The changing appreciation of Patrick Geddes: A case study in planning history

Planning Perspectives

Volumn 24, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 349-366

  Rubin, Noah Hysler ^a  

^a HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEM   (Israel)

Author keywords

India; Palestine; Patrick Geddes; Planning history; Planning theory; Postcolonial critique

Indexed keywords

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE; MODERNIZATION; PERCEPTION; PLANNING HISTORY; PLANNING THEORY; POST-COLONIALISM; TOWN PLANNING; URBAN PLANNING;

EID: 70449564660     PISSN: 02665433     EISSN: 14664518     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02665430902933986     Document Type: Article

References (306)

1. Latest works about Geddes include: V.M. Welter and J. Lawson, eds., The City After Patrick Geddes (Bern: Peter Lang, 2000);
2. G. Ferraro, Rieducazione alla Speranza: Patrick Geddes Planner in India, 1914-1924 [Rehabilitating Hope: Patrick Geddes, Planner in India, 1914-1924] (Milano: Jaca Books, 1998);
3. V.M. Welter, Biopolis: Patrick Geddes and the City of Life (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2002);
4. F. Fowle and B. Thomson, eds., Patrick Geddes: The French Connection (Oxford: White Cockade, 2004);
5. W. Stephen, ed., Think Global, Act Local: The Life and Legacy of Patrick Geddes (Edinburgh: Luath Press, 2004).
6. H. Meller, Patrick Geddes: Social Evolutionist and City Planner (London: Routledge, 1990), 2, 50, 68;
7. idem, 'Cities and Evolution: Patrick Geddes As an International Prophet of Town Planning Before 1914', in British Town Planning: The Formative Years, ed. A. Sutcliffe (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1981), 199-219;
8. J.P. Reilly, 'The Early Social Thought of Patrick Geddes' (PhD diss., Columbia University, 1972), 49;
9. H.G. Simmons, 'Patrick Geddes: Prophet without Politics', Studies in Modern European History and Culture II (1976): 159-91 (163);
10. Ferraro, Patrick Geddes, 26.
11. Meller, Patrick Geddes, 45, 317;
12. B.T. Robson, 'Geography and Social Science: The Role of Patrick Geddes', in Geography, Ideology and Social Concern, ed. D.R. Stoddart (London: Blackwell, 1981);
13. W. Lesser, 'Patrick Geddes: The Practical Visionary', Town Planning Review 45, no. 3 (1977): 311-27;
14. Ferraro, Patrick Geddes, 153.
15. Meller, Patrick Geddes, 7, 49, 56, 103;
16. idem, Towns, Plans and Society in Modern Britain (Prepared for the Economic History Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 53;
17. Welter, Biopolis, 1-2; P.
18. Searby, 'A Dreamer of Dreams': Patrick Geddes 1854-1932 (the Wood Memorial Lecture 1985, delivered in Hughes Hall, Cambridge, on Saturday, October 5, 1985), 11;
19. M. Hebbert, 'Retrospect on the Outlook Tower', Patrick Geddes: A Symposium, March 1, 1982, Special Occasional Paper in Town and Regional Planning, Duncan of Jordanstone College of Art/ University of Dundee (An event organized by the Department of Town and Regional Planning to celebrate the Centenary of the foundation of the University) 49-63 (50);
20. idem, 'Patrick Geddes reconsidered', Town and Country Planning (January 1980) 17; P.
21. Boardman, The Worlds of Patrick Geddes: Biologist, Town planner, Re-educator, Peace-Warrior (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1978), 233.
22. Meller, Patrick Geddes, 203, 317;
23. Ferraro, Patrick Geddes, 26;
24. S. Leonard, 'Finding Geddes Abroad', Think Global, Act Local, 41-60.
25. H. Meller, 'Patrick Geddes 1854-1932', in Pioneers in British Planning, ed. G. Cherry (London: Architectural Press, 1981), 46-71;
26. Reilly, 'Early Social Thought', 48;
27. Robson, Geography, Ideology and Social Concern, 203;
28. Lesser, Town Planning Review, 311.
29. Meller, Patrick Geddes, 56;
30. S.G. Leonard, 'The Context and Legacy of Patrick Geddes in Europe', in The City After Patrick Geddes, 71-87; P.
31. Green, 'Patrick Geddes: Pioneer of Social Planning (1854-1932)', Journal of Indian History, Golden Jubilee Vol. (1973), Department of History, University of Kerala, 847-62 (861);
32. D. Shillan, 'Biotechnics: The Practice of Synthesis in the Work of Patrick Geddes', New Atlantis Foundation, 16th Foundation Lecture, Surrey 1972, 1-20 (19);
33. Searby, 'A Dreamer of Dreams' 2; P.
34. Hall, Cities of Tomorrow: An Intellectual History of Urban Planning and Design in the Twentieth Century (Oxford and New York: Basil Blackwell, 1988), 136-45;
35. Robson, Geography, Ideology and Social Concern, 203;
36. Ferraro, Patrick Geddes, 269;
37. C. Ward, 'Old Prophets of New City-Regions', Town & Country Planning (December 1990): 329.
38. Simmons, Studies in Modern European History and Culture, 171;
39. J. Muller, 'From Survey to Strategy: Twentieth Century Developments in Western Planning Method', Planning Perspectives 7, no. 2 (1992): 125-55;
40. Hebbert, Patrick Geddes, 58;
41. Breheny, The Planner 75, no. 6 (1989): 21, 23;
42. Hebbert, Town and Country Planning, 16;
43. M. Dehaene, 'Urban Lessons for the Modern Planner: Patrick Abercrombie and the Study of Urban Development', Town Planning Review 75, no. 1 (2004): 1-30.
