Four decades of neurodegenerative disease research: How far we have come!

Journal of Neuroscience

Volumn 29, Issue 41, 2009, Pages 12722-12728

  Young, Anne B ^a  

^a MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

1,2,3,6 TETRAHYDRO 1 METHYL 4 PHENYLPYRIDINE; 4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; ACETYLCHOLINE; ADRENALIN; DOPAMINE; LEVODOPA; NORADRENALIN; RESERPINE; SEROTONIN;

CLINICAL TRIAL; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DRUG EFFICACY; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM; EPILEPSY; HUMAN; HUNTINGTON CHOREA; MEDICAL RESEARCH; MEDICAL SOCIETY; MIGRAINE; NERVE DEGENERATION; NEUROANATOMY; NEUROCHEMISTRY; NEUROIMAGING; NEUROPATHOLOGY; NEUROPHYSIOLOGY; NEUROSCIENCE; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PARKINSON DISEASE; PNEUMOENCEPHALOGRAPHY; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; ANIMAL; ARTICLE; DEGENERATIVE DISEASE; GENETICS; HISTORY; METABOLISM; METHODOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY;

ANIMALS; BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 21ST CENTURY; HUMANS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; NEUROSCIENCES;

EID: 70350448434     PISSN: 02706474     EISSN: 15292401     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3767-09.2009     Document Type: Review

References (110)

1. Abeliovich A, Doege CA (2009) Reprogramming therapeutics: iPS cell prospects for neurodegenerative disease. Neuron 61:337-339.
2. Adams RD, Young RR (1970) Harrison's principles of internal medicine, Ed 6. New York: McGraw-Hill.
3. Albin RL, Young AB, Penney JB (1989) The functional anatomy of basal ganglia disorders. Trends Neurosci 12:366-375.
4. Albin RL, Young AB, Penney JB (1995) The functional anatomy of disorders of the basal ganglia. Trends Neurosci 18:63-64.
5. Alexander GE, Crutcher MD, DeLong MR (1990) Basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits: parallel substrates for motor, oculomotor, "prefrontal" and "limbic" functions. Prog Brain Res 85:119-146.
6. Bakay RA, DeLong MR, Vitek JL (1992) Posteroventral pallidotomy for Parkinson's disease. J Neurosurg 77:487-488.
7. Bernard R, Kerman IA, Meng F, Evans SJ, Amrein I, Jones EG, Bunney WE, Akil H, Watson SJ, Thompson RC (2009) Gene expression profiling of neurochemically defined regions of the human brain by in situ hybridization-guided laser capture microdissection. J Neurosci Methods 178:46-54.
8. Bernheimer H, Hornykiewicz O (1965) [Decreased homovanillic acid concentration in the brain in parkinsonian subjects as an expression of a disorder of central dopamine metabolism]. Klin Wochenschr 43:711-715.
9. Bernheimer H, Birkmayer W, Hornykiewicz O (1961) [Distribution of 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) in the human brain and its behavior in patients with Parkinson's syndrome.]. Klin Wochenschr 39:1056-1059.
10. Bertram L, Tanzi RE (2008) Thirty years of Alzheimer's disease genetics: the implications of systematic meta-analyses. Nat Rev Neurosci 9:768-778.
11. Bird ED, Vonsattel JP (1993) The development of a brain bank. J Neural Transm Suppl 39:17-23.
12. Bird ED, Mackay AV, Rayner CN, Iversen LL (1973) Reduced glutamic-acid-decarboxylase activity of post-mortem brain in Huntington's chorea. Lancet 1:1090-1092.
13. Bird TD, Wijsman EM, Nochlin D, Leehey M, Sumi SM, Payami H, Poorkaj P, Nemens E, Rafkind M, Schellenberg GD (1997) Chromosome 17 and hereditary dementia: linkage studies in three non-Alzheimer families and kindreds with late-onset FAD. Neurology 48:949-954. (Pubitemid 27175621)
14. Birkmayer W, Hornykiewicz O (1961) [The L-3,4-dioxyphenylalanine (DOPA)-effect in Parkinson-akinesia.]. Wien Klin Wochenschr 73:787-788.
