Working at Play: A History of Vacations in the United States

Working at Play: A History of Vacations in the United States

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 1-336

  Aron, Cindy S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

Author keywords

19th century; Americans; Cures; Health; Middle class; Railroads; Vacation spots; Vacationing; Vacations

Indexed keywords

EID: 84898374833     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195142341.001.0001     Document Type: Book

References (561)

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67. T.J. Jackson Lears, No Place of Grace: Antimodernism and the Transformation of American Culture, 1880-1920 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983).
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69. John F. Kasson, Amusing the Million: Coney Island at the Turn of the Century (New York: Hill and Wang, 1978).
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71. Belasco, Americans on the Road, 106-7.
72. Janet Schulte, "'Summer Homes': A History of Family Summer Vacation Communities in Northern New England, 1880-1940," (Ph.D. diss., Brandeis University, 1993), 191-92
73. Charles E. Funnell, By the Beautiful Sea: The Rise and High Times of That Great American Resort, Atlantic City (New Brunswick, NJ.: Rutgers University Press, 1983), 93.
74. Shirlee Taylor Haizlip, "The Black Resort," American Legacy 2 (summer 1996): 11-21.
75. Marsha Dean Phelts, An American Beach for African Americans (Gainesville, Fla.: University Press of Florida, 1997).
76. Carroll Greene Jr., "Summertime-In the Highland Beach Tradition," American Visions 1 (July 1986): 46-50.
77. Mary Church Terrell, A Colored Woman in a White World (Washington, D.C.: Ransdell, Inc., 1940): 239-40.
78. Jacqueline L. Holland, "The African American Presence on Martha's Vineyard," The Dukes County Intelligencer 33 (August 1991), 3-26.
79. Adelaide M. Cromwell, "The History of Oak Bluffs as a Popular Resort for Blacks," The Dukes County Intelligencer 26 (August 1984): 3-26.
80. John Fraser Hart, "A Rural Retreat for Northern Negroes," The Geographical Review 1 (April 1960): 156-58.
81. Alice Rhine, "Race Prejudice at Summer Resorts," The Forum 3 (July 1887): 523-31.
82. Stephen Birmingham, "Our Crowd": The Great Jewish Families of New York (New York: Harper and Row, 1967), ch. 18.
83. Stefan Kanfer, A Summer World (New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 1989), 40-42.
84. Abraham Cahan, The Rise of David Levinksy (New York: Penguin Books, 1993), 403-5.
85. N.B. Fagin, "East Siders in the Mountains," The Survey (15 July 1923): 443-44.
86. Harry Gersh, "'Kochalein': Poor Man's Shangri-La," in Commentary on the American Scene: Portraits of Jewish Life in America, ed. Elliot Cohen (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1953), 161-77.
87. Susan Stone Wong, "From Soul to Strawberries: The International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union and Workers' Education, 1914-1950," in Sisterhood and Solidarity: Workers' Education for Women, 1914-1984, ed. Joyce L. Kornbluh and Mary Frederickson (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1984), 41.
88. Myra Beth Young Armstead, "The History of Blacks in Resort Towns: Newport, Rhode Island and Saratoga Springs, New York," (Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago, 1987).
89. David Nasaw, Going Out: The Rise and Fall of Public Amusements (New York: Basic Books, 1993), 1-2.
90. John M. Hepler, "Sanitation Problems in Resorts and Tourist Camps," American Journal of Public Health 14 (September 1924): 925-26.
91. Kathy Peiss, Cheap Amusements: Working Women and Leisure in Turn-of-the Century New York (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1986).
92. Anna Steese Richardson, "Etiquette at a Glance: Some Vacation Pointers," Woman's Home Companion 54 (July 1927): 40.
93. Margaret Sangster, "Summer Holidays," Woman's Home Companion 32 (July 1905): 26.
94. New York Times, 26 August 1910, p. 6.
95. "As To Vacations," The World Today 8 (June 1905): 569-70.
96. Harvey M. Wiley, "Vacation Vaticinations," Good Housekeeping 63 (July 1916): 80-84.
97. Ruth Harger, "Vacation Experiences: On a Mountain Shelf," The Independent 68 (2 June 1910): 1196-97.
98. Ruth Harger, "Vacation Experiences: On a Mountain Shelf," The Independent 68 (2 June 1910): 1196-97.
99. J.R. Vedder, "Our Gypsy Vacation: Real Vacations for Little Money," Woman's Home Companion 41 (August 1915): 18.
100. "Vacation Days: Seven on Four Wheels," Colliers 45 (9 July 1910): 16.
101. "The Business Girls' Two-Weeks' Vacation," Ladies Home Journal 27 (May 1910): 32.
102. "Vacation Experiences: Six Hundred Miles in a Buggy," The Independent 68 (2 June 1910): 1182.
103. "Where to Spend Your Vacation," Woman's Home Companion 40 (August 1913): 22.
104. George E. Walsh, "A Motorboat Vacation," Country Life in America 18 (May 1910): 110.
105. Herbert Whyte, "Vacation in a Canoe," The Outing Magazine 56 (June 1910): 382-84.
106. Edward I. Pratt, "A Three-Dollar Houseboat Vacation," Country Life in America 18 (June 1910): 210-11.
107. "Vacation Experiences: In a Canoe," The Independents 68 (2 June 1910): 1191-92.
108. "Vacation Experiences: In Bonnie Maryland," The Independent 72 (6 June 1912): 1227-28.
109. Beatrice Griswold, "Vacations Days on a Houseboat," Craftsman 24 (July 1914): 402-9.
110. "Vacation Experiences: Canoe Cruising," The Independent 74 (5 June 1913): 1273-74.
111. Herbert Whyte, "Vacations in a Canoe," The Outing Magazine 56 (June 1910): 382-84.
112. Edward I. Pratt, "A Three-Dollar Houseboat Vacation," Country Life in America 18 (June 1910): 210-11.
113. W.P. Stephens, "The Vacation Cruise," Country Life in America 18 (September 1910): 546-47.
114. H.W. Dewey, "Vacations for Everybody," Woman's Home Companion 39 (May 1912): 47.
115. "New Ways to Take a Vacation," Women's Home Companion 40 (July 1913): 31.
116. "Delightful Vacations at Little Cost," Women's Home Companion 40 (May 1913): 25-26.
117. "Real Vacations for Little Money," Woman's Home Companion 41 (August 1915): 18.
118. "Vacations as a Business Asset," Current Opinion 60 (April 1916): 289-96.
119. "An Enforced Vacation," The Outlook 114 (20 September 1914): 152-54.
120. "New Ways to Take a Vacation," Woman's Home Companion 40 (July 1913): 31.
121. "The Business Girls' Vacation," Woman's Home Companion 41 (July 1914): 5, 40.
122. "Vacation Experiences: In the Sugar Bush," The Independent 70 (1 June 1911): 1170.
123. "Vacation Experiences: A Factory Girl's Vacation," The Independent 72 (6 June 1912): 1215.
124. "A Factory Girl's Vacation," The Literary Digest 44 (June 1912): 1309-11.
