Cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis

Dermatologic Therapy

Volumn 22, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 491-502

  David, Consuelo V ^a,b   Craft, Noah ^a,c  

^a HARBOR UCLA MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Cutaneous leishmaniasis; Leishmania therapy; Protozoa; Tropical dermatology

Indexed keywords

ALLOPURINOL; AMPHOTERICIN B DEOXYCHOLATE; AMPHOTERICIN B LIPID COMPLEX; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIMONY; HYDROCORTISONE; IMIQUIMOD; LIDOCAINE; MEGLUMINE ANTIMONATE; METHYLBENZETHONIUM CHLORIDE; MILTEFOSINE; OMEPRAZOLE; PAROMOMYCIN; PENTAMIDINE; PYRROLE DERIVATIVE; STEROID; STIBOGLUCONATE SODIUM;

ABDOMINAL PAIN; AMASTIGOTE; ANAPHYLAXIS; ANEMIA; ANOREXIA; BRADYCARDIA; CARDIOTOXICITY; CLINICAL FEATURE; CREATININE BLOOD LEVEL; CRYOTHERAPY; DIARRHEA; DIZZINESS; DRUG DOSE REDUCTION; DRUG FEVER; DRUG INDUCED HEADACHE; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; DYSPNEA; ECG ABNORMALITY; ECONOMIC ASPECT; ENDEMIC DISEASE; EYE DISEASE; FATIGUE; FLUSHING; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; HYPOGLYCEMIA; HYPOKALEMIA; HYPOTENSION; INFECTION PREVENTION; INFECTION RATE; INJECTION SITE ERYTHEMA; INJECTION SITE PAIN; JOINT STIFFNESS; LEISHMANIA; LEISHMANIASIS; LEISHMANIN SKIN TEST; LIVER TOXICITY; MIXED INFECTION; MUCOCUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS; MYALGIA; NAUSEA; NEPHROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; PANCREATITIS; PARASITE IDENTIFICATION; PARASITE TRANSMISSION; PARESTHESIA; PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; QT PROLONGATION; RECOMMENDED DRUG DOSE; REVIEW; SCAR FORMATION; SIDE EFFECT; SKIN BLEEDING; SKIN DEFECT; SKIN LEISHMANIASIS; SKIN ULCER; SOCIAL ASPECT; ST SEGMENT DEPRESSION; ST SEGMENT ELEVATION; SWEATING; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; TREATMENT INDICATION; ULCER HEALING; UREMIA; VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS; VOMITING;

ANTIPROTOZOAL AGENTS; HUMANS; LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS; LEISHMANIASIS, MUCOCUTANEOUS;

EID: 70449367124     PISSN: 13960296     EISSN: 15298019     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8019.2009.01272.x     Document Type: Review

References (98)