15. Bohnen NI, Frey KA (2007) Imaging of cholinergic and monoaminergic neurochemical changes in neurodegenerative disorders. Mol Imaging Biol 9:243-257.
16. Bohnen NI, Albin RL, Koeppe RA, Wernette KA, Kilbourn MR, Minoshima S, Frey KA (2006) Positron emission tomography of monoaminergic vesicular binding in aging and Parkinson disease. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 26:1198-1212. (Pubitemid 44268182)
17. Brock LG, Coombs JS, Eccles JC (1952) The recording of potentials from motoneurones with an intracellular electrode. J Physiol 117:431-460.
18. Bromberg MB, Pamel G, Stephenson BS, Young AB, Penney JB (1987) Evidence for reactive synaptogenesis in the ventrolateral thalamus and red nucleus of the rat: changes in high affinity glutamate uptake and numbers of corticofugal fiber terminals. Exp Brain Res 69:53-59. (Pubitemid 18012815)
19. Brooks DJ (2008) The role of structural and functional imaging in parkinsonian states with a description of PET technology. Semin Neurol 28:435-445.
20. Calne DB, Langston JW, Martin WR, Stoessl AJ, Ruth TJ, Adam MJ, Pate BD, Schulzer M (1985) Positron emission tomography after MPTP: observations relating to the cause of Parkinson's disease. Nature 317:246-248.
21. Carlsson A (1959) The occurrence, distribution and physiological role of catecholamines in the nervous system. Pharmacol Rev 11:490-493.
22. Carlsson A, Lindqvist M, Magnusson T (1957) 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine and 5-hydroxytryptophan as reserpine antagonists. Nature 180:1200.
23. Cleveland DW, Hwo SY, Kirschner MW (1977) Purification of tau, a microtubule-associated protein that induces assembly of microtubules from purified tubulin. J Mol Biol 116:207-225.
24. Comfort A (1978) Cholinesterase inhibition in treatment of Alzheimer's dementia. Lancet 1:659-660.
25. Cooper IS (1956) Neurosurgical alleviation of parkinsonism. Bull N Y Acad Med 32:713-724.
26. Cooper JR, Bloom FE, Roth RH (1970) The biochemical basis of neuropharmacology, Ed 1. New York: Oxford UP.
27. Cotzias GC, Papavasiliou PS, Gellene R (1968) Experimental treatment of parkinsonism with L-Dopa. Neurology 18:276-277.
28. Coyle JT, Schwarcz R (1976) Lesion of striatal neurones with kainic acid provides a model for Huntington's chorea. Nature 263:244-246.
29. Dahlstroem A, Fuxe K, Olson L, Ungerstedt U (1964) Ascending systems of catecholamine neurons from the lower brain stem. Acta Physiol Scand 62:485-486.
30. Davies P (1979) Biochemical changes in Alzheimer's disease-senile dementia: neurotransmitters in senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type. Res Publ Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis 57:153-166.
31. Davies P, Maloney AJ (1976) Selective loss of central cholinergic neurons in Alzheimer's disease. Lancet 2:1403. (Pubitemid 8004505)
32. Davis GC, Williams AC, Markey SP, Ebert MH, Caine ED, Reichert CM, Kopin IJ (1979) Chronic Parkinsonism secondary to intravenous injection of meperidine analogues. Psychiatry Res 1:249-254.
33. de Leon MJ, Ferris SH, George AE, Christman DR, Fowler JS, Gentes C, Reisberg B, Gee B, Emmerich M, Yonekura Y, Brodie J, Kricheff II, Wolf AP (1983) Positron emission tomographic studies of aging and Alzheimer disease. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 4:568-571.
34. DeLong MR (1990) Primate models of movement disorders of basal ganglia origin. Trends Neurosci 13:281-285.
35. Eccles JC (1952) The electrophysiological properties of the motoneurone. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 17:175-183.
