Whose right to rest? Contesting the family vacation in the postwar soviet union

Comparative Studies in Society and History

Volumn 51, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 401-425

  Koenker, Diane P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA CHAMPAIGN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

INCENTIVE; LABOR; POST-WAR; RECREATIONAL ACTIVITY; SOCIAL STATUS; SOCIOECONOMIC CONDITIONS; WORKING CONDITIONS;

USSR;

EID: 70350783846     PISSN: 00104175     EISSN: 14752999     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0010417509000176     Document Type: Article

References (157)

1. Gary Cross, "Vacations for All: The Leisure Question in the Era of the Popular Front," Journal of Contemporary History 21, 4 (Oct. 1989): 599-621
2. Charles M. Mills, Vacations for Industrial Workers (New York, 1927)
3. Cindy Aron, Working at Play: A History of Vacations in the United States (Oxford, 1999)
4. Michael Berkowitz, "A 'New Deal' for Leisure: Making Mass Tourism during the Great Depression," in, Shelley Baranowski and Ellen Furlough, eds., Being Elsewhere: Tourism, Consumer Culture, and Identity in Modern Europe and North America (Ann Arbor, 2001), 185-212.
5. Cross, "Vacations for All," 611
6. Ellen Furlough, "Making Mass Vacations: Tourism and Consumer Culture in France, 1930s to 1970s," Comparative Studies in Society and History 40 (1998): 254-56
7. Colin Ward and Dennis Hardy, Goodnight Campers! The History of the British Holiday Camp (London, 1986).
8. Berkowitz, "'New Deal' for Leisure."
9. Shelley Baranowski, Strength through Joy: Consumerism and Mass Tourism in the Third Reich (Cambridge, 2004), 159.
10. Furlough, "Making Mass Vacations";
11. Orvar Lofgren, On Holiday: A History of Vacationing (Berkeley, 1999).
12. Furlough, "Making Mass Vacations," 276-77
13. Laura Lee Downs, Childhood in the Promised Land: Working-Class Movements and the Colonies de Vacances in France, 1880-1960 (Durham, 2002)
14. Quote from Abigail A. Van Slyck, A Manufactured Wilderness: Summer Camps and the Shaping of American Youth, 1890-1960 (Minneapolis, 2006), xxvi;
15. Ellen Furlough, "Packaging Pleasures: Club Mediterranée and French Consumer Culture, 1950-1968," French Historical Studies 18, 1 (Spring 1993): 65-81.
16. Cross, "Vacations for All," 609-10, 614-15.
17. Cited in Berkowitz, "'New Deal' for Leisure," 193.
18. For complete lyrics, see http://www.peteseeger.net/talkunion.htm (consulted 24 June 2008).
19. Elena Osokina, Our Daily Bread: Socialist Distribution and the Art of Survival in Stalin's Russia, 1927-1941 (Armonk, N.Y., 2001)
20. Lewis H. Siegelbaum, Stakhanovism and the Politics of Productivity in the USSR, 1935-1941 (Cambridge, 1988), ch. 6
21. Julie Hessler, A Social History of Soviet Trade: Trade Policy, Retail Practices, and Consumption, 1917-1953 (Princeton, 2004), ch. 5
22. Amy E. Randall, "Legitimizing Soviet Trade: Gender and the Feminization of the Retail Workforce in the Soviet 1930s," Journal of Social History 37, 4 (Summer 2004): 965-90.
23. Jukka Gronow, Caviar with Champagne: Common Luxury and the Ideals of the Good Life in Stalin's Russia (Oxford, 2003).
24. See, for example, the health spa guidebooks, L. G. Gol'dfail' and I. D. Iakhnin, Kurorty, sanatorii, i doma otdykha SSSR 1928 (Moscow, 1928)
25. L. G. Gol'dfail' and I. D. Iakhnin, Kurorty SSSR. Spravochnik (Moscow, 1936)
26. L. G. Gol'dfail' and I. D. Iakhnin, Kurorty SSSR (Moscow, 1951).
27. Na sushe i na more 5 (May 1939), inside back cover.
28. The image is reproduced in Diane P. Koenker, "The Proletarian Tourist in the 1930s: Between Mass Excursion and Mass Escape," in, Anne E. Gorsuch and D. P. Koenker, eds., Turizm: The Russian and East European Tourist under Capitalism and Socialism (Ithaca, 2006), 136.
