Interpretation of cone penetration tests - A unified approach

Canadian Geotechnical Journal

Volumn 46, Issue 11, 2009, Pages 1337-1355

  Robertson, P K ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

^b Gregg Drilling & Testing Inc   (United States)

Author keywords

Cone penetration test (CPT); Interpretation; Overconsolidation ratio (OCR); Peak friction angle; Sensitivity; Soil modulus; Soil type; State parameter

Indexed keywords

CONE PENETRATION TEST (CPT); INTERPRETATION; OVERCONSOLIDATION RATIO (OCR); PEAK FRICTION ANGLE; SENSITIVITY; SOIL MODULUS; SOIL TYPE; STATE PARAMETER;

CHARGE TRAPPING; FRICTION; SLIP FORMING; TESTING; TRIBOLOGY;

SOILS;

CONE PENETRATION TEST; CORRELATION; FRICTION; GEOTECHNICAL SURVEY; IN SITU TEST; OVERCONSOLIDATION; PROJECT DESIGN; SAMPLING; SOIL MECHANICS; SOIL PROPERTY;

NORTH AMERICA;

EID: 70350384515     PISSN: 00083674     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/T09-065     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. Ahmadi, M.M., and Robertson, P.K. 2005. Thin layer effects on the CPT qc measurement. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 42(5): 1302-1317.
2. Anderson, J.B., Townsend, F.C., and Rahelison, L. 2007. Load testing and settlement prediction of shallow foundation. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 133(12): 1494-1502.
3. Andrus, R.D., Mohanan, N.P., Piratheepan, P., Ellis, B.S., and Holzer, T.L. 2007. Predicting shear-wave velocity from cone penetration resistance. In Proceedings of 4th International Conference on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, Thessaloniki, Greece, 25-28 June 2007. Springer, New York. Paper No. 1454.
4. ASTM. 2000. Standard test method for performing electronic friction cone and piezocone penetration testing of soils. ASTM standard D5778-95. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pa.
5. ASTM. 2006. Standard practice for classification of soils for engineering purposes (Unified Soil Classification System). ASTM standard D2487. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pa.
6. Baldi, G., Bellotti, R., Ghionna, V.N., Jamiolkowski, M., and Lo Presti, D.F.C. 1989. Modulus of sands from CPTs and DMTs. In Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 13-18 August 1989. Balkema, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Vol. 1, pp. 165-170.
7. Bellotti, R., Ghionna, V.N., Jamiolkowski, M., and Robertson, P.K. 1989. Design parameters of cohesionless soils from in situ tests. Transportation Research Record, 1235: 45-54.
8. Bolton, M.D. 1986. The strength and dilatancy of sands. Géotechnique, 36(1): 65-78.
9. Boulanger, R.W. 2003. High overburden stress effects in liquefaction analyses. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 129(12): 1071-1082.
10. Boulanger, R.W., and Idriss, I.M. 2004. State normalization of penetration resistance and the effect of overburden stress on liquefaction resistance. In Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, Berkeley, Calif., 7-9 January 2004. American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, Va. pp. 484-491.
11. Briaud, J.L., and Gibbens, R. 1999. Behavior of five large spread footings in sand. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 125(9): 787-796.
12. Campanella, R.G., Gillespie, D., and Robertson, P.K. 1982. Pore pressures during cone penetration testing. In Proceedings of the 2nd European Symposium on Penetration Testing, ESPOT II, Amsterdam, 24-27 May 1982. Edited by A. Verruijt, F.L. Beringen, and E.H. de Leeuw. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. pp. 507-512.
13. Cetin, K.O., and Isik, N.S. 2007. Probabilistic assessment of stress normalization for CPT data. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 133(7): 887-897.
14. Douglas, B.J., and Olsen, R.S. 1981. Soil classification using electric cone penetrometer. In Proceedings of the Symposium on Cone Penetration Testing and Experience, St. Louis, Mo., 26-30 October 1981. Edited by G.M. Norris and R.D. Holtz. Geotechnical Engineering Division, American Society of Civil Engineers, New York. pp. 209-227.
15. Eslaamizaad, S., and Robertson, P.K. 1996a. Seismic cone penetration test to identify cemented sands. In Proceedings of the 49th Canadian Geotechnical Conference, St. John's, N.L., 23-25 September 1996. Edited by J.I. Clark. Canadian Geotechnical Society, Richmond, B.C. pp. 352-360.