44. A forgotten criticism albeit its seriousness has been raised by Geddes' most devout follower, Lewis Mumford; Mumford on Geddes, Architectural Review, special number (July 1950): 81-7;
45. idem, 'The Disciple's Rebellion: A Memoir of Patrick Geddes', Encounter XXVII, no. 3 (1966): 11-21;
46. 'The Geddesian Gambit', in Lewis Mumford and Patrick Geddes: The Correspondence, ed. G. Novak, Jr. (London: Routledge, 1995), 353-70.
47. Mumford's criticism is nevertheless echoed by others; see different contributions to Patrick Geddes: A Symposium, 1982;
48. Welter, Biopolis, 111-2;
49. idem, 'The Return of the Muses: Edinburgh as a Museion', in The Architecture of the Museum: Symbolic Structures, Urban Contexts, ed. M. Giebelhausen (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1993), 144-59. Geddes' accumulating and substantial criticism undoubtedly merits a separate discussion.
50. Ferraro, Patrick Geddes, 26; P.
51. Clavel, Ebenezer Howard, and Patrick Geddes, 'Two Approaches to City Development', in From Garden City to Green City: The Legacy of Ebenezer Howard, ed. K.C. Parsons and D. Schuyler (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002), 54;
52. R. Cowan, 'Planners, Gardeners and Patrick Geddes', Town and Country Planning 45, no. 7-8 (1977): 348-51;
53. Robson, Geography, Ideology and Social Concern, 188;
54. Green, Patrick Geddes, 318;
55. Hebbert, Patrick Geddes, 61;
56. W.I. Stevenson, 'Patrick Geddes and Geography: Biobibliographical Study', Occasional Papers, no. 27 (1975), Department of Geography, University College London.
57. P. Burgess, 'Should planning history hit the road? An examination of the state of planning history in the United States', Planning Perspectives 11 (1996): 201-24;
58. A. Sutcliffe, 'Why Planning History?' Built Environment 7, no. 1 (1981): 65-7;
59. G.E. Cherry, 'Today's issues in a 20th century perspective', Planner (11 January 1991): 7-11;
60. P. Hall, 'The Centenary of Modern Planning', in Urban Planning in a Changing World: The Twentieth Century Experience, ed. R. Freestone (London: E&FN Spon, 2000), 20-39.
61. L. Sandercock, 'Introduction: Framing Insurgent Historiographies for Planning', in Making the Invisible Visible: A Multicultural Planning History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), 1-36;
62. see also R. Freestone, 'Learning from Planning's Histories', in Urban Planning in a Changing World (London: Taylor & Francis), 1-19.
63. J. Muller, 'Although God Cannot Alter the Past, Historians Can: Reflections on the Writing of Planning Histories', Planning History 21, no. 2 (1999): 11-19;
64. C. Abbott and S. Adler, 'Historical Analysis As a Planning Tool', Journal of the American Planning Association 55, no. 4 (1984): 467-73;
65. C. Silver, 'American Planning and Planners: A Review of Two Books in Planning History', Journal of Planning Education and Research 3, no. 2 (1984): 129.
66. E.H. Carr 'The Great Man Theory of History', in What is History? (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1965), 107,
67. Muller 'The Great Man Theory of History', in What is History? (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1965), 14;
68. D.A. Krueckeberg, 'Between Self and Culture or What Are Biographies of Planners About? Journal of the American Planning Association 59, no. 2 (1993): 217-21.
69. R.A. Beauregard, 'Subversive Histories: Texts from South Africa', in Making the Invisible Visible, ed. Sandercock (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), 184-97;
70. Muller, Planning History 11, 13.
71. Sandercock, Making the Invisible Visible, 6, 1, 20.
72. See also: M.C. Sies and C. Silver, 'Introduction', in Planning the 20th Century American City, ed. Sies and Silver (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), 9-12;
73. see also J. Holston, 'Spaces of Insurgent Citizenship', in Making the Invisible Visible, ed. Sandercock (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), 37-56.
74. D. Krueckeberg, 'Planning History's Mistakes', Planning Perspectives 12 (1997): 269-79.
75. H. Carter, 'The Garden of Geddes', Forum LIV (October 1915): 455-71, (November 1915): 588-95;
76. G. Gardiner, Pillars of Society (London: James Nisbet, 1913), 183, 185;
77. J. Mavor, in My Windows on The Street of the World, vol. 1 (London: J.M. Dent, 1923), 213-216;
78. A. Defries, The Interpreter Geddes: The Man and his Gospel. Foreword by Rabindranath Tagore, Introduction by Israel Zangwill. (London: George Routledge, 1927), 104, and various contributions there.
79. C. Booth, 'Discussion', in P. Geddes, Civics: As Applied Sociology, Part I, Sociological Papers I, Published for the Sociological Society (London: Macmillan, 1905), 127-9;
80. W. Crane, 'Discussion', in P. Geddes, Civics: As Applied Sociology, Part I, Sociological Papers I, Published for the Sociological Society (London: Macmillan, 1905), 131;
81. T. Barclay, 'Discussion', in P. Geddes, Civics: As Applied Sociology, Part I, Sociological Papers I, Published for the Sociological Society (London: Macmillan, 1905), 124-5.