125. "Vacation Experiences Symposium: A Haying Vacation," The Independent 66 (3 June 1909): 1218.
126. Frederick Brush, "Vacation Days: The Hayin'," Colliers 49 (10 July 1909): 9.
127. "Delightful Vacations at Little Cost," 25-26.
128. "Ways and Means of Taking a Vacation: A Dozen Contributions from the Companion Contest," Woman's Home Companion 41 (June 1914): 8.
129. "Vacation Days," Colliers 57 (5 August 1911): 16-19.
130. "Good Times that Cost Next To Nothing," Woman's Home Companion 41 (August 1914): 22.
131. "The Business Girls Vacation," 40.
132. "Plan Your Vacation Early," Women's Home Companion 41 (May 1914): 35.
133. "New Ways to Take a Vacation," Women's Home Companion 40 (July 1913): 31.
134. "Vacation Days: Changing Workshops," Colliers 47 (5 August 1911): 19.
135. "Vacation Days: Seven on Four Wheels," Colliers 45 (9 July 1910): 16.
136. Leonard Hatch, "Billy Gets Back to Work," Colliers 70 (9 September 1922): 28.
137. Floyd W. Parsons, "Everybody's Business," The Saturday Evening Post 195 (6 May 1922): 34.
138. "Longer Vacations," The New Republic 27 (10 August 1921): 286-87.
139. Wallace Meyer, "After All, This is World for Well People," The Magazine of Business 54 (August 1928): 140-44.
140. "A Vacation for Farmers," The Playground 17 (January 1924): 574-75.
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156. Bruce C. Daniels, Puritans at Play: Leisure and Recreation in Colonial New England (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995), ch. 4.
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161. Paul M. Gaston, The New South Creed: A Study in Southern Mythmaking (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1970), 107-13.
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164. Sara Evan, Born for Liberty: A History of Women in America (New York: Free Press, 1989), 130-43.
165. Benjamin Kline Hunnicutt, Work Without End: Abandoning Shorter Hours for the Right to Work (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1988), 1.
166. "Should Ministers Have a Vacation?" Literary Digest 110 (8 August 1931): 21-22.
167. William E. Leuchtenburg, Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1932-1940 (New York: Harper and Row, 1963), 1.
168. Jesse F. Steiner, Research Memorandum on Recreation in the Depression (New York: Social Science Research Council, 1937. reprinted by Arno Press, 1971), p. 95.
169. Harold Ickes, The Secret Diary of Harold Ickes (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1954), 2: 178-79.
170. G. William Domhoff, The Bohemian Grove and Other Retreats: A Study in Ruling-Class Cohesiveness (New York: Harper and Row, 1974).
171. Winifred Woodley, Two and Three Make One (New York: Crown Publishers, 1956), 53, 70.
172. Ann Marie Low, Dust Bowl Diary (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1984), 86-88
173. Daniel Horowitz, The Morality of Spending: Attitudes Toward the Consumer Society in America, 1875-1940 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985), 153-61.
174. Warren Belasco, Americans on the Road: From Autocamp to Motel, 1910-1945 (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1979), 142-43.
175. The Negro Motorist Green Book (N.Y.: Victor H. Green, 1938).
176. "Vacation Practices and Policies in New York City in 1932," Monthly Labor Review 35 (September 1932): 533-34.
177. "'Wageless' Vacations Help to Keep Payrolls Down," The Business Week (6 July 1932): 10.
178. "Vacations with Pay for Wage Earners," Monthly Labor Review 40 (June 1935): 1494-99.
179. Vacations With Pay for Wage Earners (New York: National Industrial Conference Board, 1935), 9-10.
180. "Vacations with Pay for Wage Earners," 1496. "Vacations in Manufacturing Industries in New York," Monthly Labor Review 32 (April 1931): 189-90.
181. Donna Allen, Fringe Benefits: Wages or Social Obligations? (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1964), 66.
182. U.S. Bureau of Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Vacations with Pay in Industry, 1937 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1939), 8, 2.
183. U.S. Dept. of Labor, Division of Labor Standards, Reports of Committees and Resolutions Adopted by Third Annual Conference on Labor Legislation: Report of Committee on Vacations with Pay (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1936), 23.
184. Ron Schatz, The Electrical Workers: A History of Labor at General Electric and Westinghouse, 1923-60 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1983), 150.
185. International Labour Conference, Holidays With Pay (Geneva: International Labour Office, 1935), 97-102.
186. Henry Pratt Fairchild, "Exit the Gospel of Work," Harper's (April 1931): 567.
187. "The New Leisure", The New Republic 137 (19 November 1933): 610-11.
188. Bertrand Russell, "In Praise of Idleness," Harper's Magazine 165 (October 1932): 558.
189. Arthur Newton Pack, The Challenge of Leisure (New York: Macmillan, 1934), 11.
190. Jesse Frederick Steiner, Americans At Play: Recent Trends in Recreation and Leisure Time Activities (New York: McGraw Hill, 1933).
191. George A. Lundberg et. al. Leisure: A Suburban Study (New York: Columbia University Press, 1934).
192. Jesse F. Steiner, Research Memorandum on Recreation in the Depression (New York: Social Science Research Council, 1937).
193. "Coming: The Age of Leisure," Literary Digest 112 (January 16, 1932): 26.
194. Fairchild, "Exit the Gospel of Work," 566-73.
195. Walter Lippmann, "Free Time and Extra Money," Woman's Home Companion 57 (April 1930): 31-32.
196. F. H. Allport, "This Coming Era of Leisure," Harper's Magazine 163 (November 1931): 641-52.
197. A. Pond, "Out of Unemployment, Into Leisure," Atlantic 146 (December 1930): 784-92.
198. H.I. Phillips, "Have a Good Time," Collier's 93 (21 April 1934): 20.
199. Russell, "In Praise of Idleness," 552-59.
200. Richard Wightman Fox and TJ. Jackson Lears, ed. The Culture of Consumption: Critical Essays in American History 1889-1980 (New York: Pantheon Books, 1983), ix-xiii.
201. "National Recovery Administration Acts to Teach Workers to Play," Recreation 27 (December 1933): 403.
202. Nicholas Murray Butler, "Leisure and Its Use," Recreation 23 (August 1934): 219.
203. "Organizing for Leisure," The Survey 62 (December 1933): 405.
204. Anna Steese Richardson, "These Changing Vacations," Woman's Home Companion 64 (July 1937): 6.
205. Marese Eliot, "Why Not a Stay-at-Home Vacation?" Recreational (May 1937): 91-92, 115-16.
206. Clara Ingram Johnson, "The Homemaker's Vacation," Ladies Home Journal 47 (August 1930): 74.
207. Leon Meadow, "Double Dividends from Sunshine Preferred," Popular Science Monthly 119 (July 1931): 4-5.
208. "Pack Up Your Family and Go!" Ladies Home Journal 49 (July 1932): 12-13.
209. Frank J. Taylor, "Tips for the Two-Week Vacationists," Better Homes and Gardens 9 (June 1931): 13.
210. Mrs. Franklin D. Roosevelt, "By Car & Tent," Woman's Home Companion 61 (August 1934): 4.
211. Grace Higgins, "Match Yourself to a Vacation," Ladies Home Journal 48 (June 1931): 17, 126.
212. William Lyon Phelps, "Don't Sleep Through the Summer," The Delineator 118 (May 1931): 9, 101.
213. "Holiday Time," Nature Magazine 17 (June 1931): 361.