29. Trud, 11 Apr. 1937; and 9 Apr. 1940.
30. The "all-union review" (smotr) of resorts, sanatoria, and rest homes mobilized employees at these institutions to compete with one another to spruce up their facilities and improve their service to patients and vacationers, a new wrinkle on the socialist competitions of the 1920s and 1930s. Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Rossiiskoi Federatsii (GARF), f. 9493 (Tsentral'noe upravlenie kurortami, sanatoriami i domami otdykha), op. 3, d. 2012 (stenographic reports of meetings of the central review commission, 24 Mar. 1950, 20 Apr. 1950); Tsentral'nyi gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Moskovskoi oblasti (TsGAMO), f. 7223 (Moskovskoe upravlenie kurortami, sanatoriami i domami otdykha), op. 1, d. 576 (on the review in Moscow oblast).
31. Central and local factory newspapers featured regular articles on vacation choices. I surveyed three factory newspapers: Znamia trekhgorki and Martenovka (Moscow), and Skorokhodovskii rabochii (Leningrad), along with several central or Moscow newspapers: Trud, Komsomol'skaia Pravda, and Vecherniaia Moskva). See also V. Krivosheyev, "Off for a Holiday," Soviet Union 9, 258 (1971): 8.
32. Aron, Working at Play, 170-71
33. Lofgren, On Holiday, 63.
34. Zdravnitsy profsoiuzov SSSR, 3d ed. (Moscow, 1967).
35. Narodnoe khoziaistvo SSSR v 1964 godu: Statisticheskii ezhegodnik (Moscow, 1965), p. 601, reports 2,139 sanatoria in 1963, with a total of 366,000 beds.
36. This description is based on materials from conferences and annual reports of sanatorium head doctors located in GARF, f. 9493, and TsGAMO, f. 7223.
37. This description is based on dozens of annual reports in 1950 and 1959 for Moscow oblast rest homes, which include photographs. TsGAMO, f. 7223, op. 1, d. 679, d. 1567.
38. GARF, f. 9559 (Vsesoiuznyi sovet dobrovol'nykh sportivnykh obshchestv profsoiuzov), op. 1, d. 860 (stenographic report of seminar of heads of health camps, 14 Apr. 1966), l. [page] 113.
39. GARF, f. 9559, op. 1, d., d. 860, 980 (reports on the work of sports-health camps and rest bases for 1967). B. G. Fadeev, Turistsko-ozdorovitel'nye lageria (Moscow, 1969), is a handbook for camp administrators, with recommended programs, forms for campers to fill out, layouts for tents and sports grounds, and instructions for how to build everything themselves.
40. By the end of the 1960s, 20 percent of health spa vouchers and 10 percent of rest home vouchers were required to be given out for free. V. I. Azar, Otdykh trudiashchikhsia SSSR (Moscow, 1972), 11.
41. Narodnoe khoziaistvo SSSR v 1964, 601.
42. Koenker, "The Proletarian Tourist," 119-40.
43. The norms for the badge were unveiled in Na sushe i na more 4 (Apr. 1939), 28. They are discussed in 1948 in GARF, f. 9520 (Tsentral'nyi sovet po turizmu i ekskursiiam), op. 1, d. 80 (reports on tourist-excursion and mass cultural work of territorial tourist-excursion administrations, K-E, for 1948), l. 186. GARF, f. 7576 (Tsentral'nyi sovet po fizkul'tury i sportam), op. 14, d. 123 (report on certification itineraries, 16 Oct. 1955), discusses opposition to such rigorous requirements in 1955.
44. Such complaints had arisen already in the 1930s, and were endemic in the 1950s and 1960s. A particularly good discussion can be found in GARF, f. 7576, op. 14, d. 123.
45. Turistskie marshruty po SSSR (Moscow, 1956), 134-50, 160, 282.
46. For example, GARF, f. 9520, op. 1, d. 361 (reports on tourist base service for 1958). On plans for constructing multistory permanent tourist bases, see GARF, f. 9520, op. 1, d. 750 (first plenum of the central council for tourism, second convocation, 25 May 1965), ll. 51-55.