1. Murray HW, Berman JD, Davies CR, Saravia NG. Advances in leishmaniasis. Lancet 2005 : 366 (9496 1561 1577.
2. Desjeux P. Leishmaniasis: current situation and new perspectives. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2004 : 27 (5 305 318.
3. Herwaldt BL. Leishmaniasis. Lancet 1999 : 354 (9185 1191 1199.
4. Sinha PK, Pandey K, Bhattacharya SK. Diagnosis & management of Leishmania/HIV co-infection. Indian J Med Res 2005 : 121 (4 407 414.
5. World Health Organization. WHO fact sheet, No. 116, Rev, 116 ed. World Health Organization : 2000.
6. US Department of Defense DHCC. Leishmaniasis: information for clinicians. 2004 : 1 4. http://www.pdhealth.mil/downloads/Leishmaniasis-Clinicians- 06212004-Uploaded-05112005.pdf. Accessed May 21, 2009.
7. Davies CR, Kaye P, Croft SL, Sundar S. Leishmaniasis: new approaches to disease control. BMJ 2003 : 326 (7385 377 382.
8. Solbach W, Laskay T. The host response to Leishmania infection. Adv Immunol 2000 : 74 : 275 317.
9. Launois P, Tacchini-Cottier F, Parra-Lopez C, Louis JA. Cytokines in parasitic diseases: the example of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Int Rev Immunol 1998 : 17 (1-4 157 180.
10. Heinzel FP, Sadick MD, Holaday BJ, Coffman RL, Locksley RM. Reciprocal expression of interferon gamma or interleukin 4 during the resolution or progression of murine leishmaniasis. Evidence for expansion of distinct helper T cell subsets. J Exp Med 1989 : 169 (1 59 72.
11. Paredes R, Munoz J, Diaz I, Domingo P, Gurgui M, Clotet B. Leishmaniasis in HIV infection. J Postgrad Med 2003 : 49 (1 39 49.
12. Okwor I, Uzonna J. Persistent parasites and immunologic memory in cutaneous leishmaniasis: implications for vaccine designs and vaccination strategies. Immunol Res 2008 : 41 (2 123 136.
13. Maurer M, Dondji B, von Stebut E. What determines the success or failure of intracellular cutaneous parasites? Lessons learned from leishmaniasis. Med Microbiol Immunol 2009 : 198 (3 137 146.
14. al-Gindan Y, Kubba R, el-Hassan AM, Omer AH, Kutty MK, Saeed MB. Dissemination in cutaneous leishmaniasis. 3. Lymph node involvement. Int J Dermatol 1989 : 28 (4 248 254.
15. Sousa Ade Q, Parise ME, Pompeu MM, et al. Bubonic leishmaniasis: a common manifestation of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis infection in Ceara, Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1995 : 53 (4 380 385.
16. Dowlati Y. Cutaneous leishmaniasis: clinical aspect. Clin Dermatol 1996 : 14 (5 425 431.
17. Machado P, Araujo C, Da Silva AT, et al. Failure of early treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in preventing the development of an ulcer. Clin Infect Dis 2002 : 34 (12 E69 E73.
18. Magill AJ. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in the returning traveler. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2005 : 19 (1 241 266, x xi.
19. Weina PJ, Neafie RC, Wortmann G, Polhemus M, Aronson NE. Old world leishmaniasis: an emerging infection among deployed US military and civilian workers. Clin Infect Dis 2004 : 39 (11 1674 1680.
20. Miranda-Verastegui C, Llanos-Cuentas A, Arevalo I, Ward BJ, Matlashewski G. Randomized, double-blind clinical trial of topical imiquimod 5% with parenteral meglumine antimoniate in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Peru. Clin Infect Dis 2005 : 40 (10 1395 1403.
21. Ben Salah A, Zakraoui H, Zaatour A, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial in Tunisia treating cutaneous leishmaniasis with paromomycin ointment. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1995 : 53 (2 162 166.
22. Asilian A, Jalayer T, Whitworth JA, Ghasemi RL, Nilforooshzadeh M, Olliaro P. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of a two-week regimen of aminosidine (paromomycin) ointment for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1995 : 53 (6 648 651.
23. Alrajhi AA, Ibrahim EA, De Vol EB, Khairat M, Faris RM, Maguire JH. Fluconazole for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania major. N Engl J Med 2002 : 346 (12 891 895.
24. Tuon FF, Amato VS, Graf ME, Siqueira AM, Nicodemo AC, Amato Neto V. Treatment of New World cutaneous leishmaniasis - a systematic review with a meta-analysis. Int J Dermatol 2008 : 47 (2 109 124.
25. Baiocco P, Colotti G, Franceschini S, Ilari A. Molecular basis of antimony treatment in leishmaniasis. J Med Chem 2009 : 52 (8 2603 2612.
26. Ashutosh, Sundar S, Goyal N. Molecular mechanisms of antimony resistance in Leishmania. J Med Microbiol 2007 : 56 (Pt 2 143 153.
27. The Medical Letter Inc. Drugs for parasitic infections. New Rochelle, NY : The Medical Letter Inc., 2008.