36. Eckert T, Tang C, Eidelberg D (2007) Assessment of the progression of Parkinson's disease: a metabolic network approach. Lancet Neurol 6:926-932. (Pubitemid 47405003)
37. Ehringer H, Hornykiewicz O (1960) [Distribution of noradrenaline and dopamine (3-hydroxytyramine) in the human brain and their behavior in diseases of the extrapyramidal system.]. Klin Wochenschr 38:1236-1239.
38. Feigin A, Tang C, Ma Y, Mattis P, Zgaljardic D, Guttman M, Paulsen JS, Dhawan V, Eidelberg D (2007) Thalamic metabolism and symptom onset in preclinical Huntington's disease. Brain 130:2858-2867. (Pubitemid 350033965)
39. Fink RP, Heimer L (1967) Two methods for selective silver impregnation of degenerating axons and their synaptic endings in the central nervous system. Brain Res 4:369-374.
40. Foster NL, Heidebrink JL, Clark CM, Jagust WJ, Arnold SE, Barbas NR, DeCarli CS, Turner RS, Koeppe RA, Higdon R, Minoshima S (2007) FDG-PET improves accuracy in distinguishing frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Brain 130:2616-2635. (Pubitemid 47511706)
41. Fuxe K, Goldstein M, Hökfelt T, Joh TH (1970) Immunohistochemical localization of dopamine-hydroxylase in the peripheral and central nervous system. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 1:627-636.
42. Gasser T (2007) Update on the genetics of Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 22:S343-S350.
43. Glenner GG, Wong CW (1984) Alzheimer's disease: initial report of the purification and characterization of a novel cerebrovascular amyloid protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 120:885-890. (Pubitemid 14104991)
44. Goldberg AL (2003) Protein degradation and protection against misfolded or damaged proteins. Nature 426:895-899.
45. Goldberg AL (2007) Functions of the proteasome: from protein degradation and immune surveillance to cancer therapy. Biochem Soc Trans 35:12-17.
46. Graybiel AM, Devor M (1974) A microelectrophoretic delivery technique for use with horseradish peroxidase. Brain Res 68:167-173.
47. Gusella JF, Wexler NS, Conneally PM, Naylor SL, Anderson MA, Tanzi RE, Watkins PC, Ottina K, Wallace MR, Sakaguchi AY, Young AB, Shoulson I, Bonilla E, Martin JB (1983) A polymorphic DNA marker genetically linked to Huntington's disease. Nature 306:234-238.
48. Hullay J (1971) Subthalamotomy in Parkinson's disease. Analysis of responses to electrostimulation. Acta Med Acad Sci Hung 28:57-68.
49. Javitch JA, Snyder SH (1984) Uptake of MPP(+) by dopamine neurons explains selectivity of parkinsonism-inducing neurotoxin, MPTP. Eur J Pharmacol 106:455-456.
50. Karch CM, Prudencio M, Winkler DD, Hart PJ, Borchelt DR (2009) Role of mutant SOD1 disulfide oxidation and aggregation in the pathogenesis of familial ALS. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:7774-7779.
51. Kindt MV, Heikkila RE, Nicklas WJ (1987) Mitochondrial and metabolic toxicity of 1-methyl-4-(2′-methylphenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 242:858-863.
52. Kish SJ, Rajput A, Gilbert J, Rozdilsky B, Chang LJ, Shannak K, Hornykiewicz O (1986) Elevated gamma-aminobutyric acid level in striatal but not extrastriatal brain regions in Parkinson's disease: correlation with striatal dopamine loss. Ann Neurol 20:26-31. (Pubitemid 16063232)
53. Kish SJ, Shannak K, Hornykiewicz O (1987) Elevated serotonin and reduced dopamine in subregionally divided Huntington's disease striatum. Ann Neurol 22:386-389. (Pubitemid 17137904)
54. Klucken J, Shin Y, Masliah E, Hyman BT, McLean PJ (2004) Hsp70 reduces alpha-synuclein aggregation and toxicity. J Biol Chem 279:25497-25502. (Pubitemid 38756808)
55. Kordower JH, Chu Y, Hauser RA, Freeman TB, Olanow CW (2008) Lewy body-like pathology in long-term embryonic nigral transplants in Parkinson's disease. Nat Med 14:504-506. (Pubitemid 351655212)
56. Laitinen LV, Bergenheim AT, Hariz MI (1992) Leksell's posteroventral pallidotomy in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. J Neurosurg 76:53-61.