82. Meller discusses similar remarks by T.C. Horsfall and Ebenezer Howard; Patrick Geddes, 168.
83. P. Abercrombie, 'Geddes as Town Planner', in The Interpreter Geddes, 323;
84. Town Planning Conference of the Royal Institute of British Architects, Town Planning Review 1, no. 3 (1910): 180, 182;
85. P. Boardman, Patrick Geddes: Maker of the Future (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1944), 251.
86. Abercrombie, The Interpreter Geddes, 323.
87. A Town Plan for Dublin', Town Planning Review 5, no. 1 (1914): 68;
88. Dublin Competition and Exhibition, Town Planning Review 5, no. 2 (1914), 172-73;
89. Civic Exhibition, Dublin, Town Planning Review 5, no. 3 (1914): 249.
90. Defries, The Interpreter Geddes, 87.
91. Numerous articles across India described how 'Professor Geddes unravels the town-planning mysteries to an admiring audience'; Editorial Notes, The Advocate (1916); Professor Geddes on Town-Planning in India, an Interview, ibid, March 1, 1916; ibid, March 2, 1916; a series of articles reporting on Geddes' exhibition and lectures in Calcutta, The Statesman, November 1915; Town Planning, Bengalee, November 25, 1915; The Town-Planning Exhibition, The Empire, November 27, 1915; Town Planning Exhibition, Nagpur, Nagpur & Berar Times, January 22, 1916; The Civic Exhibition of Cities and Town Planning, Indian Daily Telegraph, February 24, 1916; Civic Exhibition, ibid, March 15, 1916, and others.
92. A 'Special Town Planning Number' of The Palestine Weekly 1, no. 39 (1920) was devoted to discussing Geddes' Town Planning Exhibition and to support his contributions.
93. S. Branford, 'The New Jerusalem' (n.d.) Strathclyde University Archives (SUA) T-GED 1/7/25; For example, Professor Patrick Geddes' Report on the Possibility of Improvement of Jerusalem, submitted to the Chief Administrator of Palestine, Town Planning Review 11, no. 8 (1921): 190;
94. 'Jewish Settlements in Palestine', Garden Cities and Town Planning 11, no. 8 (1921): 190-91;
95. Professor P. Geddes, 'The City of Jerusalem', Garden Cities and Town Planning 11 (1921): 251-54;
96. 'Haifa's Future, Vision of the Town Beautiful: Interview with Professor Geddes', The Egyptian Gazette (September 15, 1921?), Central Zionist Archives, L18/80-11. See also: C. Zueblin to Geddes (April 17, 1920), NLS MS10546/135-7; T. Adams to Geddes (Septembere 5, 1921), National Library of Scotland (NLS), MS10547/43.
97. Proposed Hebrew University', The Architect, November 6, 1920;
98. see also S. Branford, 'The Hebrew University in Jerusalem', Nature 115, no. 2897 (1925): 681-82;
99. 'The New University at Jerusalem', Graphic 16, no. 2884 (1925) [London];
100. 'The New University at Jerusalem', The Observer, March 1, 1925;
101. 'Industries of the University: Further Talk with Professor Geddes', The Palestine Weekly, April 10, 1925;
102. 'Professor Patrick Geddes on the Site and Design', The Scotsman, May 1925;
103. The Zionist University, Sociological Review 17 (1925): 223-24.
104. Various responses to Sociological Papers I, 124-31; Civics: As Concrete and Applied Sociology, Part II, Sociological Papers II (1906): 113-17; A Suggested Plan for a Civic Museum (or Civic Exhibition) and its Associated studies, read at a Research Meeting of the Sociological Society, at the School of Economics and Political Science (University of London) March 19, 1906, James Oliphant, Esq., in the Chair. Sociological Papers III (1907): 199-240. Booth and Howard, claims Meller, completely misunderstood it; Patrick Geddes, 143.
105. G.G.C., 'Cities in Evolution: An Introduction to the Town Planning Movement and to the Study of Civics' (book review), Geographical Journal 47, no. 4 (1916): 309-11.
106. F.K. Teggart, 'Science and Politics: The Coming Polity. A Study in Reconstruction' (book review). Geographical Review 9, no. 4 (1920): 366.
107. Abercrombie, The Interpreter Geddes, 324.
108. R. Unwin, Town Planning in Practice (London: T. Fisher, 1911, 1913), 141; P.
109. Abercrombie, Town and Country Planning (London: Thornton Butterworth, 1933), 22, 130.
110. See lengthy discussion at Meller, Patrick Geddes, 136, 155-7, 293-304.
111. G. Slater, 'Illuminations ... as by Flashes of Lightning', Sociological Review 24 (1932): 372-73;
112. S.K. Ratcliffe, 'A Light that Lighted over Minds', Sociological Review: 366-67;
113. A. Thomson, 'Obituary: Sir Patrick Geddes', The Times, April 19, 1932;
114. Charles R. Ashbee, 'Patrick Geddes', The Times, April 21, 1932;
115. 'One who Loved his Fellow-Men: Sir Patrick Geddes, A Long Life of Doing Good for Each and All', Children's Newspaper, April 27, 1932;
116. '"ARTIFEX", Sir Patrick Geddes: Town Planner, Scientist, and Social Reformer', The Irish Builder and Engineer, May 7, 1932.