28. Jaser MA, el-Yazigi A, Croft SL. Pharmacokinetics of antimony in patients treated with sodium stibogluconate for cutaneous leishmaniasis. Pharm Res 1995 : 12 (1 113 116.
29. Rodrigues AM, Hueb M, Santos TA, Fontes CJ Factors associated with treatment failure of cutaneous leishmaniasis with meglumine antimoniate Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2006 : 39 (2 139 145.
30. Soto J, Valda-Rodriquez L, Toledo J, et al. Comparison of generic to branded pentavalent antimony for treatment of new world cutaneous leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2004 : 71 (5 577 581.
31. Bermudez H, Rojas E, Garcia L, et al. Generic sodium stibogluconate is as safe and effective as branded meglumine antimoniate, for the treatment of tegumentary leishmaniasis in Isiboro Secure Park, Bolivia. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 2006 : 100 (7 591 600.
32. Deps PD, Viana MC, Falqueto A, Dietze R Comparative assessment of the efficacy and toxicity of N-methyl-glucamine and BP88 sodium stibogluconate in the treatment of localized cutaneous leishmaniasis Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2000 : 33 (6 535 543.
33. Saldanha AC, Romero GA, Guerra C, Merchan-Hamann E, Macedo Vde O Comparative study between sodium stibogluconate BP 88 and meglumine antimoniate in cutaneous leishmaniasis treatment. II. Biochemical and cardiac toxicity Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2000 : 33 (4 383 388.
34. Sadeghian G, Ziaei H, Sadeghi M. Electrocardiographic changes in patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis treated with systemic glucantime. Ann Acad Med Singapore 2008 : 37 (11 916 918.
35. Solomon M, Baum S, Barzilai A, Scope A, Trau H, Schwartz E. Liposomal amphotericin B in comparison to sodium stibogluconate for cutaneous infection due to Leishmania braziliensis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007 : 56 (4 612 616.
36. Chulay JD, Spencer HC, Mugambi M. Electrocardiographic changes during treatment of leishmaniasis with pentavalent antimony (sodium stibogluconate). Am J Trop Med Hyg 1985 : 34 (4 702 709.
37. Bailey MS, Lockwood DN. Cutaneous leishmaniasis. Clin Dermatol 2007 : 25 (2 203 211.
38. Khatami A, Firooz A, Gorouhi F, Dowlati Y. Treatment of acute Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis: a systematic review of the randomized controlled trials. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007 : 57 (2 335. e1 29.
39. Solomon M, Baum S, Barzilai A, Pavlotsky F, Trau H, Schwartz E. Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis with intralesional sodium stibogluconate. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2009 : 23 (10 1189 1192.
40. Lai A, Fat EJ, Vrede MA, Soetosenojo RM, Lai A, Fat RF. Pentamidine, the drug of choice for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Surinam. Int J Dermatol 2002 : 41 (11 796 800.
41. Amato V, Amato J, Nicodemo A, Uip D, Amato-Neto V, Duarte M Treatment of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis with pentamidine isothionate Ann Dermatol Venereol 1998 : 125 (8 492 495.
42. Berman JD. Development of miltefosine for the leishmaniases. Mini Rev Med Chem 2006 : 6 (2 145 151.
43. Soto J, Rea J, Balderrama M, et al. Efficacy of miltefosine for Bolivian cutaneous leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2008 : 78 (2 210 211.
44. Soto J, Berman J. Treatment of New World cutaneous leishmaniasis with miltefosine. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2006 : 100 (Suppl. 1 S34 S40.
45. Rahman SB, ul Bari A, Mumtaz N. Miltefosine in cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2007 : 17 (3 132 135.
46. Soto J, Toledo J, Gutierrez P, et al. Treatment of American cutaneous leishmaniasis with miltefosine, an oral agent. Clin Infect Dis 2001 : 33 (7 E57 E61.
47. Hadighi R, Boucher P, Khamesipour A, et al. Glucantime-resistant Leishmania tropica isolated from Iranian patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis are sensitive to alternative antileishmania drugs. Parasitol Res 2007 : 101 (5 1319 1322.
48. Kim DH, Chung HJ, Bleys J, Ghohestani RF. Is paromomycin an effective and safe treatment against cutaneous leishmaniasis? A meta-analysis of 14 randomized controlled trials. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2009 : 3 (2 e AM, Khalil EA, Mahgoub FA, Hamad S, Elkadaru AM, El Hassan AM. Efficacy of liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) in the treatment of persistent post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL). Ann Trop Med Parasitol 2005 : 99 (6 563 569.
49. Layegh P, Pezeshkpoor F, Soruri AH, Naviafar P, Moghiman T. Efficacy of cryotherapy versus intralesional meglumine antimoniate (glucantime) for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2009 : 80 (2 172 175.
