Race/ethnicity and workplace discrimination: Results of a national survey of physicians

Journal of General Internal Medicine

Volumn 24, Issue 11, 2009, Pages 1198-1204

  Nunez Smith, Marcella ^a   Pilgrim, Nanlesta ^b   Wynia, Matthew ^c,d   Desai, Mayur M ^e   Jones, Beth A ^e   Bright, Cedric ^f,g   Krumholz, Harlan M ^a   Bradley, Elizabeth H ^e  

^a YALE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

^e YALE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^f National Medical Association   (United States)

^g DUKE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Discrimination; Health care workers; Race and ethnicity; Workforce

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; ASIAN; BIRTHPLACE; CAUCASIAN; CONTROLLED STUDY; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; ETHNICITY; FEMALE; HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL; HEALTH CENTER; HISPANIC; HOSPITAL CARE; HUMAN; MALE; MEDICAL EDUCATION; MEDICAL SCHOOL; MEDICAL STAFF; NEGRO; PATIENT CARE; PHYSICIAN; PRIVATE PRACTICE; RACISM; SEX DIFFERENCE; TREATMENT REFUSAL; UNITED STATES; WORKPLACE;

ADULT; AGED; CONTINENTAL POPULATION GROUPS; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; CULTURAL DIVERSITY; ETHNIC GROUPS; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PHYSICIANS; PREJUDICE; UNITED STATES; WORKPLACE;