214. "The Challenge of the Vacation," Hygeia: The Health Magazine 12 (January-December 1934): 652.
215. Joseph F. Kett, Pursuit of Knowledge Under Difficulties: From Self-Improvement to Adult Education in America, 1750-7990 (Stanford, CA.: Stanford University Press, 1994), 381-89.
216. Barbara Melosh, Engendering Culture: Manhood and Womanhood in New Deal Public Art and Theater (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1991).
217. Jane De Hart Matthews, The Federal Theatre, 1935-7939: Plays, Relief, and Politics (New York: Octagon Books, 1980).
218. "Summer Has Its Springs of Learning," New York Times Magazine (6 July 1930), 11.
219. Dr. Walter Eddy, "Why Is a Vacation?" Good Housekeeping 105 (August 1937), 86-87.
220. R.M. Warren, Chautauqua Sketches: Fair Point and the Sunday-School Assembly (Buffalo: H.H. Otis, 1878), 69.
221. Ellen Weiss, City in the Woods: The Life and Design of an American Camp Meeting on Martha's Vineyard (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 30-31, 64.
222. Dona Brown, Inventing New England: Regional Tourism in the Nineteenth Century (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1995), ch. 3.
223. Harold Wilson, The Story of the Jersey Shore (Princeton, N.J.: D. Van Nostrand Co., 1964), 51.
224. Glenn Uminowicz, "Recreation in a Christian America: Ocean Grove and Asbury Park, New Jersey, 1869-1914," in Hard at Play: Leisure in America, 1840-1940, ed. Kathryn Grover (Amherst, Mass.: The University of Massachusetts Press, 1992), 8-38.
225. Act of Incorporation and By Laws of the Rehoboth Beach Camp Meeting Association of the M.E. Church (Wilmington, James & Webb Printers, 1873), 3-4, 11, 17-18.
226. Keith J. Fennimore, The Heritage of Bay View, 1875-1975 (Grand Rapids, Mich.: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1975).
227. Richard Fox, "The Discipline of Amusement," in Inventing Times Square: Commerce and Culture at the Crossroads of the World, ed. William R. Taylor (New York: Russel Sage Foundation, 1991), 90.
228. Laurence Moore, Selling God: American Religion in the Marketpace of Culture (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 160-62.
229. Frederick A. Norwood, The Story of American Methodism: A History of the United Methodists and Their Relations (New York: Abingdon Press, 1974), 254-55, 259.
230. George E. Thomas and Carl Doebley, Cape May, Queen of the Seaside Resorts: Its History and Architecture (Philadelphia: Art Alliance Press, 1976), 30-31.
231. New York Times, 17 July 1875, p. 5.
232. Larry E. Burgess, Mohonk: Its People and Spirit: A History of One Hundred Years of Growth and Service (New Paltz, New York: Mohonk Mountain House, 1980), 15-20.
233. Benjamin Elberfield Atkins, Extracts from the Diary of Benjamin Elberfield Atkins: "A Teacher of the Old School," ed. Emma D. Atkins and Jas. W. Atkins (Gastonia, N.C., privately published, 1947), 57
234. Rebecca Richmond, Chautauqua: An American Place (New York: Duell, Sloan Pearce, 1943), 59.
235. Theodore Morrison, Chautauqua: A Center for Education, Religion, and the Arts in America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974), 32-33.
236. John Vincent, The Chautauqua Movement (Freeport, N.Y: Books for Libraries Press, 1971, first published 1885), 6.
237. Alfreda Irwin, Three Taps of the Gavel: Pledge to the Future: The Chautauqua Story (Chautauqua, N.Y: The Chautauqua Institution, 1987), 12-16.
238. Foster Rhea Dulles, America Learns to Play: A History of Popular Recreation, 1607-1940 (New York: Appleton-Century Co., 1940), 92.
239. Carl Bode, The American Lyceum: Town Meeting of the Mind (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1968), 11-12.
240. Joseph F. Kett, The Pursuit of Knowledge Under Difficulties: From Self-Improvement to Adult Education in America, 1750-1990 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994), 38-39.
241. Lawrence W. Levine, Highbrow Lowbrow: The Emergence of Cultural Hierarchy in America (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1988), ch. 1.
242. Elliot Gorn and Warren Goldstein, A Brief History of American Sports (New York: Hill and Wang, 1993), ch. 3.
243. David Nasaw, Going Out: The Rise and Fall of Public Amusements (New York: Basic Books, 1993).
244. "Editor's Notebook," The Chautauquan 1 (March 1881): 283.
245. Louisa Roberts, A Biographical Sketch of Louisa Roberts (Philadelphia: Press of Alfred J. Ferris, 1895), 189-90.
246. Benjamin W. Griffin, "Csardas at Salt Springs: Southern Culture in 1888," The Georgia Review 26 (spring 1972): 53-54, 58.
247. W. Stuart Towns, "The Florida Chautauqua: A Case Study in American Education," The Southern Speech Communication Journal 42 (spring 1977): 228-45.
248. Report of the Commissioner of Education for the Year 1897-1892 (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1894) 2:937-45.
249. Hjalmar Hjorth Boyesen, "The Chautauqua Movement," Cosmopolitan 19 (May 1895): 147.
250. Ida Tarbell, All in the Day's Work: An Autobiography (New York: Macmilllan, 1939), 68.
251. R.M. Warren, Chautauqua Sketches: Fair Point and the Sunday-School Assembly, (Buffalo: H.H. Otis, 1878), 107.
252. Henry Berkowitz, "The Jewish Chautauqua Society," The Chautauquan 38 (July 1904), 447-48.
253. New York Times, 22 July 1900, p. 15.
254. Vincent, Chautauqua Movement, 53.
255. Barbara Miller Solomon, In the Company of Educated Women: A History of Women and Higher Education in America (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985), 633-34.
256. Charlotte Perkins Gilman, "A Sensible Vacation," The Independent 60 (7 June 1906): 1338-39.
257. Glenda Gilmore, Gender and Jim Crow: Women and the Politics of White Supremacy in North Carolina, 1896-1920 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996).
258. Evelyn Brooks-Higginbotham, Righteous Discontent: The Women's Movement in the Black Baptist Church, 1880-1920 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1992).
259. Janette Thomas Greenwood, Bittersweet Legacy: The Black and White 'Better Classes' in Charlotte, 1850-1910 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994).
260. Willard B. Gatewood, Aristocrats of Color: The Black Elite, 1880-1920 (Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1990).
261. "Chautauqua, 1887," The Chautauquan 7 (May 1887): 510-11.
262. Chancellor Vincent, "Going to the Assembly," The Chautauquan 11 (August 1890): 588-90.
263. Albert S. Cook, "Chautauqua: Its Aims and Influence," The Forum 10 (August 1895): 690.
264. S.R. Stoddard, Lake George and Lake Champlain (Glen Falls, N.Y: Published by the Author, 1891), 35-36.
265. "Bicycling at Chautauqua," The Chautauquan 33 (June 1901): 311-12.
