The influence of weather on local geographical patterns of police calls for service

Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design

Volumn 36, Issue 5, 2009, Pages 906-926

  Brunsdon, Chris ^a   Corcoran, Jonathan ^b   Higgs, Gary ^c   Ware, Andrew ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEICESTER   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF GLAMORGAN   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CRIME; RAINFALL; URBAN AREA; WIND VELOCITY;

EURASIA; EUROPE; UNITED KINGDOM; WESTERN EUROPE;

EID: 70350680091     PISSN: 02658135     EISSN: 14723417     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1068/b32133     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. Anderson C A, Anderson D C, 1984, "Ambient temperature and violent crime - tests of linear and curvilinear hypotheses" Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 46 91-97
2. Anderson C A, Bushman B J, Groom R W, 1997, "Hot years and serious and deadly assault: empirical tests of the heat hypothesis" Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 73 1213-1223
3. Anonymous, 1910, "Crime and the weather" The Lancet 175 1360-1361
4. Anselin L, 1995, "Local indicators of spatial association - LISA" Geographical Analysis 27 93-115
5. Anselin L, 2004, "Review of cluster analysis software", http://www.naaccr.org/filesystem/pdf/ Final%20Report%20Cluster%20Software%202004-09-27%20rev.pdf
6. Anselin L, Cohen J, Cook D, Gorr W, Tita G, 2000, "Spatial analyses of crime" Criminal Justice - Measurement and Analysis of Crime and Justice 4 231-262
7. BBC News, 2001, "Summer 'seeks peak in violence' ", http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/1182636.stm
8. BBC News, 2003a, "Heat wave sparks car break-ins", http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/3173453.stm
9. BBC News, 2003b, "Warning over warm weather robberies", http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/northamptonshire/3030282.stm
10. Boba R, 2005 Crime Analysis and Crime Mapping (Sage, Beverly Hills, CA)
11. Bowers K, Hirschfield A, 1999, "Exploring links between crime and disadvantage in north-west England: an analysis using geographical information systems" International Journal of Geographical Information Science 13 159-184
12. Bowers K, Johnson S D, Pease K, 2004, "Prospective hot-spotting: the future of crime mapping?" British Journal of Criminology 44 641-658
13. Bowman A W, A Azzalini, 1997 Applied Smoothing Techniques for Data Analysis (Oxford University Press, Oxford)
14. Brantingham P L, Brantingham P J, 1993, "Environment, routine, and situation: toward a pattern theory of crime", in Routine Activity and Rational Choice volume 5, Eds R V Clarke, M Felson (Transaction, New Brunswick, NJ) pp 259-294
15. Brunsdon C, 2001, "The comap: exploring spatial pattern via conditional distributions" Computers, Environment and Urban Systems 25 53-68
16. Brunsdon C, Corcoran J, Higgs G, 2007,"Visualising space and time in crime patterns: a comparison of methods" Computers, Environment and Urban Systems 31 52-75
17. Canter P R, 1998, "Geographic information systems and crime analysis in Baltimore County, Maryland", in Crime Mapping and Crime Prevention volume 8, Eds D Weisburd, J T McEwen (Criminal Justice Press, Monsey, NY) 157-190
18. Ceccato V, 2005, "Homicide in São Paulo, Brazil: assessing the spatial-temporal and weather variations" Journal of Environmental Psychology 25 307-321
19. Chainey S, 2002, "New perspectives and developments in crime mapping: from blobology and better partnership working, to crime science and supporting serious crime investigations", paper presented at the Sixth Annual International Crime Mapping Research Conference, Denver, CO, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/maps/Conferences/ozconf/ Papers&Presentations.html
20. Chainey S, Ratcliffe J H, 2005 GIS and Crime Mapping (John Wiley, New York)
21. Chainey S, Reid S, Stuart N, 2002, "When is a hotspot a hotspot? A procedure for creating statistically robust hotspot maps of crime", in Socio-economic Applications in Geographical Information Science Eds D B Kidner, G Higgs, S D White (Taylor and Francis, London) pp 21-36
22. Cheatwood D, 1995, "The effects of weather on homicide" Journal of Quantitative Criminology 11 51-70
23. Clark P J, Evans F C, 1954, "Distance to the nearest neighbour as a measure of spatial relationships in populations" Ecology 35 445-453
24. Cleveland W S, 1993 Visualizing Data (Hobart Press, Lafayette, IN)
25. Cohen L E, Felson M, 1979, "Social change and crime rate trends: a routine activity approach" American Sociological Review 44 588-608