50. Salmanpour R, Razmavar MR, Abtahi N. Comparison of intralesional meglumine antimoniate, cryotherapy and their combination in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Int J Dermatol 2006 : 45 (9 1115 1116.
51. Arevalo I, Tulliano G, Quispe A, et al. Role of imiquimod and parenteral meglumine antimoniate in the initial treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Clin Infect Dis 2007 : 44 (12 1549 1554.
52. van der Snoek EM, Robinson DJ, van Hellemond JJ, Neumann HA. A review of photodynamic therapy in cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2008 : 22 (8 918 922.
53. Momeni AZ, Aminjavaheri M. Successful treatment of non-healing cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis, using a combination of meglumine antimoniate plus allopurinol. Eur J Dermatol 2003 : 13 (1 40 43.
54. Momeni AZ, Reiszadae MR, Aminjavaheri M. Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis with a combination of allopurinol and low-dose meglumine antimoniate. Int J Dermatol 2002 : 41 (7 441 443.
55. Negi AK, Sharma NL, Mahajan VK, Ranjan N, Kanga AK. Comparative efficacy of intralesional sodium stibogluconate (SSG) alone and its combination with intramuscular SSG to treat localized cutaneous leishmaniasis: results of a pilot study. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2007 : 73 (4 280.
56. Nilforoushzadeh MA, Jaffary F, Ansari N, Siadat AH, Nilforoushan Z, Firouz A. A comparative study between the efficacy of systemic meglumine antimoniate therapy with standard or low dose plus oral omeprazole in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Vector Borne Dis 2008 : 45 (4 287 291.
57. Reithinger R, Mohsen M, Wahid M, et al. Efficacy of thermotherapy to treat cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania tropica in Kabul, Afghanistan: a randomized, controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis 2005 : 40 (8 1148 1155.
58. Sinha S, Fernandez G, Kapila R, Lambert WC, Schwartz RA. Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis associated with the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. Int J Dermatol 2008 : 47 (12 1263 1270.
59. Samady JA, Janniger CK, Schwartz RA. Cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. Cutis 1996 : 57 (1 13 20.
60. Bryceson AD. Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis in Ethiopia. I. The clinical and histological features of the disease. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1969 : 63 (6 708 737.
61. Convit J, Ulrich M, Fernandez CT, et al. The clinical and immunological spectrum of American cutaneous leishmaniasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1993 : 87 (4 444 448.
62. Convit J, Kerdel-Vegas F. Disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis; innoculation to laboratory animals, electron microscopy and fluorescent antibodies studies. Arch Dermatol 1965 : 91 : 439 447.
63. Petersen EA, Neva FA, Oster CN, Bogaert Diaz H. Specific inhibition of lymphocyte-proliferation responses by adherent suppressor cells in diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis. N Engl J Med 1982 : 306 (7 387 392.
64. Convit J, Reyes O, Kerdel F. Disseminated anergic American leishmaniasis; report of three cases of a type clinically resembling lepromatous leprosy. AMA Arch Derm 1957 : 76 (2 213 217.
65. Bonfante-Garrido R, Barroeta S, de Alejos MA, et al. Disseminated American cutaneous leishmaniasis. Int J Dermatol 1996 : 35 (8 561 565.
66. Kalter DC. Laboratory tests for the diagnosis and evaluation of leishmaniasis. Dermatol Clin 1994 : 12 (1 37 50.
67. Simpson MH, Mullins JF, Stone OJ. Disseminated anergic cutaneous leishmaniasis. An autochthonous case in Texas and the Mexican states of Tamaulipas and Nuevo Leon. Arch Dermatol 1968 : 97 (3 301 303.
68. Agudelo SP, Restrepo S, Velez ID. Cutaneous New World leishmaniasis-sporotrichosis coinfection: report of 3 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999 : 40 (6 Pt 1 1002 1004.
69. Grevelink SA, Lerner EA. Leishmaniasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996 : 34 (2 Pt 1 257 272.
70. Salman SM, Rubeiz NG, Kibbi AG. Cutaneous leishmaniasis: clinical features and diagnosis. Clin Dermatol 1999 : 17 (3 291 296.
71. Chaudhary RG, Bilimoria FE, Katare SK. Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis: co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2008 : 74 (6 641 643.
72. Gonzalez LM, Velez ID Miltefosine for disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis Biomedica 2006 : 26 (Suppl. 1 13 16.