117. D. Price, 'At Montpellier', Sociological Review, 379.
118. Humanity and Town Planning', The Birmingham Post, quoted in Notes and News, Garden Cities and Town Planning 12, no. 4 (1932): 113;
119. E. McGegan, 'Geddes as a Man of Action', Sociological Review, 355-57;
120. Ratcliffe, Sociological Review, 366-67; C.R.A., The Times.
121. McGegan, Sociological Review, 355-57;
122. M. Pentland, 'An Ideal Rising from the Real', Sociological Review, 368-69;
123. R. Mukerjee, 'In India', Sociological Review, 374-75;
124. Lanchester, 'Town Planning in India', Sociological Review, 370-71;
125. D.M. Stevenson, 'The Social Reformer', Sociological Review, 353-54;
126. Slater, 'The Social Reformer', Sociological Review, 372-73; The Irish Builder and Engineer; 'Better Indian Cities: Sir P. Geddes Dead', Times of India, April 19, 1932; Glasgow Herald; C.R.A., The Times.
127. The Late Sir Patrick Geddes: 'Report on Town Planning in Colombo', Times of Ceylon, April 25, 1932.
128. Slater, Sociological Review, 372-73; C.R.A, The Times: The Irish Builder and Engineer; and others.
129. Frank Mears, Architectural Review (n.d.) NLS MS10652/55.
130. A. Geddes, 'Patrick Geddes as a Sociologist' (from a lecture given at the Outlook Tower to the Sociological Group in December 1933, edited by Mrs. J. Geddes from a single manuscript)
131. J.J. Ferreira and S.S. Jha, ed. The Outlook Tower: Essays on Urbanization in memory of Patrick Geddes (Department of Sociology, University of Bombay, upon the Golden Jubilee of the Department of Sociology, 1969) (Bombay: Popular Prakashan, 1976), 14-19;
132. E. McGegan, 'The Life and Work of Professor Sir Patrick Geddes: Biographical', Journal of the Town Planning Institute 26 (1940): 189-91;
133. A. Geddes, 'The Life and Work of Professor Sir Patrick Geddes: His Indian Reports and their Influence', Journal of the Town Planning Institute, 191-94;
134. F. Mears, 'The Life and Work of Professor Sir Patrick Geddes: Geddes' Contribution to Planning in Evolution', Journal of the Town Planning Institute, 194-5.
135. Boardman, Patrick Geddes: Maker of the Future. Boardman wrote an earlier monograph about Geddes describing him as an educationalist: Esquisse de l'Oeuver educatrice de Patrick Geddes (Montpellier: Imprimerie de la Charite, 1936);
136. H.W. Odum, 'Patrick Geddes' Heritage to "The Making of the Future"', Social Forces 22, no. 3 (1944): 275, 278.
137. P. Boardman, 'Not Housing But Home-Building: The Life-Centered Approach of Patrick Geddes', reprinted from Teknisk Ukeblad (no. 30), Kronprinsensgt 17, Oslo, Norway, 1948, 8 [ref. 1];
138. V. Welter, 'Stages of an Exhibition: The Cities and Town Planning Exhibition of Patrick Geddes', Planning History 20, no. 1 (1998): 25-35.
139. Tyrwhitt, Editor's Note, Patrick Geddes in India, Edited by Jacqueline Tyrwhitt, with an Introduction by Lewis Mumford and a Preface by H.V. Lanchaster (London: Lund Humphries, 1947), 6;
140. B. Lasker, 'Patrick Geddes in India' (book review) Pacific Affairs 21, no. 1 (1948): 74-5.
141. C.B. Fawcett, 'Patrick Geddes in India' (book review, ed. Jacqueline Tyrwhitt), Geographical Journal VCX, no. 1-3 (1947): 115-16;
142. Boardman, Teknisk Ukeblad, 1-15;
143. Lasker, Pacific Affairs, 74-5.
144. J. Tyrwhitt, 'Preface', in Cities in Evolution by Patrick Geddes, rev. ed., ed. Outlook Tower Association Edinburgh and the Association for Planning and Regional Reconstruction (London: Williams & Norgate, 1949), 9-10. It was an edited edition, omitting such descriptions as Geddes' visits to German cities.
145. University of Edinburgh, Sir Patrick Geddes Centenary Celebrations: report of a symposium held in the Edinburgh College of Art on Friday, 1st October 1954 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh College of Art, 1954), 450;
146. see also Sir W. Holford, 'Foreword', Pioneer of Sociology 12;
147. H.J. Fleure, Patrick Geddes (1854-1932), Sociological Review New Series (1953): 5-13.
148. 'The Father of Modern Town Planning: A Centenary Tribute To a Practical Visionary', BBC, November, 1954, NLS MS10608/62-89; Three articles of sponsored research conducted at the Outlook Tower were published in Journal of the Town Planning Institute 11 (1954); M.J.E., 'The Evolution of Patrick Geddes' (no. 5): 117-19; T.F.L., Outlook Towers (no. 6): 145-46; F.R.S., 'The Relevance of Geddes To-day' (no. 8): 209-11; G. Pepler, 'Geddes' Contribution to Town Planning', Town Planning Review 26 (1955-1956): 19-24; 'Geddes on Letchworth' (1905); Geddes on Dispersal (1906); 'Geddes on Suburbs' (1906), all quoted in Town & Country Planning 23, no. 126 (October 1954): 518, 524, 526. The Tower itself did not retain much evidence from Geddes' era anymore, as described by J. Earley, 'Sorting in Patrick Geddes' Outlook Tower', Places 7, no. 3 (1991): 64-71.