26. Cohn E G, 1990, "Weather and crime" British Journal of Criminology 30 51-63
27. Cohn E G, 1993, "The prediction of police calls for service: the influence of weather and temporal variables on rape and domestic violence" Journal of Environmental Psychology 13 71-83
28. Cohn E G, 1996, "The effect of weather and temporal variations on calls for police service" American Journal of Police 15 23-43
29. Cohn E G, Rotton J, 1997, "Assault as a function of time and temperature: a moderator-variable time series analysis" Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 72 1322-1134
30. Cohn E G, Rotton J, 2000, "Weather, seasonal trends and property crimes in Minneapolis, 1987-1988: a moderator-variable time-series analysis of routine activities" Journal of Environmental Psychology 20 257-272
31. Corcoran J, Ware J A, 2002, "Helping with enquiries" Geo:Connexion 1 36-40
32. Cornish D B, Clarke R V (Eds), 1986 The Reasoning Criminal: Rational Choice Perspectives on Offending (Springer, New York)
33. Cotton J L, 1986, "Ambient temperature and violent crime" Journal of Applied Social Psychology 16 786-801
34. Davis R E, Knappenberger P C, Michaels P J, Novicoff W M, 2004,"Seasonality of climate-human mortality relationships in US cities and impacts of climate change" Climate Research 26 61-76
35. Eck J E, Weisburd DL (Eds),1995 Crime and Place: Crime Prevention Studies (Criminal Justice Press, Monsey, NY)
36. Feldman H S, Jarmon R G, 1979, "Factors influencing criminal behavior in Newark: a local study in forensic psychiatry" Journal of Forensic Science 24 234-239
37. Field S, 1992, "The effect of temperature on crime" British Journal of Criminology 32 340-351
38. Gatrell J D, Bierly G D, 2002,"Weather and voter turnout: Kentucky primary and general elections, 1990-2000" Southeastern Geographer 42 114-134
39. Geary R, 1954, "The contiguity ratio and statistical mapping" The Incorporated Statistician 5 115-145
40. Goldsmith V, McGuire P G, Mollenkopf J B, Ross T A (Eds), 2000 Analyzing Crime Patterns: Frontiers of Practice (Sage, Beverly Hills, CA)
41. Guerry A M, 1833 Essai sur la statistique morale de la France (Crochard, Paris)
42. Hagelin J S, Rainforth M V, Orme-Johnson D W, Cavanaugh K L, Alexander C N, Shatkin S F, Davies J L, Hughes A O, Ross E, 1999, "Effects of group practice of the transcendental meditation program on preventing violent crime in Washington DC: results of the National Demonstration Project, June-July 1993" Social Indicators Research 47 153-201
43. Harries K, 1999 Mapping Crime: Principle and Practice (National Institute of Justice, Washington, DC)
44. Harries K D, Stadler S J, Zdorkowski R T, 1984, "Seasonality and assault: explorations in inter-neighbourhood variation, Dallas, 1980" Annals of the Association of American Geographers 74 590-604
45. Heller N B, Markland R B, 1970, "A climatological model for forecasting the demand for police service" Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 7 167-176
46. Hipp J R, Bauer D J, Curran P J, Bollen K A, 2004, "Crimes of opportunity or crimes of emotion? Testing two explanations of seasonal change in crime" Social Forces 82 1333-1372
47. Hirschfield A, Bowers K, 1997, "The development of a social demographic and land use profiler for areas of high crime" British Journal of Criminology 37 103-120
48. Hirschfield A, Bowers K (Eds), 2001 Mapping and Analysing Crime Data: Lessons from Research and Practice (Taylor and Francis, London)
49. Home Office, 2005 Crime Mapping: Improving Performances - A Good Practice Guide for Front Line Officers (Home Office, London)
50. Joe H, 1989, "Relative entropy measures of multivariate dependence" Journal of the American Statistical Association 84 157-164
51. Johnson H, Kovats R S, McGregor G, Stedman J, Gibbs M, Walton H, Book L, Black E, 2005, "The impact of the 2003 heat wave on mortality and hospital admissions in England" Health Statistics Quarterly 25 6-11
52. Kent J T, 1983, "Information gain and a general measure of correlation" Biometrika 70 163-173
53. Kovats R S, Hajta S, Wilkinson P, 2004, "Contrasting patterns of mortality and hospital admissions during hot weather and heat waves in Greater London, UK" Occupational and Environmental Medicine 61 893-898
54. Kulldorff M, 1997, "A spatial scan statistic" Communications in Statistics: Theory and Methods 26 1481-1496
55. Lab S P, Hirschel J D, 1988, "Climatological conditions and crime: the forecast is...?" Justice Quarterly 5 281-299
56. Langworthy R H, Jefferis E S, 2000, "The utility of standard deviation ellipses for evaluating hot spots", in Analyzing Crime Patterns - Frontiers of Practice Ed. T A Ross (Sage, Beverly Hills, CA) pp 87-104