73. Schraner C, Hasse B, Hasse U, et al. Successful treatment with miltefosine of disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis in a severely immunocompromised patient infected with HIV-1. Clin Infect Dis 2005 : 40 (12 e120 e124.
74. Blum J, Desjeux P, Schwartz E, Beck B, Hatz C. Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis among travellers. J Antimicrob Chemother 2004 : 53 (2 158 166.
75. Weigle K, Saravia NG. Natural history, clinical evolution, and the host-parasite interaction in New World cutaneous leishmaniasis. Clin Dermatol 1996 : 14 (5 433 450.
76. Machado-Coelho GL, Caiaffa WT, Genaro O, Magalhaes PA, Mayrink W. Risk factors for mucosal manifestation of American cutaneous leishmaniasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2005 : 99 (1 55 61.
77. Konecny P, Stark DJ. An Australian case of New World cutaneous leishmaniasis. Med J Aust 2007 : 186 (6 315 317.
78. Ahluwalia S, Lawn SD, Kanagalingam J, Grant H, Lockwood DN. Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis: an imported infection among travellers to central and South America. BMJ 2004 : 329 (7470 842 844.
79. Scope A, Trau H, Anders G, Barzilai A, Confino Y, Schwartz E. Experience with New World cutaneous leishmaniasis in travelers. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003 : 49 (4 672 678.
80. Franke ED, Wignall FS, Cruz ME, et al. Efficacy and toxicity of sodium stibogluconate for mucosal leishmaniasis. Ann Intern Med 1990 : 113 (12 934 940.
81. Bryceson AD. Leishmaniasis. In : Cook GC, ed. Manson's tropical diseases, 20th ed. London : WB Saunders, 1996, 1213 1245.
82. Amato VS, Tuon FF, Siqueira AM, Nicodemo AC, Neto VA. Treatment of mucosal leishmaniasis in Latin America: systematic review. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2007 : 77 (2 266 274.
83. Saenz RE, de Rodriguez CG, Johnson CM, Berman JD. Efficacy and toxicity of pentostam against Panamanian mucosal leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1991 : 44 (4 394 398.
84. Amato VS, de Paula JG, Imamura R, et al. Treatment of American cutaneous leishmaniasis, with lesions in the mucosa, using pentamidine isethionate Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 1996 : 29 (5 477 481.
85. Nonata R, Sampaio R, Marsden PD. Mucosal leishmaniasis unresponsive to glucantime therapy successfully treated with AmBisome. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1997 : 91 (1 77. (Pubitemid 27095508)
86. Sampaio RN, Marsden PD Treatment of the mucosal form of leishmaniasis without response to glucantime, with liposomal amphotericin B Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 1997 : 30 (2 125 128.
87. Oliveira-Neto MP, Mattos M, Pirmez C, et al. Mucosal leishmaniasis ("espundia") responsive to low dose of N-methyl glucamine (Glucantime) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2000 : 42 (6 321 325.
88. Amato VS, Tuon FF, Campos A, et al. Treatment of mucosal leishmaniasis with a lipid formulation of amphotericin B. Clin Infect Dis 2007 : 44 (2 311 312.
89. Zajtchuk JT, Casler JD, Netto EM, et al. Mucosal leishmaniasis in Brazil. Laryngoscope 1989 : 99 (9 925 939.
90. Tuon FF, Gomes-Silva A, Da-Cruz AM, Duarte MI, Neto VA, Amato VS. Local immunological factors associated with recurrence of mucosal leishmaniasis. Clin Immunol 2008 : 128 (3 442 446.
91. Salotra P, Singh R. Challenges in the diagnosis of post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis. Indian J Med Res 2006 : 123 (3 295 310. (Pubitemid 43905571)
92. Ramesh V, Mukherjee A. Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis. Int J Dermatol 1995 : 34 (2 85 91.
93. Zijlstra EE, el-Hassan AM. Leishmaniasis in Sudan. Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2001 : 95 (Suppl. 1 S59 S76.
94. Herrera E, Sanchez P, Bosch RJ. Disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis in an HIV-infected patient. Int J STD AIDS 1995 : 6 (2 125 126.
95. Niamba P, Goumbri-Lompo O, Traore A, Barro-Traore F, Soudre RT. Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis in an HIV-positive patient in western Africa. Australas J Dermatol 2007 : 48 (1 32 34.
96. Herwaldt BL, Berman JD. Recommendations for treating leishmaniasis with sodium stibogluconate (Pentostam) and review of pertinent clinical studies. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1992 : 46 (3 296 306.
97. Aronson NE, Wortmann GW, Johnson SC, et al. Safety and efficacy of intravenous sodium stibogluconate in the treatment of leishmaniasis: recent U.S. military experience. Clin Infect Dis 1998 : 27 (6 1457 1464.
98. Andersen EM, Cruz-Saldarriaga M, Llanos-Cuentas A, et al. Comparison of meglumine antimoniate and pentamidine for peruvian cutaneous leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2005 : 72 (2 133 137.