EID: 70449521009     PISSN: 08848734     EISSN: 15251497     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11606-009-1103-9     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. NB Peterson RH Friedman AS Ash, et al. 2004 Faculty self-reported experience with racial and ethnic discrimination in academic medicine J Gen Intern Med 19 259 265 10.1111/j.1525-1497.2004.20409.x 15009781 (Pubitemid 38388936)
2. G Corbie-Smith E Frank HW Nickens, et al. 1999 Prevalences and correlates of ethnic harassment in the U.S. Women Physicians' Health Study Acad Med 74 695 701 10.1097/00001888-199906000-00018 1:STN:280:DyaK1Mzhtlykug%3D%3D 10386100
3. A Palepu PL Carr RH Friedman, et al. 2000 Specialty choices, compensation, and career satisfaction of underrepresented minority faculty in academic medicine Acad Med 75 157 160 10.1097/00001888-200002000-00014 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c7lsFGitw%3D%3D 10693848
4. D Fang E Moy L Colburn, et al. 2000 Racial and ethnic disparities in faculty promotion in academic medicine JAMA 284 1085 1092 10.1001/jama.284.9. 1085 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3cvjvVKjtQ%3D%3D 10974686
5. A Palepu PL Carr RH Friedman, et al. 1998 Minority faculty and academic rank in medicine JAMA 280 767 771 10.1001/jama.280.9.767 1:STN:280: DyaK1czpslOitw%3D%3D 9729986
6. Institute of Medicine. In the Nation's Compelling Interest: Ensuring Diversity in the Healthcare Workforce. In: Smedley BD, Bulter AS, Bristow LR, eds. Washington DC: National Academies Press; 2004.
7. HW Nickens TP Ready RG Petersdorf 1994 Project 3000 by 2000. Racial and ethnic diversity in US medical schools N Engl J Med 331 472 476 10.1056/NEJM199408183310712 1:STN:280:DyaK2czgvFOjsg%3D%3D 8035847 (Pubitemid 24247408)
8. The Sullivan Commission on Diversity in the Healthcare Workforce. Missing Persons: Minorities in the Health Professions. 2004. Available at: http://www.kaisernetwork.org/health-cast/hcast-index.cfm?display=detail&hc= 1141. Last accessed July 23, 2009
9. L Chan Y Ahmad 2005 Diversity in Medicine-Diversity and equity issues in medical education Univ Tor Med J 82 172 174
10. JJ Cohen 1998 Time to shatter the glass ceiling for minority faculty JAMA 280 821 822 10.1001/jama.280.9.821 1:STN:280:DyaK1czpslOhtw%3D%3D 9729996
11. HW Nickens 1992 The rationale for minority-targeted programs in medicine in the 1990s JAMA 267 2390 2395 10.1001/jama.267.17.2390 1:STN:280: DyaK383islWmsQ%3D%3D 1564783
12. NR Powe LA Cooper 2004 Diversifying the racial and ethnic composition of the physician workforce Ann Intern Med 141 223 224 15289221
13. Smith LH, Bridges K. Minority medical faculty fellows credit program with fostering their academic careers. 1996. Available at: http://www.rwjf.org/ reports/grr/027395s.htm. Last accessed July 23, 2009
14. A Tekian 1997 A thematic review of the literature of underrepresented minorities and medical training, 1981-1995: securing the foundations of the bridge to diversity Acad Med 72 S140 S146 10.1097/00001888-199710001-00047 1:STN:280:DyaK1c%2FgslChsQ%3D%3D 9347767
15. WA Thomson JP Denk 1999 Promoting diversity in the medical school pipeline: a national overview Acad Med 74 312 314 10.1097/00001888-199904000- 00010 1:STN:280:DyaK1M3jsF2gtA%3D%3D 10219196
16. EG Price A Gozu DE Kern, et al. 2005 The role of cultural diversity climate in recruitment, promotion, and retention of faculty in academic medicine J Gen Intern Med 20 565 571 10.1111/j.1525-1497.2005.0127.x 16050848 (Pubitemid 41026238)
17. AA Coombs RK King 2005 Workplace discrimination: experiences of practicing physicians J Natl Med Assoc 97 467 477 15868767
18. M Nunez-Smith LA Curry J Bigby, et al. 2007 Impact of race on the professional lives of physicians of African descent Ann Intern Med 146 45 51 17200221
19. American Medical Association. AMA Physician Masterfile. Available at: http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/2673.html. Last accessed July 23, 2009
20. National Medical Association. Available at: http://www.nmanet.org/. Last accessed July 23, 2009
21. DA Cook TJ Beckman 2006 Current concepts in validity and reliability for psychometric instruments: theory and application Am J Med 119 166 e167 116 10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.10.036 (Pubitemid 43151485)
22. N Krause 2002 A comprehensive strategy for developing closed-ended survey items for use in studies of older adults J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 57 S263 274 12198106
23. Bobo LD, Suh SA. Surveying racial discrimination: analyses from a multiethnic labor market. In: Bobo LD, Oliver ML, Johnson JHJ, et al, eds. Prismatic Metropolis: Inequality in Los Angeles. New York: Russell Sage Foundation; 2000.
24. Essed P. Understanding Everyday Racism: an interdisciplinary theory. Thousand Oaks: Sage; 1991.
25. A Burkard M Boticki M Madson 2002 Workplace Discrimination, Prejudice and Diversity Measures: a review of instrumentation J Career Assess 10 343 361 10.1177/10672702010003005
26. Hosmer DJ, Lemeshow S. Applied Logistic Regression. New York: John Wiley and Sons Inc.; 1989.
27. PC Austin MM Mamdani DN Juurlink, et al. 2006 Testing multiple statistical hypotheses resulted in spurious associations: a study of astrological signs and health J Clin Epidemiol 59 964 969 10.1016/j.jclinepi. 2006.01.012 16895820 (Pubitemid 44183881)
28. American Medical Association. Physician Characteristics and Distribution in the US, 2008 Edition. Available at: http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/about- ama/our-people/member-groups-sections/minority-affairs-consortium/ physician-statistics/total-physicians-raceethnicity-2006.shtml. Last accessed July 23, 2009
29. Alderfer C. An inter-group perspective on group dynamics. In: Lorsch J, ed. Handbook of Organizational Behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall; 1987.
30. Cox TJ. Cultural Diversity in Organizations: Theory, Research, and Practice. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler; 1994.
31. Akinola M, Thomas D. Defining the attributes and processes that enhance the effectiveness of workforce diversity initiatives in knowledge intensive firms. 2008 Working Paper. Available at: http://www.hbs.edu/research/pdf/07-019. pdf. Last accessed July 23, 2009
32. Coker N. Racism in Medicine: An Agenda for Change. London: King's Fund; 2001.
33. Kaiser Family Foundation. National Survey of Physicians Part I: Doctors on Disparities in Medical Care. 2001. Available at: http://www.kff.org/ minorityhealth/20020321a-index.cfm. Last accessed July 23, 2009
34. M Nunez-Smith LA Curry D Berg, et al. 2008 Healthcare workplace conversations on race and the perspectives of physicians of African descent J Gen Intern Med 23 1471 1476 10.1007/s11606-008-0709-7 18618190
35. National Research Council, ed. Measuring Racial Discrimination. Washington DC: The National Academies Press; 2004.
36. DA Asch MK Jedrziewski NA Christakis 1997 Response rates to mail surveys published in medical journals J Clin Epidemiol 50 1129 1136 10.1016/S0895- 4356(97)00126-1 1:STN:280:DyaK1c%2FjsVyqtA%3D%3D 9368521 (Pubitemid 27477990)
37. EG Campbell RL Gruen J Mountford, et al. 2007 A national survey of physician-industry relationships N Engl J Med 356 1742 1750 10.1056/NEJMsa064508 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXkslCrurw%3D 17460228 (Pubitemid 46658706)
38. FA Curlin RE Lawrence MH Chin, et al. 2007 Religion, conscience, and controversial clinical practices N Engl J Med 356 593 600 10.1056/NEJMsa065316 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhsFOrtbY%3D 17287479 (Pubitemid 46220819)
39. RL Gruen EG Campbell D Blumenthal 2006 Public roles of U.S. physicians: community participation, political involvement, and collective advocacy Jama 296 2467 2475 10.1001/jama.296.20.2467 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xht1Kqsb7N 17119143 (Pubitemid 44791203)
40. D McCormick S Woolhandler A Bose-Kolanu, et al. 2009 US physicians' views on financing options to expand health insurance coverage: a national survey J Gen Intern Med 24 526 531 10.1007/s11606-009-0916-x 19184240
41. R Sharma WJ Kostis AC Wilson, et al. 2008 Questionable hospital chart documentation practices by physicians J Gen Intern Med 23 1865 1870 10.1007/s11606-008-0750-6 18751759