57. LeBeau J L, Corcoran W T, 1990, "Changes in calls for police service with changes in routine activities and the arrival and passage of weather fronts" Journal of Quantitative Criminology 6 269-291
58. Leipnik M R, Albert D P (Eds), 2003 GIS in Law Enforcement: Implementation Issues and Case Studies (Taylor and Francis, London)
59. McLafferty S, Williamson D, McGuire P G, 2000, "Identifying crime hot spots using kernel smoothing", in Analyzing Crime Patterns - Frontiers of Practice Ed. T A Ross (Sage, Beverly Hills, CA) pp 77-85
60. Mamalian C A, LaVigne N G, 1999, "The use of computerised crime mapping by law enforcement: survey results" National Institute of Justice Research Preview
61. Moran P A P, 1950, "Notes on continuous stochastic phenomena" Biometrika 37 17-23
62. Murray A T, McGuffog I, Western J S, Mullins P, 2001, "Exploratory spatial data analysis techniques for examining urban crime" British Journal of Criminology 41 309-329
63. Openshaw D, Waugh D, Cross A, 1994, "Some ideas about the use of animation as a spatial analysis tool", in Visualization inGeographic Information Systems Eds H M Hearnshaw,D J Unwin (John Wiley, New York) pp 131-138
64. Patz J A, Engelberg D, Last J, 2000, "The effects of weather on public health" Annual Review of Public Health 21 271-307
65. Perry J D, Simpson M E, 1987, "Violent crimes in a city: environmental determinants" Environment and Behaviour 19 77-90
66. Preti A, 1997, "The influence of seasonal change on suicidal behaviour in Italy" Journal of Affective Disorders 44 123-130
67. Quètelet M A, 1842 A Treatise on Man and the Development of his Faculties English translation (Burt Franklin, New York)
68. Ratcliffe J H, 2000, "Aoristic analysis: the spatial interpretation of unspecific temporal events" International Journal of Geographical Information Science 14 669-679
69. Ratcliffe J H, 2002, "Aoristic signatures and the spatio-temporal analysis of high volume crime patterns" Journal of Quantitative Criminology 18 23-43
70. Ratcliffe J H, 2004, "The hotspot matrix: a framework for the spatio-temporal targeting of crime reduction" Police Practice and Research 5 5-23
71. Ratcliffe J H, 2005, "Detecting spatial movement of intra-region crime patterns over time" Journal of Quantitative Criminology 21 103-123
72. Rogerson P, Sun Y, 2001, "Spatial monitoring of geographic patterns: an application to crime analysis" Computers, Environment and Urban Systems 25 539-556
73. Rotton J, 2004, "Outdoor temperature, climate control and criminal assault - the spatial and temporal ecology of violence" Environment and Behavior 36 276-306
74. Rotton J, Cohn E G, 2000a, "Weather, disorderly conduct and assaults - from social conflict to social avoidance" Environment and Behavior 32 651-673
75. Rotton J, Cohn E G, 2000b, "Violence is a curvilinear function of temperature in Dallas: a replication" Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 78 1074-1081
76. Rotton J, Cohn E G, 2002, "Climate, weather and crime", in The New Handbook of Environmental Psychology Eds R Bechtel, A Churchman (John Wiley, New York) pp 461-498
77. Rotton J, Cohn E G, 2003, "Global warming and US crime rates - an application of routine activity theory" Environment and Behavior 35 802-825
78. Rotton J, Cohn E G, 2004, "Outdoor temperature, climate control and criminal assault: the spatial and temporal ecology of violence" Environment and Behaviour 36 276-306
79. Rotton J, Frey J, 1985, "Air pollution, weather, and violent crimes: concomitant time-series analysis of archival data" Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 49 1207-1220
80. Sherman L W, Gartin P R, Buerger M E, 1989, "Hot spots of predatory crime: routine activities and the criminology of place" Criminology 27 27-55
81. Silverman B W, 1986 Density Estimation for Statistics and Data Analysis (Chapman and Hall, London)
82. Sulman F G, 1984, "The impact of weather on human health" Review of Environmental Health 4 83-119
83. Tufte E R, 1990 Envisioning Information (Graphics Press, Cheshire, CT)
84. Van Koppen P J, Jansen R W J, 1999, "The time to rob: variation in time of number of commercial robberies" Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 36 7-29
85. Weisburd D, McEwen J T, 1995 Crime Mapping and Crime Prevention (Criminal Justice Press, Monsey, NY)
86. Yan Y Y, 2004, "Seasonality of property crime in Hong Kong" British Journal of Criminology 44 276-283
87. Zacharias J, Stathopoulos T, Wu H, 2001, "Microclimate and downtown open space activity" Environment and Behaviour 33 296-315