57. Langston JW, Ballard P, Tetrud JW, Irwin I (1983) Chronic Parkinsonism in humans due to a product of meperidine-analog synthesis. Science 219:979-980. (Pubitemid 13189531)
58. Langston JW, Irwin I, Langston EB, Forno LS (1984) 1-Methyl-4- phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+): identification of a metabolite of MPTP, a toxin selective to the substantia nigra. Neurosci Lett 48:87-92. (Pubitemid 14084283)
59. La Spada AR, Wilson EM, Lubahn DB, Harding AE, Fischbeck KH (1991) Androgen receptor gene mutations in X-linked spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy. Nature 352:77-79.
60. LaVail JH, LaVail MM (1974) The retrograde intraaxonal transport of horseradish peroxidase in the chick visual system: a light and electron microscopic study. J Comp Neurol 157:303-357.
61. Levine B, Kroemer G (2008) Autophagy in the pathogenesis of disease. Cell 132:27-42.
62. Limousin P, Pollak P, Benazzouz A, Hoffmann D, Broussolle E, Perret JE, Benabid AL (1995a) Bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation for severe Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 10:672-674.
63. Limousin P, Pollak P, Benazzouz A, Hoffmann D, Le Bas JF, Broussolle E, Perret JE, Benabid AL (1995b) Effect of parkinsonian signs and symptoms of bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation. Lancet 345:91-95.
64. Maire JC, Wurtman RJ (1984) Choline production from choline-containing phospholipids: a hypothetical role in Alzheimer's disease and aging. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 8:637-642.
65. Mattis VB, Ebert AD, Fosso MY, Chang CW, Lorson CL (2009) Delivery of a read-through inducing compound, TC007, lessens the severity of a SMA animal model. Hum Mol Genet. Advance online publication. Retrieved August 31, 2009. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddp333.
66. McGeer PL, McGeer EG (1976) Enzymes associated with the metabolism of catecholamines, acetylcholine and GABA in human controls and patients with Parkinson's disease and Huntington's chorea. J Neurochem 26:65-76.
67. McGeer PL, McGeer EG, Fibiger HC (1973) Glutamic-acid decarboxylase and choline acetylase in Huntington's chorea and Parkinson's disease. Lancet 2:622-623.
68. McLaughlin BJ, Wood JG, Saito K, Barber R, Vaughn JE, Roberts E, Wu JY (1974) The fine structural localization of glutamate decarboxylase in synaptic terminals of rodent cerebellum. Brain Res 76:377-391.
69. Medicherla B, Goldberg AL (2008) Heat shock and oxygen radicals stimulate ubiquitin-dependent degradation mainly of newly synthesized proteins. J Cell Biol 182:663-673.
70. Meyer-Luehmann M, Spires-Jones TL, Prada C, Garcia-Alloza M, de Calignon A, Rozkalne A, Koenigsknecht-Talboo J, Holtzman DM, Bacskai BJ, Hyman BT (2008) Rapid appearance and local toxicity of amyloidbeta plaques in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Nature 451:720-724. (Pubitemid 351220570)
71. Mizuno Y, Sone N, Saitoh T (1987) Effects of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6- tetrahydropyridine and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion on activities of the enzymes in the electron transport system in mouse brain. J Neurochem 48:1787-1793.
