News framing during a time of impending war: An examination of coverage in the New York Times prior to the 2003 Iraq war

International Communication Gazette

Volumn 71, Issue 7, 2009, Pages 547-559

  Melkote, Srinivas R ^a  

^a BOWLING GREEN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Agenda setting; Iraq war; News bias; News framing; The New York Times; War reporting

Indexed keywords

EID: 70350530475     PISSN: 17480485     EISSN: 17480493     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1748048509341887     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. Aday, Sean, Steven Livingston and Maeve Hebert (2005) Embedding the Truth: A Cross-Cultural Analysis of Objectivity and Television Coverage of the Iraq War, Press/Politics 10(1): 3-21.
2. Bennett, W. Lance (1994). The News about Foreign Policy, pp. 12-42 in W. Lance Bennett and David L. Paletz (eds) Taken by Storm: The Media, Public Opinion, and US Foreign Policy in the Gulf War. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
3. Cohen, Bernard (1963) The Press and Foreign Policy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
4. Craft, Stephanie and Wayne Wanta (2004) US Public Concerns in the Aftermath of 9-11: A Test of Second Level Agenda-Setting, International Journal of Public Opinion Research 16(4): 456-63.
5. Dearing, James W. and Everett M. Rogers (1996) Agenda-Setting. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
6. Entman, Robert M. (1993) Framing: Towards Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm, Journal of Communication 43(4): 51-8.
7. Entman, Robert M. (2004) Projections of Power. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
8. Gerbner, George, Larry Gross, Michael Morgan and Nancy Signorielli (1994) Growing up with Television: The Cultivation Perspective, pp. 17-41 in Jennings Bryant and Dolf Zillman (eds) Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
9. Ghanem, Salma (1996) 'Media Coverage of Crime and Public Opinion', unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Texas at Austin.
10. Hallin, Daniel, C. (1986) The 'Uncensored War': The Media and Vietnam. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
11. Hayakawa, Samuel, I. (1972) Language in Thought and Action, 3rd edn. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
12. Holsti, Ole (1969) Content Analysis for the Social Sciences and Humanities. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
13. Huang, Kuang-yu, S. (1995) A Comparison between Media Frames and Audience Frames: The Case of the Hill-Thomas Controversy, unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin, Madison.
14. Iyengar, Shanto and Donald Kinder (1987) News that Matters. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
15. Janis, Irving, L. and R. Fadner (1965) The Coefficient of Imbalance, pp. 153-69 in Harold D. Lasswell and Nathan Leites (eds) Language of Politics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
16. Kim, Sei-Hill, Dietram A. Scheufele and James Shanahan (2002) Agenda-Setting, Priming, Framing and Second Levels in Local Politics, Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 79(1): 7-25.
17. Kiousis, Spiro (2003) Job Approval and Favorability: The Impact of Media Attention to the Monica Lewinsky Scandal on Public Opinion of President Bill Clinton, Mass Communication and Society 6(4): 435-51.
18. Kiousis, Spiro (2005) Compelling Arguments and Attitude Strength: Exploring the Impact of Second-Level Agenda Setting on Public Opinion of Presidential Candidate Images, Press/Politics 10(2): 3-27.
19. Lehmann, Ingrid A (2005) Exploring the Transatlantic Media Divide over Iraq: How and Why US and German Media Differed in Reporting on UN Weapons Inspections in Iraq, 2002-2003, Press/ Politics 10(1): 63-89.
20. Lule, Jack (2004) War and its Metaphors: News Language and the Prelude to War in Iraq, 2003, Journalism Studies 5(2): 179-90.
21. Luther, Catherine A. and M. Mark Miller (2005) Framing of the 2003 US-Iraq War Demonstrations: An Analysis of News and Partisan Texts, Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 82 (Spring): 78-96.
22. McCombs, Maxwell (2004) Setting the Agenda: The Mass Media and Public Opinion. Malden, MA: Polity Press.
23. McCombs, Maxwell (2005) A Look at Agenda-Setting: Past, Present, and Future, Journalism Studies 6(4): 543-57.
24. McCombs, Maxwell and Donald Shaw (1972) The Agenda-Setting Function of Mass Media, Public Opinion Quarterly 36: 176-87.
25. McCombs, Maxwell, Juan Pablo Llamas, Esteban Lopez Escobar and Federico Rey (1997) Candidate Images in Spanish Elections: Second-Level Agenda-Setting Effects, Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 74(4): 703-17.
26. Masri, Rania (2001) US Coverage of Iraq: Breaking the Sanctions on Truth, Media Development 48 (June): 15-21.
27. Merrill, John (1983) Global Journalism: A Survey of the World's Mass Media. New York: Longman.
28. Merrill, John and Harold Fisher (1980) The World's Great Dailies: Profile of Fifty Newspapers. New York: Hastings House.
29. Narasimhan, Ravi (2005) Looking Beyond Flawed Journalism: How National Interests, Patriotism, and Cultural Values Shaped the Coverage of the Iraq War, Press/Politics 10(1): 45-62.
30. Noelle-Neumann, Elizabeth (1991) The Theory of Public Opinion: The Concept of the Spiral of Silence, pp. 256-87 in J.A. Anderson (ed.) Communication Yearbook 14. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
31. Osgood, Charles (1959) The Representational Model and Relevant Research Methods, pp. 33-8 in Ethiel de Sola Pool (ed.) Trends in Content Analysis. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
32. Ryan, Charlotte, Kevin M. Carragee and William Meinhofer (2001) Framing, the News Media, and Collective Action, Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media 45 (Winter): 175-82.
33. Scheufele, Dietram A. (2000) Agenda-Setting, Priming, and Framing Revisited: Another Look at Cognitive Effects of Political Communication, Mass Communication and Society 3(2 and 3): 297-316.
34. Shah, Dhavan, David Domke and Daniel B. Wackman (1996) To Thine Own Self Be True: Values, Framing, and Voter Decision Making Strategies, Communication Research 23 (October): 509-60.
35. The New York Times (2004) The Times and Iraq, 26 May: A-10.
36. Tuchman, Gaye (1972) Objectivity as a Strategic Ritual: An Examination of Newsmen's Notions of Objectivity, American Journal of Sociology 77(4): 66-70.
37. Wanta, Wayne, Guy Golan and Cheolhan Lee (2004) Agenda Setting and International News: Media Influence on Public Perceptions of Foreign Nations, Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 81 (Summer): 364-77.
38. Zaller, John and Dennis Chiu (1996) Government's Little Helper: US Press Coverage of Foreign Policy Crises, 1945-1991, Political Communication 13(2): 385-405.