149. P. Mairet, Pioneer of Sociology: The Life and Letters of Patrick Geddes (London: Lund Humphries, 1957).
150. W. Ashworth, The Genesis of Modern British Town Planning: A Study in Economic and Social History of the Nineteenth Century (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1954), 175-6.
151. H. Kendall, Jerusalem the City Plan: Preservation and Development During the British Mandate 1918-1948 (London: His Majesty's Stationary Press Office, 1948); Jerusalem Master Plan, 1968, (Jerusalem: Municipality, 1972).
152. A.T.A. Learmonth, 'Urban Improvements: A Strategy for Urban Works. Observations of Sir Patrick Geddes with reference to Old Lahore' (book review), Geographical Journal 132, no. 4 (1966): 538, commenting on: Urban Improvements: A Strategy for Urban Works. Government of Pakistan Planning Commission (Physical Planning & Housing Section), Study no. P.P. & H. no. 21, June 1965;
153. K.L. Gillion, Ahmedabad: A Study in Indian Urban History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968).
154. R.N. Rudnose Brown, 'Scotland and some Trends in Geography: John Murray, Patrick Geddes and Andrew Herbertson' (abridged from The Herbertson Memorial Lecture delivered to the Royal Scottish Geographical Society and the Edinburgh Branch of the Association on March 5, 1948), Geography 33 (1948): 110.
155. P. Turnbull, 'Patrick Geddes and the Planning Unit Today', reprinted from Quarterly Journal of the R.I.A.S. (1947) SUA T-GED 1/6/45.
156. G.B. Barker, 'Plan for Central and South East Scotland', Town and Country Planning 17, no. 65 (1949): 40-3.
157. Eric Mumford, The CIAM Discourse on Urbanism, 1928-1960, (Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2000), 332;
158. S. Leonard, The City After Patrick Geddes, 83.
159. G. Bell and J. Tyrwhitt, eds., Human Identity in the Urban Environment (Baltimore: Penguin, 1972), 15-28;
160. Ian Boyd Whyte, 'Introduction', The City After Patrick Geddes, 19.
161. CIAM 8, London/Hoddesdon, 1951. Commission 2 (Giedion, Rogers, Batista, Roth, Bakema), 'Reunion of the Arts at the Core', working paper. Ove Arup Collection, Churchill Archives Centre, Cambridge, file 5/17
162. I.B. Whyte, 'The Spirit of the City', The City After Patrick Geddes, 30-31;
163. Mumford, The CIAM Discourse on Urbanism, 238-241, 251.
164. A. Glikson, Regional Planning and Development. Six Lectures delivered at the Institute of Social Studies, at the Hague (Leiden: A.W. Sijthoff's Uitgeversmaatschappij, 1953), 63,
165. quoted in V.M. Welter, Arthur Glikson, 'Thinking-Machines, and the Planning of Israel', The City After Patrick Geddes, 212, 226;
166. Bell and Tyrwhitt, Human Identity in the Urban Environment, 15-28;
167. Whyte, The City After Patrick Geddes, 15-32.
168. R. Glass, 'Urban Sociology in Great Britain: A Trend Report', Current Sociology (La Sociologie Contemporaine) 4, no. 4 (1955): 5-19; idem, 'The Evaluation of Planning: Some Sociological Considerations', UNESCO International Social Science Journal 11, no. 3 (1959): 393-409.
169. G. Ferraro, Patrick Geddes Planner in India;
170. idem, Il gioco del piano. Patrick Geddes in India 1914-1924, Urbanistica 103 (1995): 136-52;
171. idem, Patrick Geddes, Cities in Evolution, Urbanistica 108 (1997): 157-161;
172. P. Green, Patrick Geddes (PhD diss., University of Strathclyde, 1970); idem, Journal of Indian History.
173. Reilly, 'The Early Social Thought of Patrick Geddes', 49;
174. Simmons, Studies in Modern European History and Culture, 159;
175. Searby, 'The Wood Memorial Lecture', 20; K. Wheeler, a note on the Valley Section of Patrick Geddes, Bulletin of Environmental Education 33 (1974): 127;
176. Robson, Geography, Ideology and Social Concern, 196;
177. Ward, Town & Country Planning, 329;
178. Leonard, Think Global, Act Local, 60.
179. In June 1985 the Patrick Geddes Centre was opened by the University of Edinburgh as 'a Centre for Planning Studies', its roles including to cooperate with Edinburgh Conservation and Renewal committee.