266. Stephen M. Dale, "What People Do at Chautauqua," Ladies Home Journal: 21 (July 1904), 8.
267. Charles G. Dawes, A Journal of the McKinley Years, ed. Bas-com N. Timmons (Chicago: The Lakeside Press, RR. Donnelley & Co., 1950), 443-49.
268. David Nasaw, Going Out: The Rise and Fall of Public Amusement (New York: Basic Books, 1993).
269. Lewis Ehrenberg, Steppin' Out: New York Nightlife and the Transformation of American Culture 1890-7930 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981).
270. Robert S. Lynd and Helen Merrell Lynd, Middletown: A Study in Modern American Culture (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1929), ch. 18.
271. Jacqueline Dowd Hall, "Disorderly Women: Gender and Labor Militancy in the Appalachian South," Journal of American History 73 (September 1986): 354-82.
272. Carl Bridenbaugh, ed., Gentleman's Progress: The Itinerarium of Dr. Alexander Hamilton, 1744 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1948).
273. Barbara G. Carson, "Early American Tourists and the Commercialization of Leisure," in Of Consuming Interest: The Styles of Life in the Eighteenth Century, ed. Cary Carson et. al. (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1994), 373-405.
274. Richard L. Bushman, The Refinement of American Culture: Persons, Houses, Cities (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1992).
275. Carl Bridenbaugh, "Colonial Newport at a Summer Resort," Rhode Island Historical Society Collections 26 (January 1933): 1-23.
276. Carl Bridenbaugh, "Baths and Watering Places of Colonial America," William and Mary Quarterly 3 (April 1946): 151-81.
277. Paul P. Bernard, Rush to the Alps: The Evolution of Vacationing in Switzerland (New York: Columbia University Press, 1978) 72-75.
278. James Walvin, Beside the Seaside: A Social History of the Popular Seaside Holiday (London: Penguin Books, 1978).
279. Philip Hone, The Diary of Philip Hone, 1828-1851, ed. Allan Nevins (New York: Dodd, Mead & Co, 1936), 74.
280. George Templeton Strong, The Diary of George Templeton Strong (New York: MacMillan, 1952), 2:177.
281. Charles Francis Adams, Diary of Charles Francis Adams, ed. Aida Di Pace Donald and David Donald (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1968), 4:317.
282. Patricia Click, The Spirit of the Times: Amusements in Nineteenth-Century Baltimore, Norfolk, & Richmond (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1989), ch. 6.
283. Charlene Boyer Lewis, "Ladies and Gentlemen on Display: Planter Society at the Virginia Springs, 1790-1860" (Ph.D. diss., University of Virginia, 1997).
284. Albert Virgil House, ed., Planter Management and Capitalism in Ante Bellum Georgia: The Journal of Hugh Fraser Grant, Ricegrower (New York: Columbia University Press, 1954), 106-7.
285. James Bordley III and A. McGehee Harvey, Two Centuries of American Medicine, 1776-1976 (Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1976).
286. Richard Shryock, Medicine and Society in America, 1660-1860(New York: New York University Press, 1960).
287. William G. Rothstein, American Physicians in the Nineteenth Century: From Sects to Science (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1972).
288. Susan E. Cayleff, Wash and Be Healed: The Water-Cure Movement and Women's Health (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1987).
289. Harvey Green, Fit for America: Health, Fitness, Sport and American Society (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986).
290. Jane B. Donegan, "Hydropathic Highway to Health": Women and Water-Cure in Antebellum America (New York: Greenwood Press, 1986).
291. James Gregory, A Dissertation on the Influence of a Change of Climate in Curing Diseases, trans. William P.C. Barton, M.D. (Philadelphia: Thomas Dobson, 1815), 18-19.
292. James B. Clark, The Influence of Climate in the Prevention and Cure of Chronic Diseases (London: Thomas and George Underwood, 1829), 8-9.
293. "The Medical Philosophy of Travelling," United States Democratic Review 13 (July 1843): 51-70.
294. A.P. Buchan, A Treatise on Sea Bathing (London: T. Cadell and W. Davies, 1810).
295. Robley Dunglison, On the Influence of Atmosphere and Locality; Change of Air and Climate; Seasons; Food; Clothing; Bathing; ... etc. etc. on Human Health; Constituting Elements of Hygiene (Philadelphia: Carey, Lea & Blanchard, 1835), 152.
296. Gregory, Influence of Climate, 18-19, 21-22, 49.
297. John Bell, The Mineral and Thermal Springs of the United States and Canada (Philadelphia: Parry and McMillan, 1855), 17-18.
298. Henry Huntt, A Visit to the Red Sulphur Spring of Virginia, During the Summer of 1837: With Observations on the Waters (Boston: Dutton and Wentworth, 1839) 3.
299. Thomas Goode, The Invalid's Guide to the Virginia Hot Springs (Richmond: P.D. Bernard, 1846), 42-58.
300. George R. Taylor, The Transportation Revolution, 1815-1860 (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1968).
301. Carol Sheriff, The Artificial River: The Erie Canal and the Paradox of Progress, 1817-1962 (New York: Hill and Wang, 1996).
302. Philip Stansbury, A Pedestrian Tour (New York: J.D. Myers and W. Smith, 1822), 1884.
303. Dee Brown, The America Spa: Hot Springs, Arkansas (Little Rock: Rose Publishing Company, 1982), 12-13.
304. Ruth Irene Jones, "Hot Springs: Antebellum Watering Place," Arkansas Historical Quarterly 14 (spring 1955): 3-31.
305. Marshall Fishwick, Springlore in Virginia (Bowling Green, Ohio: Bowling Green State University Popular Press, 1978).
306. Stan Cohen, Historic Springs of the Virginias: A Pictorial History (Charleston, W.Va.: Pictorial Histories, 1981).
307. Alain Corbin, The Lure of the Sea: The Discovery of the Seaside in the Western World 1750-1840 (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1994), 164
308. George H. Gibson, ed., "William Brobson's Diary, 1825-1828," Delaware History 15 (April 1972): 80.
309. George E. Thomas and Carl Doebley, Cape May: Queen of the Seaside Resorts (Philadelphia: Art Alliance Press, 1976), 21 and ch. 4.
310. Jeffery M. Dorwart, Cape May County, New Jersey: The Making of an American Resort Community (New Brunswick, N. J.: Rutgers University Press, 1992), ch. 4.
311. M.A. De Wolfe Howe, ed., The Articulate Sisters: Passages from the Journals and Letters of the Daughters of President Josiah Quincy of Harvard University (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1946), 52.
312. Hans Huth, Nature and the American: Three Centuries of Changing Attitudes (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1957), 112-14.
313. Richard O'Connor, The Golden Summers: An Antic History of Newport (New York: G. P. Putnam's & Sons, 1974), 17.
314. "The Medical Philosophy of Travelling," United States Democratic Review 13 (July 1843): 51-70.