72. Mountcastle VB, Baldessarini RJ (1968) Medical physiology, Ed 12. St. Louis: Mosby.
73. Ochs S (1972) Fast transport of materials in mammalian nerve fibers. Science 176:252-260.
74. Olney JW, Rhee V, Ho OL (1974) Kainic acid: a powerful neurotoxic analogue of glutamate. Brain Res 77:507-512.
75. Orr HT, Chung MY, Banfi S, Kwiatkowski TJ Jr, Servadio A, Beaudet AL, McCall AE, Duvick LA, Ranum LP, Zoghbi HY (1993) Expansion of an unstable trinucleotide CAG repeat in spinocerebellar ataxia type 1. Nat Genet 4:221-226. (Pubitemid 23205168)
76. Penney JB Jr, Young AB (1981) GABA as the pallidothalamic neurotransmitter: implications for basal ganglia function. Brain Res 207:195-199. (Pubitemid 11143235)
77. Penney JB Jr, Young AB (1982) Quantitative autoradiography of neurotransmitter receptors in Huntington disease. Neurology 32:1391-1395. (Pubitemid 13203750)
78. Penney JB Jr, Young AB (1986) Striatal inhomogeneities and basal ganglia function. Mov Disord 1:3-15.
79. Perry TL, Hansen S, Kloster M (1973) Huntington's chorea. Deficiency of gamma-aminobutyric acid in brain. N Engl J Med 288:337-342.
80. Polymeropoulos MH, Lavedan C, Leroy E, Ide SE, Dehejia A, Dutra A, Pike B, Root H, Rubenstein J, Boyer R, Stenroos ES, Chandrasekharappa S, Athanassiadou A, Papapetropoulos T, Johnson WG, Lazzarini AM, Duvoisin RC, Di Iorio G, Golbe LI, Nussbaum RL (1997) Mutation in the alpha-synuclein gene identified in families with Parkinson's disease. Science 276:2045-2047. (Pubitemid 27443610)
81. Rabins PV, Lyketsos CG (2006) Cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine have a role in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Nat Clin Pract Neurol 2:578-579. (Pubitemid 44614078)
82. Roberts E (1974) Disinhibition as an organizing principle in the nervous system. The role of gamma-aminobutyric acid. Adv Neurol 5:127-143.
83. Rosen DR (1993) Mutations in Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase gene are associated with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nature 364:362.
84. Saito K, Barber R, Wu J, Matsuda T, Roberts E, Vaughn JE (1974) Immunohistochemical localization of glutamate decarboxylase in rat cerebellum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 71:269-273.
85. Schwarcz R, Coyle JT (1977) Striatal lesions with kainic acid: neurochemical characteristics. Brain Res 127:235-249. (Pubitemid 8107787)
86. Schwarcz R, Köhler C (1983) Differential vulnerability of central neurons of the rat to quinolinic acid. Neurosci Lett 38:85-90.
87. Selkoe DJ (2008) Soluble oligomers of the amyloid beta-protein impair synaptic plasticity and behavior. Behav Brain Res 192:106-113.
88. Sherrington R, Rogaev EI, Liang Y, Rogaeva EA, Levesque G, Ikeda M, Chi H, Lin C, Li G, Holman K, Tsuda T, Mar L, Foncin J-F, Bruni AC, Montesi MP, Sorbi S, Rainero I, Pinessi L, Nee L, Chumakov I, et al. (1995) Cloning of a gene bearing missense mutations in early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease. Nature 375:754-760.
89. Spillantini MG, Goedert M (1998) Tau protein pathology in neurodegenerative diseases. Trends Neurosci 21:428-433. (Pubitemid 28449072)
90. Spires-Jones TL, Stoothoff WH, de Calignon A, Jones PB, Hyman BT (2009a) Tau pathophysiology in neurodegeneration: a tangled issue. Trends Neurosci 32:150-159.
91. Spires-Jones TL, Mielke ML, Rozkalne A, Meyer-Luehmann M, de Calignon A, Bacskai BJ, Schenk D, Hyman BT (2009b) Passive immunotherapy rapidly increases structural plasticity in a mouse model of Alzheimer disease. Neurobiol Dis 33:213-220.
92. Stoessl AJ (2007) Positron emission tomography in premotor Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 13 [Suppl 3]:S421-S424.