180. S. Leonard, 'Patrick Geddes Centre For Planning Studies', Planning History 10, no. 1 (1988): 26.
181. See also: C. Mercer, 'Geographies for the Present: Patrick Geddes, Urban Planning and the Human Sciences', Economy and Society 26, no. 2 (1997): 211-24;
182. C. Ward, 'The Outlook Tower, Edinburgh: Prototype for an Urban Studies Centre', Bulletin of Environmental Education 32 (1973);
183. Stevenson, Occasional Papers no. 27 (1975): 7.
184. Green, Patrick Geddes, 85.
185. H. Meller, 'Patrick Geddes: An Analysis of his Theory of Civics, 1880-1914', Victorian Studies 16, no. 3 (1973): 291-315;
186. idem, 'Introduction and Note to Civics: As Applied Sociology', in The Ideal City, ed. (with an Introduction by) Helen E. Meller (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1979), 9-46, 67-74;
187. idem, British Town Planning: The Formative Years 199-219;
188. idem, Pioneers in British Planning, 46-71;
189. idem, Patrick Geddes;
190. idem, 'Understanding the European City around 1900: The Contribution of Patrick Geddes', The City After Patrick Geddes, 35-54;
191. idem, Towns, Plans and Society in Modern Britain, prepared for the Economic History Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
192. H.E. Meller, 'Urbanization and the Introduction of Modern Town Planning Ideas in India, 1900-1925', in Economy and Society Essays in Indian Economic and Social History, ed. K.N. Chaudhuri and C.J. Dewey (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1979), 330-50;
193. idem, 'Geddes and his Indian Reports', in Patrick Geddes: A Symposium, 4-21;
194. idem, 'Conservation and Evolution: The Pioneering Work of Sir Patrick Geddes in Jerusalem, 1919-1925', Planning History Bulletin 9 (1987): 42-49.
195. Wheeler, Bulletin of Environmental Education 27; Jacobs herself gives Geddes no such credit; The Death and Life of Great American Cities (Great Britain: Penguin, in association with Jonathan Cape, 1994 (1961)). See also McGee, in The Outlook Tower, 269.
196. P.D. Goist, 'Patrick Geddes and the City', Journal of American Institute of Planners 40, no. 1 (1974): 31-32;
197. Wheeler, Bulletin of Environmental Education 27;
198. P. Hall, Cities of Tomorrow: An Intellectual History of Urban Planning and Design in the Twentieth Century (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988), 242;
199. see also Robson, Geography, Ideology and Social Concern, 195-6.
200. W. Stephen, 'Think Global, Act Local: The Life and Legacy of Patrick Geddes', in Think Global, Act Local 13.
201. Goist, JAIP, 32;
202. Robson, Geography, Ideology and Social Concern, 198;
203. 'Happy birthday, Patrick Geddes', Town and Country Planning (September 1979), 181;
204. B. Edwards, 'Edinburgh debates Mumford's distortion of Geddes' ideas', Architects' Journal (November 16, 1995): 16.
205. M. Cuthbert, 'The Concept of the Outlook Tower in the Work of Patrick Geddes' (M. Phil. diss., St. Andrews University, 1987), 190;
206. Wheeler, Bulletin of Environmental Education 128.
207. Leonard, The City After Patrick Geddes, 79-81.
208. Ferraro, Patrick Geddes, 223;
209. idem, Urbanistica (1997): 157-161.
210. Leonard, Planning History, 33-47; the university halls were described on similar lines.
211. R. Pinkerton, Patrick Geddes Hall: Scotland's First Hall of Residence [n.p., n.p.] 1978;
212. J. Brine, Ramsay Gardens, Patrick Geddes Centre, Planning History 11 no. 3 (1989): 25.
213. Meller, Patrick Geddes, 157.
214. A. Saint, 'Ashbee, Geddes, Lethaby and the rebuilding of Crosby Hall', Architectural History 34 (1991): 206-17.
215. A. Ponte, 'Arte civica o sociologia applicata? P. Geddes e T.H. Mawson: due progetti per Dunfermline' [Civic Art or Applied Sociology? P. Geddes and T.H. Mawson: Two Plans for Dunfermline] Lotus International 30 (1981): 91-98.
216. M.J. Bannon, ed., 'The Genesis of Modern Irish Planning', in A Hundred Years of Irish Planning, vol. 1, The Emergence of Irish Planning 1880-1920 (Dublin: Turoe Press, 1985), 189-265;
217. see also idem, 'The Making of Irish Geography, III: Patrick Geddes and the Emergence of Modern Town Planning in Dublin', Irish Geography 11 (1978): 141-49;
218. idem, 'Dublin Town Planning Competition: Ashbee and Chettle's "New Dublin - A Study in Civics"', Planning Perspectives 14 (1999): 145-62.
219. Meller, Pioneers in British Planning, 58-60;
220. idem, Patrick Geddes, 203;
221. idem, Patrick Geddes: A Symposium, 81;
222. idem, Essays in Indian Economic and Social History, 342;
223. D. Goodfriend, 'Nagar Yoga: The Culturally Informed Town Planning of Patrick Geddes in India, 1914-1924', Human Organization 38, no. 4 (1979): 343-55;
224. A. Petruccioli, 'Patrick Geddes in Indore: Alcune questioni di metodo' [Some questions of method], Lotus International 34 (1982): 106-15 (109; 113);
225. J. Toppin, 'History of Working Abroad', Architects' Journal (1982): 28-35 (31);
226. Ferraro, Urbanistica (1997), 151. Visiting Lahore in 1998, Leonard described its garden suburbs as suiting any European city. Think Global, Act Local, 56.
227. It is generally agreed that in order to fully appreciate Geddes' work in India it is necessary to compare and mainly to contrast it with those of his colleagues. Goodfriend, Human Organization, 343;
228. Petruccioli, Lotus International, 109, 113;
229. Meller, Patrick Geddes, 211-2;
230. Ferraro, Patrick Geddes, 210;
231. T.G. McGee, 'Planning the Asian City: The Relevance of "Conservative Surgery" and the Concept of Dualism', The Outlook Tower, 266, and others.