315. Anna Eliza Safford, A Memoir of Daniel Safford (Boston: American Tract Society, 1861), 297-99.
316. Rutherford B. Hayes, Diary and Letters of Rutherford Birchard Hayes, ed. Charles Richard Williams (Columbus: Ohio State Archeological and Historical Society, 1922), 1:202-18.
317. F.W. Gilmer "Peachy," July 1816
318. Charles Latrobe, The Rambler in North America 1822-1823 (London: R.B. Seeley and W. Burnside, 1836) 2:130.
319. Samuel Dawson, "High Life At Saratoga-1837," American Heritage 18 (June 1967): 107.
320. Caroline Gilman, The Poetry of Travel in the U.S. (New York: S. Colman, 1838), 85-86.
321. William Hoyt, Jr. "Journey to the Springs, 1846," Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 54 (1946): 127-28.
322. Carol E. Hoffecker, ed., "The Diaries of Edmund Canby, A Quaker Miller, 1822-1848," Delaware History 16 (spring/summer 1975): 203.
323. Dorwart, Cape May County, New Jersey, 70-71.
324. Achille Murat, A Moral and Political Sketch of the United States of North America (London: Effingham Wilson, 1833), 358.
325. Elliott Gorn and Warren Goldstein, A Brief History of American Sports (New York: Hill and Wang, 1993).
326. John Mack Faragher, Women and Men on the Overland Trail (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979), ch. 5.
327. Catharine M. Sedgwick, Life and Letters of Catharine M. Sedgwick, ed. Mary E. Dewey (New York: Harper & Bros., 1871), 217, 234-36, 240.
328. Sidney George Fisher, A Philadelphia Perspective: The Diary of Sidney George Fisher Covering the Years 1834-71, ed. Nicholas B. Wainwright (Philadelphia: Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1967), 55-58, 82-83.
329. Edward Wagenknecht, ed., Mrs. Longfellow: Selected Letters and Journals of Fanny Appleton Longfellow (1817-1861) (New York: Longmans, Green and Co., 1956), 52-54, 92, 139-40, 189-90.
330. Adolphus Sterne, Hurrah for Texas! The Diary of Adolphus Sterne, 1838-1851, ed. Archie P. McDonald (Waco, Tex.: Texian Press, 1969).
331. Margaret L. Brown, ed., "John Peters' Diary of 1838-41," Mississippi Valley Historical Review 21 (1934-35): 529-42.
332. Hezekiah Prince Jr., Journals of Hezekiah Prince, Jr. 1822-1828 (New York: Crown Publishers, 1965), 313-14.
333. Charles A. Johnson, The Frontier Camp Meeting: Religion's Harvest Time (Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press, 1955), 87, 109, 210.
334. Dickson D. Bruce, And They All Sang Hallelujah: Plain-Folk Camp-Meeting Religion, 1800-1845 (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1974), 54.
335. Bernard A. Weisberger, They Gathered at the River: The Story of the Great Revivalists and Their Impact Upon Religion in America (Boston: Little, Brown 1958), 37.
336. William Warren Sweet, Methodism in American History (New York: Abingdon Press, 1953), 160.
337. Johnson, Frontier Camp Meeting, 70, 85.
338. Solon J. Buck, ed., "Selections from the Journal of Lucien C. Boynton, 1835-53," Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society 43 (October 1933): 351.
339. Charles Francis Adams, "Journal of Vacation spent in Washington in the winter of my Junior year. ..."
340. Adams, Diary of Charles Adams, 1: 9.
341. Charlotte L. Forten, The Journal of Charlotte L. Forten: A Free Negro in the Slave Era, ed. Ray Allen Billington (New York: Collier Books, 1961), 56, 76.
342. Elizabeth Curtis, comp. Letters and Journals of William Edmond Curtis (New York: Eliz. Curtis, 1926), 144, 150.
343. T. Addison Richards, Appleton's Illustrated Hand-Book of American Travel (New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1857), 9-10.
344. Richard Henry Dana Jr., The Journal of Richard Henry Dana, Jr., ed. Robert F. Lucid (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1968), 2:692, 822.
345. Hayes, Diary and Letters, 1:418.
346. M. J. Merwin, "The Wilds of Northern New York," Putnam's Monthly Magazine 4 (September 1854): 269-70.
347. Edward Everett Hale, "Public Amusements and Public Morality," Christian Examiner 62 (July 1857): 52.
348. J.D.B. De Bow, Statistical View of the United States (New York: Normal Ross Publishing, 1990), 192.
349. Foster Rhea Dulles, America Learns to Play: A History of Popular Recreation, 1607-1940 (New York: D. Appleton-Century Co., 1940).
350. Gorn and Goldstein, Brief History of American Sports.
351. Richard Wightman Fox, "The Discipline of Amusement," in Inventing Times Square: Commerce and Culture at the Crossroads of the World, ed. William R. Taylor (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1991): 84-86.
352. Edmund S. Morgan, "Puritan Hostility to the Theatre," Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 110 (October 1966): 341.
353. "Amusements," New Englander 9 (August 1851): 347-48.
354. "Amusements," New Englander 26 (July 1867): 400-24.
355. R. Laurence Moore, Selling God: American Religion in the Marketplace of Culture (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 100-102.
356. Isaac Mickle, A Gentleman of Much Promise: The Diary of Isaac Mickle, 1837-1845, ed. Philip English Mackey (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1977): 2:252, 359
357. William Ellery Channing, The Works of William E. Channing, D.D. (Boston: American Unitarian Association, 1890), 110-12.
358. "Amusements," Christian Examiner 45 (September 1848): 158, 162, 163.
359. Frederic W. Sawyer, A Plea for Amusements (New York: Appleton and Co., 1847).
360. Horace Bushnell, Work and Play (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1883), 12-20
361. Daniel T. Rodgers, The Work Ethic in Industrial America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974), 96.
362. Henry Ward Beecher, Addresses to Young Men (Philadelphia: Henry Altemus Company, 1895).
363. Rodgers, Work Ethic in Industrial America, 12-13.
364. Moore, Selling God, 95-96.
365. Fox, "Discipline of Amusement," 87-88.
366. William G. McLoughlin, The Meaning of Henry Ward Beecher: An Essay on the Shifting Values of Mid-Victorian America, 1840-1870 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1970), 101, 111.
367. Henry Ward Beecher, Star Papers: or Experiences of Art and Nature (New York: J.C. Derby, 1855), 262.
368. Edmund Morgan, American Slavery, American Freedom (New York: Norton, 1975).
369. Mechal Sobel, The World They Made Together: Black and White Values in Eighteenth-Century Virginia (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987), ch. 5.
370. David Bertleson, The Lazy South (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967), 180.
371. Ted Ownby, Subduing Satan: Religion, Recreation and Manhood in the Rural South, 1865-1920 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1990), 12.
372. Thomas Wentworth Higginson, "Saints and Their Bodies," Atlantic Monthly 1 (March 1858): 582-95.
373. Thomas Wentworth Higginson, "Gymnastics," Atlantic Monthly 7 (March 1861): 283-302.
374. Neil Harris, Humbug: The Art of P.T. Barnum (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973).
375. Louisa Roberts, A Biographical Sketch of Louisa J. Roberts (Philadelphia: A.J. Ferris, 1895), 155-57.
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377. Olivier Zunz, Making America Corporate, 1870-1920 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990).