47. Narodnoe khoziaistvo SSSR 1922-1972 gg. Iubileinyi statisticheskii ezhegodnik (Moscow, 1972), 461.
48. Narodnoe khoziaistvo SSSR v 1973 (Moscow, 1974), 7.
49. Turistskie marshruty 1956, 282, 288.
50. Wage data from Central Intelligence Agency, "Average Annual Money Earnings of Wageworkers in Soviet Industry, 1928-61," July 1963: www.foia.cia.gov/browse_docs.asp (accessed 12 Dec. 2008.)
51. GARF, f. 9520, op. 1, d. 750, l. 40; Tsentral'nyi arkhiv goroda Moskvy (TsAGM), f. 28 (Moskovskii gorodskoi sovet po turizmu i ekskursiiam; before 2006: Tsentral'nyi arkhiv literatury i isskustva Moskvy, f. 11), op. 1, d. 9 (plan and reports on the tourist train along itinerary No. 187 for 1960), ll. 14-14ob.; GARF, f. 9520, op. 1, d. 1061 (stenographic report of the first plenum of the central council for tourism and excursions, third convocation, 7 June 1967), l. 21; Turistskin marshruty na 1967 god (Moscow, 1967), 97-126.
52. GARF, f. 9520, op. 1, d. 525 (minutes of the second plenum of the central council for tourism, 5 Apr. 1963), l. 53.
53. GARF, f. 9520, op. 1, d. 1061, l. 22; Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv goroda Sochi (GAGS), f. R-261 (Sochinskoe biuro puteshestvii i ekskursii krasnodarskogo soveta po turizmu VTsSPS), op. 1, d. 41 (comment books from the tourist ships Abkhaziia and Ukraina for 1967-1969).
54. GAGS, f. R-261, op. 1, d. 154 (reports on tourist cruises on the Black Sea on the vessel Rossiia for 1970), l. 59; d. 29 (annual report of the Sochi excursion base for 1966.), l. 15.
55. Anne E. Gorsuch, "Time Travelers: Soviet Tourists to Eastern Europe," in, A. E. Gorsuch and D. P. Koenker, eds., Turizm: The Russian and East European Tourist under Capitalism and Socialism (Ithaca, 2006), 205-26.
56. Azar, Otdykh trudiashchikhsia, 41,
57. citing E. N. Faitel'son, Osnovy ekonomiki inostrannogo turizma v SSSR (Moscow, 1971), 14.
58. John Bushnell, using international tourist data, calculated 112,000 foreign travelers in 1960, and 838,000 in 1970; "The 'New Soviet Man' Turns Pessimist," in, Stephen F. Cohen, Alexander Rabinowitch, and Robert Sharlet, eds., The Soviet Union since Stalin (Bloomington, 1980), 192.
59. This observation is based on a reading of dozens of reports of group leaders accompanying these foreign trips, located in GARF, f. 9520, op. 1.
60. Turistskie marshruty 1956, 209-15.
61. GARF, f. 9520, op. 1, d. 447 (minutes of the first plenum of the central council for tourism, 28 Sept. 1962), l. 73.
62. For example, GARF, f. 9520, op. 1, d. 352 (stenographic reports and minutes of meetings of executive staff of the tourism-excursion administrations of Georgia, North Caucasus, and North Ossetia, 1957), l. 50 (meeting of 27 Apr. 1957, Tbilisi): Independent tourists traveled even without guaranteed food or lodging, they were the most adventurous; TsAGM, f. 28, op. 3, d. 2 (materials on the work of the first plenum of the Moscow council for tourism, 21 Apr. 1962; stenographic report of the first plenum of the council, 21 Sept. 1962), l. 55; GARF, f. 9520, op. 1, d. 750, ll. 22, 190-92.
63. Fizkul'tura i sport 4 (1954): 35.
64. GARF, f. 7576, op. 14, d. 63 (stenographic report of the plenum of the all-union section on tourism, 8-10 May 1953), l. 103.
65. GARF, f. 9520, op. 1, d. 750, l. 194.
66. Narodnoe khoziaistvo SSSR v 1965 (Moscow, 1966), 607
67. Narodnoe khoziaistvo v 1974 (Moscow, 1975), 616-17.
68. GARF, f. 9520, op. 1, d. 751 (second plenum of central council for tourism, 28 Oct. 1965), l. 12.
69. Narodnoe khoziaistvo SSSR v 1965, 607
70. Narodnoe khoziaistvo v 1974, 616-17.
71. Azar, Otdykh trudiashchikhsia, 6-8.
72. TsAGM, f. 28, op. 2, d. 150 (comment books from the tourist river cruiser N. Gastello for 1956), l. 21.
73. GAGS, f. R-261, op. 1, d. 1 (comment books from the tourist train Kuban-4, itineraries 189 and 190 for 1964), l. 81.
74. For example, the review of tourists' complaints by the chairman of the central tourism council, Abukov: GARF, f. 9520, op. 1, d. 631 (minutes of the third plenum of the central council for tourism, 7 Apr. 1964), ll. 34-36.
