Environmental Psychology, 7, 219-231.
226. Takahashi, T., Murata, T., Hamada, T., Omori, M., Kosaka, H., Kikuchi, M., et al. (2005). Changes in EEG and autonomic nervous activity during meditation and their association with personality traits. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 55, 199-207.
227. Tallon, C., Bertrand, O., Bouchet, P., & Pernier, J. (1995). Gammarange activity evoked by coherent visual stimuli in humans. European Journal of Neuroscience, 7, 1285-1291.
228. Tallon-Baudry, C., & Bertrand, O. (1999). Oscillatory gamma activity in humans and its role in object representation. Trends in Cognitive Science, 3, 151-162.
229. Taylor, J. G. (2001). The central role of the parietal lobes in conscious- ness. Consciousness and Cognition, 10, 379-417.
230. Telles, S., Nagarathna, R., Nagendra, H. R., & Desiraju, T. (1994). Alterations in auditory middle latency evoked potentials during meditation on a meaningful symbol-'Om'. International Journal of Neuroscience, 76, 87-93.
231. Thatcher, R. W., Krause, P. J., & Hrybyk, M. (1986). Cortico-cortical associations and EEG coherence: A two-compartmental model. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 64, 123-143.
232. Tolle, E. (1999). The power of now: A guide to spiritual enlightenment. Vancouver, Canada: Namaste.
233. Tomarken, A. J., Davidson, R. J., Wheeler, R. E., & Doss, R. C. (1992). Individual differences in anterior brain asymmetry and fundamental dimensions of emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 676-687.
234. Torrance, P. E. (1974). Torrance tests of creative thinking: Norms- technical manual. Lexington, MA: Personnel Press.
235. Travis, F. (1994). The junction-point model: A field model of waking, sleeping, and dreaming, relating dream witnessing, the waking/sleep transition, and transcendental meditation in terms of a common psychological state. Dreaming, 4, 91-103.
236. Travis, F., Tecce, J., & Guttman, J. (2000). Cortical plasticity, contingent negative variation, and transcendental experiences during practice of the transcendental meditation technique. Biologi- cal Psychology, 55, 41-55.
237. Travis, F., Tecce, J., Areander, A., & Keith Wallace, R. (2002). Patterns of EEG coherence, power, and contingent negative variation characterize the integration of transcendental and waking states. Biological Psychology, 61, 293-319.
238. Valentine, E. R., & Sweet, P. L. G. (1999). Meditation and attention: A comparison of the effects of concentrative and mindfulness meditation on sustained attention. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 2, 59-70.
239. Varela, F., Lachaux, J. P., Rodriguez, E., & Martinerie, J. (2001). The brainweb: Phase synchronization and large-scale integration. Nature Reviews-Neuroscience, 2, 229-239.
240. Vartanian, O., Martindale, C., & Kwiatkowski, J. (2007). Creative potential, attention, and speed of information processing. Personality and Individual Differences, 43, 1470-1480.
241. Vivekananda, Sw. (1955). Karma-yoga and bhakti-yoga. New York: Ramakhrishna-Vivekananda Center of New York.
242. Vivekananda, Sw. (1986). Vedanta: Voice of freedom. St. Louis, MO: Vedanta Society of St. Louis.
243. Vogel, W., Broverman, D. M., & Klaiber, E. L. (1968). EEG and mental abilities. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 24,166-175.
244. Wallis, G. (1926). The art of thought. New York: Harcourt Brace.
245. Walsh, R. (1982). The original goals of meditation. American Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 1525-1526.
246. Walter, W. G. (1953). The living brain. New York: W.W. Norton.
247. Walter, W. G. (1959). Intrinsic rhythms of the brain. In J. Field, H. W. Magoun, & V. E. Hall (Eds.), Handbook of Physiology, II, Sect. 1 (pp. 279-298). Washington, DC: American Physiological Society.
248. Walter, W. G., Cooper, R., Aldridge, V. J., McCallum, W. C., & Winter, A. L. (1964). Contingent negative variation: An electric sign of sensori-motor association and expectancy in the human brain. Nature, 203, 380-384.
249. Weisberg, R. W. (2006). Creativity: Understanding innovation in problem solving, science, invention, and the arts. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
250. West, M. A. (1980). Meditation and the EEG. Psychological Medicine, 10,369-375.
251. Wilber, K. (1999). One taste: The journals of Ken Wilber. Boston: Shambala.
252. Wilkins, A., Shallice, T., & McCarthy, R. (1987). Frontal lesions and sustained attention. Neuropsychologia, 25, 359-365.
253. Whitton, J. L., Modolfsky, H., & Lue, F. (1978). EEG frequency patterns associated with hallucinations in schizophrenia and 'creativity' in normals. Biological Psychiatry, 13, 123-133.
254. Wright, J. J., Robinson, P. A., Rennie, C. J., Gordon, E., Bourke, P. D., Chapman, C. L., et al (2001). Toward an integrated continuum model of cerebral dynamics: The cerebral rhythms, synchronous oscillation and cortical stability. Biosystems, 63, 71-88.
255. Wrobel, A. (2000). Beta activity: A carrier for visual attention. Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis, 60, 247-260.
256. Wrycza, P. (1982). Some effects of the transcendental meditation and TM-Sidhi programme on artistic creativity and appreciation, Paper 305. In D. W. Orme-Johnson & J. T. Farrow (Eds.), Scientific research on Maharishi's Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi Program, collected papers, (Vol. 4, pp. 2378-2383). New York: MERU Press.
257. Woodroffe, J. (1993). The world as power. Madras, India: Ganesh & Co.
258. Yogi, M. M. (1963). Science of being and art of living: Transcendental meditation. New York: Penguin.