378. Cindy Sondik Aron, Ladies and Gentlemen of the Civil Service: Middle-Class Workers in Victorian America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987).
379. Alfred D. Chandler, Jr., The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 1977).
380. Stuart Blumin, The Emergence of the Middle Class: Social Experience in the American City, 1760-1900 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989).
381. Mary P. Ryan, The Cradle of the Middle Class: The Family in Oneida County, New York, 1790-1865 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981).
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383. Bruce A. Kimball, The "True Professional Ideal" in America: A History (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1992), 256-57.
384. David B. Tyack, The One Best System: A History of American Urban Education (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1975), 62.
385. Kimball, "True Professional Ideal," 262.
386. George M. Beard, American Nervousness: Its Causes and Consequences (New York: Putnam, 1881).
387. S. Weir Mitchell, Wear and Tear, or Hints for the Overworked (Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1871).
388. George Whitwell Parsons, The Private Journal of George Whitwell Parsons (Phoenix, Ariz.: Arizona Statewide Archival and Records Project, 1939), 15.
389. Daniel T. Rodgers, The Work Ethic in Industrial America 1850-1920 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974), 105.
390. Sidney George Fisher, A Philadelphia Perspective: The Diary of Sidney George Fisher Covering the Years 1834-1871, ed. Nicholas B. Wainwright (Philadelphia: Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1967), 197.
391. T. Addison Richards, "Landscape of the South," Harper's New Monthly Magazine 36 (May 1853): 721-33.
392. "Summer Travels in the South," Southern Quarterly Review 18 (September 1850): 24.
393. Randal W. McGavock, Pen and Sword, The Life and Journals of Randal W. McGavock, ed. Herschel Gower (Nashville: Tennessee Historical Commission, 1960), 427-28.
394. Charlene Boyer Lewis, "Ladies and Gentlemen on Display: Planter Society at the Virginia Springs, 1790-1860" (Ph.D. diss., University of Virginia, 1997).
395. John F. Stover, American Railroads (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997), 134.
396. Hugh DeSantis, "The Democratization of Travel: The Travel Agent in History," Journal of American Culture 1 (spring 1978): 3.
397. Charles E. Funnell, By the Beautifal Sea: The Rise and High Times of That Great American Resort, Atlantic City (New Brunwsick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1983), 5.
398. Robert S. Conte, The History of the Greenbrier: America's Resort (White Sulphur Springs, W. Va.: The Greenbrier, 1989), 75-76.
399. J.E. Cooke, "The White Sulphur Springs," Harper's New Monthly Magazine, 57 (August 1878): 337-55.
400. Charles H. Jones, Appletons' Hand-Book of American Travel: Southern Tour (New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1874), 90-91.
401. William Cronon, Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (New York: Norton, 1991), 382-83.
402. Dee Brown, The America Spa: Hot Springs, Arkansas (Little Rock: Rose Publishing Company, 1982), 22-23.
403. F. Mitchell, "Cape Cod," The Century Magazine 26 (September 1883): 658.
404. Felix L. Oswald, "Southern Summer Resorts: First Paper," Southern Bivouac 2 (June 1886-May 1887): 123-28.
405. Felix L. Oswald, "Southern Summer Resorts: Lookout Mountain and Caesar's Head," Southern Bivouac 2 (June 1886-May 1887): 190-94.
406. Felix L. Oswald, "Southern Summer Resorts: Tallulah and Montvale," Southern Bivouac 2 (October 1886): 165-71.
407. Frederick Stielow, "Grand Isle, Louisiana, and the 'New' Leisure, 1866-1893," Louisiana History 23 (summer 1982): 239-57.
408. Nina Silber, The Romance of Reunion: Northerners and the South, 1865-1900 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993), ch. 3.
409. Orville Hickman Browning, The Diary of Orville Hickman Browning, ed. Theodore Calvin Pease and James G. Randall (Springfield, Ill.: Springfield State Historical Library, 1925) 2:276-77, 455.
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413. Alfred Doten, The Journals of Alfred Doten, 1849-1903, ed. Walter Van Tilburg Clark (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1973), 2: 1171.
414. Appleton's General Guide to the United States and Canada: Western and Southern States (New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1888), 447.
415. Matthew P. Deady, Pharisee Among Philistines: The Diary of Judge Matthew P. Deady, 1871-1892, ed. Malcolm Clark Jr. (Portland: Oregon Historical Society, 1975), 1:133.
416. Kay Archuleta, Early Calistoga (Calistoga: Illumination Press, 1977), 1, 41.
417. J.A. Butler, "Some Western Resorts," Harper's New Monthly Magazine 65 (August 1882): 325.
418. "The Summer Exodus," Century Magazine, 28 (July 1889): 47-48.
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420. J.H. Browne, "The Queen of Aquidneck," Harper's New Monthly Magazine 49 (August 1874), 310.
421. Andrew D. White, The Diaries of Andrew D. White, ed. Robert Morris Ogden (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Library, 1959), 177.
422. Frank Graham Jr., The Adirondack Park: A Political History (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1984), 35.
423. John McCabe, Grand Hotel: Mackinac Island (Sault St. Marie, Mich.: The Unicorn Press, 1987), 41.
424. Scott Derks, ed., The Value of a Dollar: Prices and Incomes in the United States, 1860-1989 (Detroit, Mich.: Gayle Research, 1994), 26, 35, 39.
425. Philip. F. Brown, An Account of Blue Ridge Springs (New York: Leve & Alden Printing Co., 1885), 2.
426. Benjamin Elberfield Atkins, Extracts from the Diary of Benjamin Elberfield Atkins: "A Teacher of the Old School," comp. Emmet D Atkins and Jas W. Atkins (Gastonia, N.C.: Privately Published, 1947), 44-45.
427. Alfred Doten, The Journals of Alfred Doten 1849-1903, ed. Walter Van Tilburg Clark (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1973), 2:1201-3.
428. T. Addison Richards, "Cape May," The Knickerbocker 54 (August 1859): 121.
429. John Higham, "The Reorientation of American Culture in the 1890s," in The Origins of Modern Consciousness, ed. Horace John Weiss (Detroit, Mich.: Wayne State University Press, 1965), 25-48.
430. Foster Rhea Dulles, A History of Recreation: America Learns to Play, (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1965).
431. Elliot Gorn and Warren Goldstein, A Brief History of American Sports (New York: Hill and Wang), ch. 3.
432. Sheila M. Rothman, Woman's Proper Place (New York: Basic Books, 1978), 26-41.
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435. S. R. Stoddard, Lake George and Lake Champlain (Glen Falls, N.Y.: Published by the Author, 1891), 10.
436. John McCabe, Grand Hotel: Mackinac Island (Sault St. Marie, Michigan: The Unicorn Press, 1987), 55-66.
437. Frederick Stielow, "Grand Isle, Lousiana, and the 'New' Leisure, 1866-1893," Louisiana History 23 (summer 1982): 250.
438. Edward Wagenknecht, ed., Mrs. Longfellow: Selected Letters and Journals of Fanny Appleton Longfellow (1817-1861) (New York: Longmans, Green and Co., 1956), 190.