75. B. A. Grushin, Chetyre zhizni Rossii v zerkale oprosov obshchestvennogo mneniia. Epokha Brezhneva (chast' 1) (Moscow, 2003), 136.
76. See also the obituary for Grushin, New York Times, 24 Sept. 2007.
77. Azar also cites the results of this and other studies, in Otdykh trudiashchikhsia.
78. Eugene Onegin was the eponymous hero of Alexander Pushkin's classic 1833 verse novel, a nobleman bored with life who could not bear to stay in any one place very long.
79. Grushin, Chetyre zhizni, 154, 165, 158.
80. Azar, Otdykh trudiashchikhsia, 46-47.
81. GARF, f. 5528 (Tsentral'noe upravlenie sotsial'nogo strakhovaniia pri Narkomtrude SSSR), op. 4, d. 132 (stenographic report of a central insurance council of the USSR conference on workers' vacations, 19 May 1932), ll. 11, 81-82.
82. GARF, f. 9228 (Ministerstvo zdravookhraneniia SSSR. Glavnoe upravlenie kurortov i sanatoriev), op. 1, d. 916 (materials of all-union conference of heads of spa offices and directors of spa bureaus, 24-28 Mar. 1955), l. 26.
83. GARF, f. 9493, op. 3, d. 1955 (stenographic report and reports of all-union conference of health facilities staff of the trade union of chemical workers on the results of work in 1954 and tasks for 1955, 24-26 Jan. 1955), l. 75.
84. GARF, f. 9228, op. 1, d. 916, l. 34.
85. GARF, f. 5528, op. 4, d. 132, l. 88
86. GAGS, f. R-24 (Sochinskoe sanatorno-kurortnoe ob"edinenie "Sochikurort"), op. 1, d. 498 (correspondence with the editors of the newspaper Krasnoe znamia on investigating material published in 1954), l. 120 (letter to newspaper Krasnoe znamia, 16 May 1954).
87. TsGAMO, f. 7223, op. 1, d. 1252 (stenographic report of a meeting of executive staff of sanatoria and rest homes, 6 Mar. 1956), ll. 41-43.
88. Znamia trekhgorki, 20 June 1964, letter from A. Antonenkova: "I was especially glad to rest away from all my domestic troubles."
89. GARF, f. 9493, op. 8, d. 698, l. 109.
90. Ibid., l. 116.
91. Stories in printers' trade union journals illustrate this. See Diane P. Koenker, Republic of Labor: Russian Printers and Soviet Socialism, 1918-1930 (Ithaca, 2005), 275-76.
92. Mary M. Leder, My Life in Soviet Russia: An American Woman Looks Back (Bloomington, 2001), 132-33.
93. Devushka speshit na svidaniia (Belgoskino, 1939)
94. Starye steny (dir. Viktor Tregubovich, Lenfilm, 1973). In Liubov' i golubi (dir. Vladimir Menshov, Mosfilm, 1984), a rural man lonely in his marriage is swept away by an affair with a state official he meets while taking a cure.
95. See also the short story by Vasilii Aksenov, "Mestnyi khuligan Abramashvili," in which the eighteen-year-old hero climbs to a second-story balcony to experience his sexual initiation with a vacationing older married woman. Aksenov, Na polputi k lune (Moscow, 1966), 43-61.
96. Mark Popovsky, Tretii lishnii: On, ona i sovetskii rezhim (London, 1985), 138-39.
97. Eric D. Widmer, Judith Treas, and Robert Newcomb, "Attitudes toward Nonmarital Sex in 24 Countries," Journal of Sex Research 35, 4 (Nov. 1998): 351.
98. Donald J. Raleigh, trans. and ed., Russia's Sputnik Generation: Soviet Baby Boomers Talk about Their Lives (Bloomington, 2006), 169.
99. On official sexophobia, see Igor S. Kon, The Sexual Revolution in Russia from the Age of the Czars to Today, James Riordan, trans. (New York, 1995), ch. 5.