16. Eslaamizaad, S., and Robertson, P.K. 1996b. Cone penetration test to evaluate bearing capacity of foundation in sands. In Proceedings of the 49th Canadian Geotechnical Conference, St. John's, N.L., 23-25 September 1996. Edited by J.I. Clark. Canadian Geotechnical Society, Richmond, B.C. pp. 429-438.
17. Eslaamizaad, S., and Robertson, P.K. 1997. Evaluation of settlement of footings on sand from seismic in-sity tests. In Proceedings of the 50th Canadian Geotechnical Conference, Ottawa, Ont., 20-22 October 1997. BiTech Publishers, Richmond, B.C. Vol. 2, pp. 755-764.
18. Eslami, A., and Fellenius, B.H. 1997. Pile Capacity by direct CPT and CPTu methods applied to 102 case histories. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 34(6): 886-898.
19. Fahey, M., and Carter, J.P. 1993. A finite element study of the pressuremeter in sand using a nonlinear elastic plastic model. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 30(2): 348-362.
20. Farrar, J.A., Torres, R., and Crutchfiedl, L.G. 2008. Cone penetrometer testing, Scoggins Dam, Tualatin Project, Oregon. Engineering Geology Group Bureau of Reclamation, Technical Services Center, Denver, Colo. Report No. 86-68320.
21. Hardin, B.O., and Drnevich, V.P. 1972. Shear modulus and damping in soils: Design equations and curves. Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division. ASCE, 98(7): 667-692.
22. Hegazy, Y.A., and Mayne, P.W. 1995. Statistical correlations between VS and cone penetration data for different soil types. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Cone Penetration Testing, CPT'95, Linköping, Sweden, 4-5 October 1995. Swedish Geotechnical Society, Linköping, Sweden. Vol. 2, pp. 173-178.
23. Hight, D., and Leroueil, S. 2003. Characterization of soils for engineering purposes. In Characterization and engineering properties of natural soils, Vol. 1. Swets and Sitlinger, Lisse, the Netherlands. pp. 255-360.
24. Idriss, I.M., and Boulanger, R.W. 2004. Semi-empirical procedures for evaluating liquefaction potential during earthquakes. In Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, Berkeley, Calif., 7-9 January 2004. American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, Va. pp. 32-56.
25. ISSMFE. 1999. International reference test procedure for cone penetration test (CPT). Report of the International Society for Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering (ISSMFE) Technical Committee on Penetration Testing of Soils, TC 16. Swedish Geotechnical Institute, Linköping, Sweden. Information 7, pp. 6-16.
26. Jamiolkowski, M., and Robertson, P.K. 1988. Future trends for penetration testing. In Penetration testing in the UK. Thomas Telford, London. pp. 321-342.
27. Jamiolkowski, M., Ladd, C.C., Germaine, J.T., and Lancellotta, R. 1985. New developments in field and laboratory testing of soils. In Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, San Francisco, Calif., 12-16 August 1985. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Vol. 1, pp. 57-153.
28. Janbu, N. 1963. Soil compressibility as determined by oedometer and triaxial tests. In Proceedings of the 2nd European Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Wiesbaden, Germany, 15-18 October 1963. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Erd- und Grundbau, Essen, Germany. Vol. 1, pp. 19-25.
29. Jefferies, M.G., and Been, K. 2006. Soil liquefaction - A critical state approach. Taylor & Francis Group, London and New York. ISBN 0-419-16170-8.
30. Jefferies, M.G., and Davies, M.O. 1991. Soil classification by the cone penetration test: Discussion. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 28(1): 173-176.
31. Jefferies, M.G., and Davies, M.P. 1993. Use of CPTU to estimate equivalent SPT N60. Geotechnical Testing Journal, 16(4): 458-468.
32. Kulhawy, F.H., and Mayne, P.H. 1990. Manual on estimating soil properties for foundation design. Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), Palo Alto, Calif. Report EL-6800.
33. Long, M. 2008. Design parameters from in situ tests in soft ground - recent developments. In Geotechnical and Geophysical Site Characterization, Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Site Characterization, Taipei, Taiwan, 1-4 April 2008. Edited by A.-B. Huang and P.W. Mayne. Taylor & Francis Group, London. pp. 89-116