439. Matthew P. Deady, Pharisee Among Philistines: The Diary of Judge Matthew P. Deady, 1871-1892, ed. Malcolm Clark Jr. (Portland: Oregon Historical Society), 1:196.
440. "'May' in June," Lippincott's Magazine of Popular Literature and Science 16 (July 1865): 20.
441. Felicia Holt, "Promiscuous Bathing," Ladies Home Journal (August 1890), 6.
442. John R. Stilgoe, Alongshore (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994), 348.
443. J.H. Brown, "The Queen of Aquidneck," Harper's New Monthly Magazine 49 (August 1874): 312.
444. Estelle Freedman and John D'Emilio, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America (New York: Harper & Row, 1988).
445. Lucy Breckinridge, Lucy Breckinridge of Grove Hill: The Journal of a Virginia Girl, 1862-1864, ed. Mary D. Robertson (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1979), 119-20.
446. Nelson J. Callahan, ed., The Diary of Richard L. Burtsell, Priest of New York: The Early Years, 1865-1868 (New York: Arno Press, 1978), 122.
447. Sara Evans, Born for Liberty: A History of Women in America (New York: Free Press, 1989).
448. Barbara Miller Solomon, In The Company of Educated Women (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985), 50-54.
449. Helen Lefkowitz Horowitz, Campus Life: Undergraduate Cultures from the End of the Eighteenth Century to the Present (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1987), 195-201.
450. Cindy Sondik Aron, Ladies and Gentlemen of the Civil Service: Middle-Class Workers in Victorian America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987).
451. John F. Kasson, Rudeness and Civility: Manners in Nineteenth-Century Urban America (New York: Hill and Wang, 1990), 132-36.
452. Kathy Peiss, Cheap Amusements: Working Women and Leisure in Turn-of-the-Century New York (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1986).
453. Joanne Meyerowitz, Women Adrift: Independent Wage Earners in Chicago, 1880-1930 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988).
454. "Saratoga: The American Baden-Baden," Every Saturday 11 (9 September 1871): 261.
455. Theodore Ledyard Cuyler, Recollections of a Long Life: An Autobiography (New York: The Baker & Taylor Company, 1902), 226.
456. T.A. Richards, "Saratoga," Knickerbocker 54 (Sept., 1859), pp. 241-56.
457. Ernest Dubergier de Hauranne, A Frenchman in Lincoln's America, ed. Ralph Bowen (Chicago: R.R. Donnelley & Sons, 1974), 1:135-37.
458. Charles Richard Weld, A Vacation Tour in the United States and Canada (London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longman, 1855).
459. "The Ethics and Aesthetics of Our Summer Resorts," National Quarterly Review 19 (1869): 327-28.
460. Elizabeth Ewen, Immigrant Women in the Land of Dollars (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1985).
461. L.C. Lillie, "The Catskills," Harper's New Monthly Magazine 67 (September 1883): 533.
462. "Our Saratoga Correspondence," Harper's Weekly 3 (3 September 1859): 563.
463. Karen Halttunen, Confidence Men and Painted Women: A Study of Middle-Class Culture in America, 1830-1870 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982), 157, 166.
464. Harold F. Wilson, The Story of the Jersey Shore (Princeton: D. Van Nostrand Company, 1964), 75.
465. Gordon S. Wood, The Radicalism of the American Revolution (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1991).
466. T.A. Richards, "Saratoga," Knickerbocker 54 (September 1859): 246.
467. "Southern Summer Resorts," The Southern Bivouac 2 (October, 1886): 269.
468. Oscar Lovell Shafter, Life Diary and Letters of Oscar Lovell Shafter, ed. Flora Haines Loughead (San Francisco: Blair Murdock, 1915), 225-26.
469. Kate Chopin, The Awakening (New York: Barnes and Noble, 1995), 17
470. F.R. Stockton, "Camping out at Rudder Grange," Scribner's 16 (May 1878): 104-5.
471. Hans Huth, Nature and the American: Three Centuries of Changing Attitudes (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1957), chs. 8, 9.
472. Alfred Runte, National Parks: The American Experience (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1979), ch. 1.
473. Roderick Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1967), ch. 9.
474. Peter J. Schmitt, Back to Nature: The Arcadian Myth in Urban America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1969), 188-89
475. Stuart A. Marks, Southern Hunting in Black and White (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1991).
476. Huth, Nature and the American
477. Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind
478. Henry Nash Smith, The Virgin Land: The American West as Symbol and Myth (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1950).
479. Leo Marx, The Machine in the Garden: Technology and the Pastoral Ideal in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1964).
480. Schmitt, Back to Nature
481. Roy Rosenzweig and Elizabeth Blackmar, The Park and the People: A History of Central Park (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992).
482. Charles Lanman, A Tour to the River Saguenay, in Lower Canada (Philadelphia: Carey and Hart, 1848).
483. Henry David Thoreau, Walden, ed. J. Milnor Dorey (New York: Charles E. Merrill Co., 1910).
484. Thomas Wentworth Higginson, Letters and Journals of Thomas Wentworth Higginson, 1845-1906, ed. Mary Thacher Higginson (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1921), 117-19.
485. William James Stillman, The Autobiography of a Journalist (Boston: Houghton Mifflin and Co, 1901), 239-40, 247.
486. Frank Graham Jr., The Adirondack Park: A Political History (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1984), 20-22.
487. William Murray, Adventures in the Wilderness; or, Camp-Life in the Adirondacks, ed. William K. Verner and Warder H. Cadbury (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1970).
488. David Strauss, "Toward a Consumer Culture: 'Adirondack Murray' and the Wilderness Vacation," American Quarterly 39 (summer 1987): 270-286.
489. George Miller Beard, American Nervousness: Its Causes and Consequences (New York: Putnam, 1881).
490. Robert E. Strahorn, "A Summer Outing on Northwestern Waters," Cosmopolitan 21 (September 1896): 473.
491. William Dix, "Summer Life in Luxurious Adirondack Camps," The Independent 55 (July 1903): 1556.
492. John Todd, John Todd, The Story of His Life, Told Mainly by Himself, compiled and edited by John E. Todd (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1876), 473-74.
493. Theodore Roosevelt, Theodore Roosevelt's Diaries of Boyhood and Youth (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1928), 250.
494. L. Rosencrans, "A Glimpse of the Adirondacks," Catholic World 24 (1876): 264.
495. T. Addison Richards, "A Forest Story, II: The Adirondack Woods and Waters," Harper's New Monthly Magazine 19 (September 1859): 461.
496. John B. Bachelder, Popular Resorts and How to Reach Them (Boston: John B. Bachelder Publisher, 1875), 17-19.
497. T. Addison Richards, "A Forest Story, I: The Hunting Grounds of the Saranac," Harper's New Monthly Magazine 19 (August 1859): 310-23.
498. George Whitwell Parsons, The Private Journal of George Whitwell Parsons (Phoenix: Arizona Statewide Archival and Records Project, 1939): 24.