232. Petruccioli, Lotus International, 109;
233. Goodfriend, Human Organization, 352;
234. Meller, Patrick Geddes: A Symposium, 13-6;.
235. McGee, The Outlook Tower, 269.
236. If Geddes had not happened to India, we would have had little sense today of the old Indian discourse on architecture and planning'. N. Gupta, 'A Letter from India', Think Global, Act Local 118-9;
237. See also: N. Gupta, 'Twelve Years On: Urban History in India', Urban History Yearbook 1981, 76-79.
238. Goodfriend, Human Organization, 346-7;
239. Meller, Patrick Geddes, 240;
240. Toppin, Architects' Journal, 31;
241. Petruccioli, Lotus International, 109;
242. N. Gupta, 'Delhi between Two Empires, 1803-1931: Society, Government and Urban Growth' (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1981), 182.
243. G. Herbert and S. Sosnovsky, Bauhaus on the Carmel and the Crossroads of Empire: Architecture and Planning in Haifa during the British Mandate (Jerusalem: Yad Yizhak Ben-Zvi, 1993), 73;
244. N.I. Payton, 'The Machine in the Garden City: Patrick Geddes' Plan for Tel Aviv', Planning Perspectives 19, no. 4 (1995): 359-81 (363);
245. G. Biger, 'A Scotsman in the First Hebrew City: Patrick Geddes and the 1926 Town Plan for Tel Aviv', Scottish Geographical Magazine 108 (1992): 4-8.
246. B. Hyman, 'British Planners in Palestine, 1918-1936' (PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science, 1994) - a most thorough account of Geddes' work throughout the country and possibly elsewhere.
247. Herbert and Sosnovsky, Bauhaus on the Carmel, 75-6;
248. R. Kallus, 'Patrick Geddes and the Evolution of a Housing Type in Tel-Aviv', Planning Perspectives 12 (1997): 290;
249. Payton, Planning Perspectives 364, 372, 375-6;
250. Meller, Planning History Bulletin, 44;
251. idem, Patrick Geddes, 278.
252. Payton, Planning Perspectives, 363.
253. Kallus, Planning Perspectives, 290;
254. Payton, Planning Perspectives, 359, 361. The garden suburb plans in Haifa received similar analysis;
255. Herbert and Sosnovsky, Bauhaus on the Carmel.
256. S. Shapiro, 'Planning Jerusalem: The First Generation, 1917-1968', in Urban Geography of Jerusalem: A Companion Volume to the Atlas of Jerusalem, ed. D. Amiran, A. Shachar, and I. Kimhi (Jerusalem: Massada Press, 1973);
257. E. Efrat, 'British Town Planning Perspectives of Jerusalem in Transition', Planning Perspectives 8 (1993): 377-93;
258. Y. Ben-Arieh, 'The Planning and Conservation of Jerusalem during the Mandate Period in Israel, 1917-1926: A Land Reflected in Its Past', in Studies in [the] Historical Geography of Israel, ed. R. Aharonsohn and H. Lavsky (Jerusalem: Magnes Press, Yad Ben-Zvi Press, 2001), 441-93 [Hebrew].
259. S.E. Cohen, 'Greenbelts in London and Jerusalem', Geographical Review 84, no. 1 (1994): 74-89.
260. Peter Green's regional analysis of Geddes' work in Palestine is based on reports which are today missing. Patrick Geddes, 276, 282, 284.
261. M. Shapira, 'The University and the City: Patrick Geddes and the First Master Plan for the Hebrew University, 1919', in The History of the Hebrew University in Jerusalem: Roots and Beginnings, ed. S. Katz and M. Head (Jerusalem: Magnes Publishers, 1997), 201-35 [Hebrew];
262. D. Dolev, 'The Architectural Master Plans of the Hebrew University, 1918-1948', The History of the Hebrew University in Jerusalem: Roots and Beginnings, 264;
263. see also idem, 'Architecture and Nationalist Ideology: The Case of the Architectural Master Plans for the Hebrew University in Jerusalem (1919-1974) and their Connections with Nationalist Ideology' (PhD diss., University College London, 2001);
264. Meller, Planning History Bulletin, 46;
265. idem, Patrick Geddes, 267-75.
266. Hyman, British Planners in Palestine, 297-308.
267. Welter, Biopolis; idem, 'The Geddes Vision of the Region as City: Palestine as a "Polis"', in Social Utopias of the Twenties: Bauhaus, Kibbutz and the Dream of the New Man, Ed. Jeannine Fiedler (Published for the Bauhaus Dessau Foundation and the Friedrich-Ebert Foundation, Tel Aviv) (Germany: Muller+Busmann Press, 1995), 71-79;
268. idem, 'History, Biology and City Design: Patrick Geddes in Edinburgh', Architectural Heritage 6 (1995): 61-82;
269. Whyte, The City After Patrick Geddes, 19-21;
270. I. Abalos, 'Osservatori' [Observatories], Domus October (2004): 12-13;
271. G. King, 'Town Planning, Information Technology and the Art of Memory - Part One: Patrick Geddes and the Art of Memory', Planner February, 1990: 13-14;
272. idem, 'Town Planning, Information Technology and the Art of Memory - Part Two: The Meaning of Patrick Geddes', Planner March, 1990: 12.