100. See Kon, Sexual Revolution;
101. and Deborah A. Field, Private Life and Communist Morality in Khrushchev's Russia (New York, 2007), ch. 4.
102. Frances Lee Bernstein, The Dictatorship of Sex: Lifestyle Advice for the Soviet Masses (DeKalb, Ill., 2007), 191.
103. Martenovka, 11 May 1954
104. Znamia trekhgorki, 16 Aug. 1960
105. TsAGM, f. 28, op. 2, d. 151 (comment books from the river cruiser Aleksei Tolstoi tourist base for 1956), l. 62.
106. GAGS, f. R-24, op. 1, d. 1044 (articles and items from newspapers about Sochi spas for 1960), l. 46 (letter to Krasnoe znamia, 21 Aug. 1960).
107. GAGS, f. R-24, op. 1, d. 845 (articles and items from Krasnoe znamia about Sochi spas for 1958), l. 50.
108. GARF, f. 9493, op. 3, d. 1955, l. 56. In informal conversations, almost everyone I have spoken to has a family story about a similar rejection; more rare is the heroic story of successfully finding a room.
109. See also the 1972 film Pechki-Lavochki (dir. Vasilii Shukshin), in which a tractor driver from Siberia sets out by bus and train to the Black Sea, determined to bring along his wife and children, even though they have no vouchers. (Screenplay in Vasilii M. Shukshin, Kinopovesti [Moscow, 1988], 226-89.)
110. GARF, f. 9493, op. 8, d. 698, ll. 107-8, 117-18, 128-29, 142.
111. GARF, f. 9493, op. 8, d. 428 (stenographic report of a conference of executive staff of trade union spas, 10 Apr. 1963), l. 111.
112. GARF, f. 9493, op. 8, d. 428, l. 79; f. 9493, op. 8, d. 698, ll. 108-9
113. GAGS, f. R-24, op. 1, d. 498, ll. 119-20 (16 May 1954 letter to Krasnoe znamia).
114. GARF, f. 9493, op. 8, d. 698, l. 109.
115. Kon, Sexual Revolution, 88-90
116. Vladimir Shlapentokh, Public and Private Life of the Soviet People: Changing Values in Post-Stalin Russia (New York, 1989), 164-77.
117. Znamia trekhgorki, 20 June 1964.
118. Skorokhodovskii rabochii, 25 June 1970.
119. GARF f. 9520, op. 1, d. 1910 (stenographic report of all-union conference on fulfilling the decree of the Central Committee of the Communist Party, the Council of Ministers of the USSR, and the Central Trade Union Council of 30 May 1969, "On measures for the further development of tourism and excursions in the country," 2-3 Dec. 1974), ll. 132-33.
120. GARF, f. 9493, op. 8, d. 238 (stenographic report of international conference on exchange of experience of trade unions in socialist countries in the area of developing spa facilities and the organization of therapy and vacations for laboring people, 19-27 July 1961), l. 173.
121. Martenovka, 14 May 1960; 30 June 1960; 26 July 1960.
122. See also N. B. Lebina and A. N. Chistikov, Obyvatel' i reformy: Kartiny povsednevnoi zhizni gorozhan (St. Petersburg, 2003), 282-83.
123. Znamia trekhgorki, 28 May 1960.
124. GARF, f. 9520, op. 1, d. 866 (group leader reports from trips to the People's Republic of Bulgaria, pt. 1, 1965), l. 18
125. GARF, f. 9520, op. 1, d. 592 (group leader reports from trips to the German Democratic Republic, 1963), l. 22.
126. Poster reproduced in a postcard series by "Kontakt-Kul'tura," 2006. The original is attributed to the artist V. Govorkov, a prominent poster designer of the 1950s.
127. Po turistskim tropam Kryma, 1958 color film, Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi arkhiv kino-foto-dokumentov, no. 15473.
128. GARF, f. 9493, op. 8, d. 4 (reports in the Central Committee of the Communist Party and correspondence with the Council of Ministers of the USSR and RSFSR and others on the status and plans for developing spas, July-Dec. 1960), l. 14 (20 July 1960 letter to Council of Ministers from trade union chief Grishin).