499. F.R. Stockton, "Camping Out at Rudder's Grange," Scribner's 16 (May 1878): 104-7.
500. Benjamin Hart Dally, A Milwaukee, Wisconsin Diary (for the Year 7888) of Benjamin Hart Dally, ed. Alexander Grant Rose III (Baltimore, Md.: Mimeographed and Copyright by the Editor, 1974), 68-69.
501. Mary Bradshaw Richards, Camping Out in the Yellowstone 1882, ed. William W. Slaughter (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1994), ix, xxviii.
502. "With Rod and Reel: The New England Fishing Resorts. How to Reach Them. Costs," The Boston and Maine Courier 1 (May 1895): 3-4.
503. S.R. Stoddard, Lake George and Lake Champlain (Glen Falls, N.Y.: Published by the Author, 1891), 3.
504. Isabel C. Barrows, "Summer Camping in the Woodland," New England Magazine 18 (August 1898): 736.
505. Walter Page et. al, "The People at Play," World's Work 4 (August 1902): 2421.
506. W. Gerard Vermilye, "Camping Trips in Maine," Country Life 14 (June 1908): 173-75.
507. Lawrence Lewis, "A Fishing Camp on the Gunnison River," Country Life 14 (June 1908): 167.
508. Newman Smyth, "The Lake Country of New England," Scribner's Magazine 8 (September 1890): 494.
509. H. Vane, "Adirondack Days," Harpers New Monthly Magazine 63 (October 1881): 679.
510. William Dix, "Summer Life in Luxurious Adirondack Camps," The Independent 55 (July 1903): 1558.
511. Henry Van Dyke, "A Holiday in a Vacation," Scribner's Magazine 41 (January 1907): 1.
512. Strahorn, "A Summer Outing on Northwestern Waters," 473-76.
513. Philip G. Hubert Jr., "Camping Out for the Poor," Century 22 (July 1892): 633-34.
514. Stuart A. Marks, Southern Hunting in Black and White (Princeton, NJ.: Princeton University Press, 1991).
515. Edward Hungerford, "Our Summer Migration," Century 42 (August 1891): 569-70.
516. Roy Rosenzweig, Eight Hours For What We Will: Workers & Leisure in an Industrial City, 1870-1920 (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1983).
517. Kathy Peiss, Cheap Amusements: Working Women and Leisure in Turn-ofthe-Century New York (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1986).
518. Joanne Meyerowitz, Women Adrift: Independent Wage-Earners in Chicago, 1880-1930 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988).
519. Elliot J. Gorn and Warren Goldstein, A Brief History of American Sports (New York: Hill and Wang, 1993).
520. John Kasson, Amusing the Million: Coney Island at the Turn of the Century (New York: Hill and Wang, 1978).
521. Francis G. Couvares, The Remaking of Pittsburgh: Class and Culture in an Industrializing City, 1877-1919 (Albany: SUNY Press, 1984), 122.
522. Peter J. Schmitt, Back to Nature: The Arcadian Myth in Urban America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1969), 96-97.
523. Rose Cohen, Out of the Shadow (New York: George H. Doran and Company, 1918), 260-65.
524. Annie E.S. Beard, "Summer Outing Camps," World To-Day 11 (July 1906): 726.
525. Robert H. Wiebe, The Search for Order 1877-1920 (New York: Hill and Wang, 1967), 165-76.
526. Theda Skocpol, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1992), ch. 6.
527. Sanford Jacoby, Employing Bureaucracy: Managers, Unions, and the Transformation of Work in American Industry, 1900-1945 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985), 52, 59-60.
528. Hugh Thompson, "The Vacation Savings Movement," Munsey's Magazine 49 (May 1913): 257-59.
529. Amy E. Spingarn, "Summer Vacations for Working Girls," The Survey 22 (3 July 1909): 517-21.
530. John Oskison, "A New Way to Finance the Vacation," The Delineator 82 (August 1913): 10.
531. Hugh Thompson, "The Vacation Savings Movement," Munsey's Magazine 49 (May 1913): 257-59.
532. Harriet T. Comstock, "The Working-Girls' Vacation Society," The Outlook 92 (7 August 1909): 862.
533. Janet Schulte, "Summer Homes': A History of Family Summer Vacation Communities in Northern New England, 1880-1940," (Ph.D. diss., Brandeis University, 1993), 150-54.
534. Bertha M. Stevens, "Vacations Through an Employment Bureau," The Survey 26 (22 July 1911): 610-12.
535. Elizabeth Israels Perry, Belle Moskowitz: Feminine Politics & the Exercise of Power in the Age of Alfred E. Smith (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 45-54.
536. Samuel Crowther, John H. Patterson: Pioneer in Industrial Welfare (New York: Doubleday, Page & Co., 1923), 196-97
537. Charles M. Mills, Vacations for Industrial Workers (New York: Ronald Press Co, 1927), 64.
538. "Vacation as a Business Asset," Current Opinion 60 (April 1916): 289.
539. J.D. Hackett, "Vacations with Pay for Factory Workers," The Survey 44 (16 August 1920): 626.
540. "Vacations with Pay for Workers," The Literary Digest 66 (11 September 1920): 37.
541. "Vacations for Factory Workers," Monthly Labor Review 13 (August 1921): 212-13
542. Walter Camp, "The Nose and the Grindstone," Collier's 68 (30July 1921): 15.
543. Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, Vacations for Industrial Workers (New York: 1929), 9-12.
544. "Vacations with Pay for Production Workers," Monthly Labor Review 23 (July 1926): 35-36.
545. "Nesday Chemical Company," Harvard Business Reports (Chicago: A.W Shaw Co, 1927) 4:162-70.
546. David William Moore, "Two Weeks'-Or Bust!" The Outlook 134 (August 1923): 669.
547. Grace Pugh, "Vacations with Pay," The Survey 50 (15 July 1923): 435-36.
548. "Taking a Vacation," Catholic World 117 (August 1923): 682-83.
549. New York Times, 12 July 1925, sec. 8, p. 11.
550. Paul E. Johnson, A Shopkeeper's Millennium: Society and Revivals in Rochester, New York, 7815-1837 (New York: Hill and Wang, 1978).
551. Ryan, Cradle of the Middle Class, ch. 3.
552. Rosenzweig, Eight Hours, chs. 4-6.
553. Schmitt, Back to Nature, 73-74.
554. "Vacations for Factory Workers," Monthly Labor Review 13 (August 1921), 213.
555. "Vacations with Pay for Wage Earners," Monthly Labor Review 22 (May 1926): 3-4.
556. "The Vacation Problem in America," The Playground 18 (March 1925): 695-96.
557. Donna Allen, Fringe Benefits: Wages or Social Obligation? An Analysis with Historical Perspectives from Paid Vacations (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1964), 66.
558. Benjamin Kline Honeycutt, Work Without End: Abandoning Shorter Hours for the Right to Work (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1988), 80-83, 142.
559. Daniel J. Tobin, "Vacations with Pay," American Federationist 34 (July 1927): 794-96.
560. "Vacations with Pay for Industrial Workers," Monthly Labor Review 24 (May 1927): 36.
561. "Hawthorne Force Gets Mass Vacations-With Pay," The Business Week (30 July 1930): 16.