273. M.C. Boyer, The City of Collective Memory: Its Historical Imagery and Architectural Entertainments (Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1994), 210-14.
274. D. Matless, 'Ordering the Land: The "Preservation" of the English Countryside, 1918-1939', vol. 1 (PhD thesis, University of Nottingham, 1990);
275. idem, 'Regional Surveys and Local Knowledges: The Geographical Imagination in Britain, 1918-1939', Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers New Series 17 (1992): 464-80;
276. idem, 'Visual Culture and Geographical Citizenship: England in the 1940s', Journal of Historical Geography 22, no. 4 (1996): 424-39;
277. idem, 'Forms of Knowledge and Forms of Belonging: Regional Survey and Geographical Citizenship', in The City After Patrick Geddes, 91-112;
278. M. Bell, 'Reshaping Boundaries: International Ethics and Environmental Consciousness in the Early Twentieth Century', Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 23 (1998): 151-75;
279. M. Bell, R. Butlin, and M. Heffernan, 'Introduction', in Geography and Imperialism 1830-1940, ed. M. Bell, R. Butlin, and M. Heffernan (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1995), 1-7;
280. T. Ploszajska, 'Historiographies of Geography and Empire', in Modern Historical Geographies, ed. C. Nash and B. Graham (Essex: Pearson Education, 2002), 121-42;
281. D. Haraway, Primate Visions (London: Verso, 1989). Many others discuss geographical devices which were extensively developed by Geddes yet fail to connect him with their critical conclusions;
282. see, for example, James R. Ryan, 'Visualizing Imperial Geography: Halford Mackinder and the Colonial Office Visual Instruction Committee, 1911', Ecumene 1, no. 2 (1994): 157-76;
283. T. Mitchell, Colonising Egypt (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 8-12, and many others.
284. S. Naylor and G. A. Jones, 'Writing Orderly Geographies of Distant Places: The Regional Survey Movement and Latin America', Ecumene 4, no. 3 (1997): 273-99.
285. M. Dehaene, 'Survey and the Assimilation of a Modernist Narrative in Urbanism', Journal of Architecture 7 (2002): 33-55;
286. idem, Town Planning Review, 1-30.
287. See also: D. Matless, 'Visual Culture and Geographical Citizenship: England in the 1940's', Journal of Historical Geography 22, no. 4 (1996): 424-39.
288. O. Söderström, 'Paper Cities: Visual Thinking in Urban Planning', Ecumene 3, no. 3 (1996): 249-81.
289. M. Beattie, 'Sir Patrick Geddes and Barra Bazaar: Competing Visions, Ambivalence and Contradiction', Journal of Architecture 9 (2004): 131-50.
290. R. Fuchs and G. Herbert, 'A Colonial Portrait of Jerusalem: British Architecture in Mandate-Era Palestine', in Hybrid Urbanism: On the Identity Discourse and the Built Environment, ed. AlSayyad (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2001), 83-108.
291. M. Levine, 'Conquest Through Town Planning: The Case of Tel Aviv, 1921-1948', Journal of Palestine Studies 27, no. 4 (1998): 36-52;
292. idem, Overthrowing Geography: Jaffa, Tel Aviv, and the Struggle for Palestine 1880-1948 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005): 171-2.
293. N. Perera, 'Indigenising the Colonial City: Late 19th-Century Colombo and Its Landscape', Urban Studies 39, no. 9 (2002): 1703-21;
294. idem, 'The Planners' City: The Construction of a Town Planning Perception of Colombo', Environment and Planning A 40 (2008): 57-73.
295. Hebbert, Patrick Geddes: A Symposium, 61.
296. Welter, Biopolis, 1.
297. J.S. Duncan, 'Notes from the Archive', Historical Geography 27 (1999): 119-28;
298. J. Nasr and M. Volait, 'Introduction', in Urbanism: Imported or Exported? (Chichester: Wiley-Academy, 2003), 11-38;
299. A. King, 'Introductory Comments: The Dialectics of Dual Development', City and Society 12, no. 1 (2000): 9, quoted above, xxiii;
300. B.S.A. Yeoh, Contesting Space: Power Relations and the Urban Built Environment in Colonial Singapore (Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1996), 18-20.
301. L. Sandercock, 'Framing Insurgent Historiographies for Planning', Making the Invisible Visible, 1-36.
302. Krueckeberg, Planning Perspectives, 269-79.
303. O. Kramsch, 'Tropics of Planning Discourse: Stalking the "Constructive Imaginary" of Selected Urban Planning Histories', in Making the Invisible Visible, ed. Leonie Sandercock (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), 163-83 (164).
304. Krueckeberg, Journal of the American Planning Association, 217-21.
305. I. Borden, J. Rendell, and H. Thomas, 'Knowing Different Cities: Reflections on Recent European Writings on Cities and Planning History', in Making the Invisible Visible, ed. Sandercock (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), 135-49 (135).
306. N. Hysler-Rubin, 'Patrick Geddes, Town Planner in the Colonies: A Comparative Study of his Work in Britain, India and Palestine' (PhD Thesis, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 2006). The study includes plans which have so far been overlooked and local response to Geddes' work, thus incorporating depressed, cast aside and otherwise missing voices from its appraisal. Geddes' geographical planning tools as well as his role in shaping colonial spaces are studied against current post-colonial theories, which are claimed to be most appropriate for a critical study of his work.