129. GARF, f. 9493, op. 8, d. 698, l. 108.
130. GARF, f. 9559, op. 1, d. 977 (stenographic report of seminar of heads of health camps, 25 Apr. 1967), ll. 26-28.
131. GARF, f. 9559, op. 1, d. 1193 (notes and reports on the work of sports-health camps of trade union voluntary sports societies for 1969), ll. 76, 88,105.
132. GARF, f. 9520, op. 1, d. 750, ll. 21-22, 38.
133. GARF, f. 9520, op. 1, d. 1272 (stenographic report of third plenum of central council on tourism and excursions, 16 July 1969), ll. 9-52 (keynote report by chairman A. Kh. Abukov), 151 (remarks by S. I. Pisarev, director of Evpatoriia tourist base).
134. GARF, f. 9493, op. 8, d. 1669 (stenographic report of all-union conference of executive staff members of trade union spa institutions on results of work of the 15th congress of trade unions and tasks of spa institutions, Moscow, 24 Apr. 1972), l. 30.
135. Total sanatoria figures from Narodnoe khoziaistvo SSSR v 1973 godu, 642.
136. GARF, f. 9520, op. 1, d. 1910, l. 316.
137. GARF, f. 9520, op. 1, d. 2077 (stenographic report of meeting of central council for tourism and excursions, 16 Apr. 1975), l. 20
138. Narodnoe khoziaistvo SSSR v 1974, 617.
139. GARF, f. 9520, op. 1, d. 2077, l. 57
140. GARF, f. 9520, op. 1, d. 1272, ll. 150-55
141. Turistskie marshruty na 1967, 50, 78, 82. According to this guide, the Evpatoriia base was one of only three open for "parents with children" in 1967. The purposefulness of this family-centered vacation contrasts markedly with the dominant ethos of the contemporaneous Club Méditerranée, founded in 1950 to feature "self-indulgent physical pleasure and a break from habitual social relations" (Furlough, "Packaging Pleasures," 66).
142. GARF, f. 9493, op. 8, d. 2303 (minutes, stenographic report, and decisions of meeting of central council on administration of trade union spas, 20 Jan. 1976), ll. 106-9.
143. GARF, f. 9493, op. 8, d. 326 (stenographic report of conference of executive staff of trade union spas and rest homes, 30-31 Jan. 1962), ll. 164-65.
144. GARF, f. 9493, op. 8, d. 227 (stenographic report of all-union conference of executive staff of spas and rest homes, 27-28 Feb. 1961), ll. 23, 91-92.
145. GARF, f. 9493, op. 8, d. 326, l. 165.
146. GARF, f. 9493, op. 8, d. 2303, l. 53 (opening report by chairman I. I. Kozlov).
147. GAGS, f. R-24, op. 1, d. 927 (articles and items from newspapers about Sochi spas for 1959), l. 1 (Adlerskaia Pravda, 15 Apr. 1959).
148. Christian Noack, "Coping with the Tourist: Planned and 'Wild' Mass Tourism on the Soviet Black Sea Coast," in, Anne E. Gorsuch and D. P. Koenker, eds., Turizm: The Russian and East European Tourist under Capitalism and Socialism (Ithaca, 2006), 281-304.
149. Grushin, Chetyre zhizni, 144, 148, 154
150. Azar, Otdykh trudiashchikhsia, 51-52.
151. Azar, Otdykh trudiashchikhsia, 15.
152. GARF, f. 9520, op. 1, d. 1272, l. 33.
153. A. Kh. Abukov, Turizm na novom etape: Sotsial'nye aspekty razvitiia turizma v SSSR (Moscow, 1983), 86.
154. Soviet planners insisted on allowing for 350-500 square meters per vacationer, compared to 150 at Bulgaria's best resort complex, and 85 in Romanian resorts. V. I. Azar, Ekonomika i organizatsiia turizma (Metodologicheskie voprosy) (Moscow, 1972), 162.
155. Liudmila Kuznetsova has written on the preference for a monumental style of Soviet resort architecture in L. A. Kuznetsova, "Provintsial'naia arkhitektura 'Bol'shogo Stilia' kak sotsiokul'turnoe iavlenie na primere goroda Permi i kurorta Ust'-Kachka," diploma thesis, Perm State University, 2006, ch. 3.
156. GARF f. 9493, op. 8, d. 227, l. 129.
157. This was true at least when I last used the airport in October 2006. A fully modern air terminal was promised in time for the Sochi Winter Olympic Games in 2014.