93. Tanzi RE (1989) Molecular genetics of Alzheimer's disease and the amyloid beta peptide precursor gene. Ann Med 21:91-94. (Pubitemid 19139220)
94. Tanzi RE, Gusella JF, Watkins PC, Bruns GA, St George-Hyslop P, Van Keuren ML, Patterson D, Pagan S, Kurnit DM, Neve RL (1987) Amyloid beta protein gene: cDNA, mRNA distribution, and genetic linkage near the Alzheimer locus. Science 235:880-884.
95. The Huntington's Disease Collaborative Research Group (1993) A novel gene containing a trinucleotide repeat that is expanded and unstable on Huntington's disease chromosomes. Cell 72:971-983. (Pubitemid 23110238)
96. Trojanowski JQ (2002) Tauists, Baptists, Syners, Apostates, and new data. Ann Neurol 52:263-265.
97. Trojanowski JQ, Lee VM (2001) Brain degeneration linked to "fatal attractions" of proteins in Alzheimer's disease and related disorders. J Alzheimers Dis 3:117-119.
98. Tsien RY (2009) Constructing and exploiting the fluorescent protein paintbox (Nobel Lecture). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 48:5612-5626.
99. Ungerstedt U (1968) 6-Hydroxy-dopamine induced degeneration of central monoamine neurons. Eur J Pharmacol 5:107-110.
100. Valdmanis PN, Rouleau GA (2008) Genetics of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurology 70:144-152.
101. van Oostrom JC, Maguire RP, Verschuuren-Bemelmans CC, Veenma-van der Duin L, Pruim J, Roos RA, Leenders KL (2005) Striatal dopamine D2 receptors, metabolism, and volume in preclinical Huntington disease. Neurology 65:941-943. (Pubitemid 41362149)
102. Vingerhoets FJ, Snow BJ, Tetrud JW, Langston JW, Schulzer M, Calne DB (1994) Positron emission tomographic evidence for progression of human MPTP-induced dopaminergic lesions. Ann Neurol 36:765-770. (Pubitemid 24979416)
103. Watson JD, Crick FH (1953) Genetical implications of the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid. Nature 171:964-967.
104. Wexler NS, Lorimer J, Porter J, Gomez F, Moskowitz C, Shackell E, Marder K, Penchaszadeh G, Roberts SA, Gayán J, Brocklebank D, Cherny SS, Cardon LR, Gray J, Dlouhy SR, Wiktorski S, Hodes ME, Conneally PM, Penney JB, Gusella J, et al. (2004) Venezuelan kindreds reveal that genetic and environmental factors modulate Huntington's disease age of onset. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101:3498-3503. (Pubitemid 38338224)
105. Whitehouse PJ, Price DL, Clark AW, Coyle JT, DeLong MR (1981) Alzheimer disease: evidence for selective loss of cholinergic neurons in the nucleus basalis. Ann Neurol 10:122-126.
106. Williams AJ, Paulson HL (2008) Polyglutamine neurodegeneration: protein misfolding revisited. Trends Neurosci 31:521-528.
107. Williams JH, Schray RC, Patterson CA, Ayitey SO, Tallent MK, Lutz GJ (2009) Oligonucleotide-mediated survival of motor neuron protein expression in CNS improves phenotype in a mouse model of spinal muscular atrophy. J Neurosci 29:7633-7638.
108. Yahr MD, Duvoisin RC, Hoehn MM, Schear MJ, Barrett RE (1968) L-Dopa (L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylanine) - its clinical effects in parkinsonism. Trans Am Neurol Assoc 93:56-63.
109. Yamamoto A, Lucas JJ, Hen R (2000) Reversal of neuropathology and motor dysfunction in a conditional model of Huntington's disease. Cell 101:57-66.
110. Young AB, Penney JB, Dauth GW, Bromberg MB, Gilman S (1983) Glutamate or aspartate as a possible neurotransmitter of cerebral corticofugal fibers in the monkey. Neurology 33:1513-1516.