34. Lunne, T., and Andersen, K.H. 2007. Soft clay shear strength parameters for deepwater geotechnical design. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Offshore Site Investigation and Geotechnics, London, 11-13 September 2007. Society for Underwater Technology, London. pp. 151-176.
35. Lunne, T., Eidsmoen, T., Gillespie, D., and Howland, J.D. 1986. Laboratory and field evaluation on cone penetrometers. In Proceedings of ASCE Specialty Conference In Situ'86: Use of In Situ Tests in Geotechnical Engineering, Blacksburg, Va., 23-25 June 1986. Geotechnical Special Publication No. 6. Edited by S.P. Clemence. American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), New York. pp. 714-729.
36. Lunne, T., Robertson, P.K., and Powell, J.J.M. 1997. Cone penetration testing in geotechnical practice. Blackie Academic, EF Spon/Routledge, New York.
37. Marchetti, S., Monaco, P., Calabrese, M., and Totani, G. 2006. Comparison of moduli determined by DMT and backfigured from local strain measurements under a 40 m diameter circular test load in the Venice Area. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Flat Dilatometer Conference, Washington, D.C., 2-5 April 2006. pp. 220-230. Insitu, Va.
38. Mayne, P.W. 2000. Enhanced geotechnical site characterization by seismic piezocone penetration tests. In Proceedings of the 4th International Geotechnical Conference, Invited Lecture, Cairo, Egypt. Edited by M.M. Abdel-Rahman, S.W. Agaiby, and M.A. Fam. Soil Mechanics and Foundation Research Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt. pp. 95-120.
39. Mayne, P.W. 2005. Integrated ground behavior: In-situ and lab tests. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Deformation Characteristics of Geomaterials, Lyon, France, 22-24 September 2005. Taylor & Francis Group, London. Vol. 2, pp. 155-177.
40. Mayne, P.W. 2007.Cone penetration testing: A synthesis of highway practice. Project 20-5. Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C. NCHRP synthesis 368.
41. Mayne, P.W. 2008. Piezocone profiling of clays for maritime site investigations. In Proceedings of the 11th Baltic Sea Geotechnical Conference, Gdansk, Poland, 15-18 September 2008. International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, London. pp. 151-178.
42. Molle, J. 2005. The accuracy of the interpretation of CPT-based soil classification methods in soft soils. M.Sc. thesis, Section for Engineering Geology, Department of Applied Earth Sciences, Delf University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands. Report No. 242, Report AES/IG/05-25.
43. Monaco, P., Totani, G., and Calabrese, M. 2006. DMT-predicted vs. observed settlements: A review of the available experience. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Flat Dilatometer Conference, Washington D.C., April 2006. pp. 244-252.
44. Moss, R.E.S., Seed, R.B., and Olsen, R.S. 2006. Normalizing the CPT for overburden stress. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 132(3): 378-387.
45. Ohta, H., Nishihara, A., and Morita, Y. 1985. Undrained stability of Ko-consolidated clays. In Proceedings of 11th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering (ICSMFE), San Francisco, Calif., 12-16 August 1985 A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Vol. 2, pp. 613-661.
46. Olsen, R.S., and Malone, P.G. 1988. Soil classification and site characterization using the cone penetrometer test. In Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Penetration Testing, ISOPT-1, Orlando, Fla., 20-24 March 1988. Edited by J.A. De Ruiter. Balkema, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Vol. 2, pp. 887-893.
47. Olsen, R.S., and Mitchell, J.K. 1995. CPT stress normalization and prediction of soil classification. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Cone Penetration Testing, Linköping, Sweden, 4-5 October 1995. Vol. 2. Swedish Geotechnical Society, Linköping, Sweden. pp. 257-262.
48. Plewes, H.D., Davies, M.P., and Jefferies, M.G. 1992. CPT based screening procedure for evaluating liquefaction susceptibility. In Proceedings of the 45th Canadian Geotechnical Conference, Toronto, Ont., 26-28 October 1992. BiTech Publishers Ltd., Richmond, B.C. pp. 41-49.
49. Rad, N.S., and Lunne, T. 1986. Correlations between piezocone results and laboratory soil properties. Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Oslo, Norway. pp. 306-317. Report 52155.
50. Robertson, P.K. 1990. Soil classification using the cone penetration test. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 27(1): 151-158.
51. Robertson, P.K. 1995. Penetrometer testing - Session IV: Moderators report. In Proceedings of the Conference on Advances in Site Investigation Practice, London, 30-31 March 1995. Thomas Telford, London.
52. Robertson, P.K. 1998. Risk-based site investigation. Geotechnical News, 16(3): 45-47.
53. Robertson, P.K. 2009. CPT-DMT correlations. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 135(11): 1762-1771.
54. Robertson, P.K., and Campanella, R.G. 1983a. Interpretation of cone penetration tests. Part I: sand. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 20(4): 718-733.
55. Robertson, P.K., and Campanella, R.G. 1983b. Interpretation of cone penetration tests. Part II: clay. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 20(4): 734-745.
56. Robertson, P.K., and Campanella, R.G. 1989. Design manual for use of CPT and CPTU. The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C.
57. Robertson, P.K., and Wride, C.E. 1998. Evaluating cyclic liquefaction potential using the cone penetration test. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 35(3): 442-459.
58. Robertson, P.K., Campanella, R.G., Gillespie, D., and Greig, J. 1986a. Use of piezometer cone data. In Proceedings of ASCE Specialty Conference In Situ'86: Use of In Situ Tests in Geotechnical Engineering, Blacksburg, Va., 23-25 June 1986. Geotechnical Special Publication No. 6. Edited by S.P. Clemence. American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), New York. pp. 1263-1280.
59. Robertson, P.K., Campanella, R.G., Gillespie, D., and Rice, A. 1986b. Seismic CPT to measure in-situ shear wave velocity. Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE, 112(8): 791-803.
60. Robertson, P.K., Woeller, D.J., and Finn, W.D.L. 1992. Seismic cone penetration test for evaluating liquefaction potential. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 29(4): 686-695.
61. Sanglerat, G. 1972. The penetrometer and soil exploration. Elsevier Science Ltd., Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
62. Schnaid, F. 2005. Geocharacterization and Engineering properties of natural soils by in-situ tests. In Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Osaka, Japan, 12-16 September 2005. Millpress, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Vol. 1, pp. 3-45.
63. Schneider, J.A., McGillivray, A.V., and Mayne, P.W. 2004. Evaluation of SCPTU intra-correlations at sand sites in the Lower Mississippi River valley, USA. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Site Characterization, ISC'2, Geotechnical and Geophysical Site Characterization, Porto, Portugal, 19-22 September 2004. Millpress, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. pp. 1003-1010.
64. Seed, H.B., and Idriss, I.M. 1970. Soil moduli and damping factors for dynamics response analysis. University of California, Berkeley, Calif. Report No. EERC 70-10.
65. Shuttle, D.A., and Cunning, J. 2007. Liquefaction potential of silts from CPTu. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 44(1): 1-19.
66. Simonini, P. 2004. Characterization of Venice lagoon silts from in-situ tests and performance of a test embankment. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Site Characterization, ISC'2, Geotechnical and Geophysical Site Characterization, Porto, Portugal, 19-22 September 2004. Millpress, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Vol. 1, pp. 187-207.
67. Vesic, A.S., and Clough, G.W. 1968. Behaviour of granular materials under high stresses. Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, ASCE, 94(SM3): 313-326.
68. Wride, C.E., Robertson, P.K., Biggar, K.W., Campanella, R.G., Hofmann, B.A., Hughes, J.M.O., Küpper, A., and Woeller, D.J. 2000. Interpretation of in situ test results from the CANLEX sites. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 37(3): 505-529.
69. Wroth, C.P. 1984. The interpretation of in-situ soil tests: Rankine Lecture. Géotechnique, 34(4): 449-489.
70. Zhang, Z., and Tumay, M.T. 1999. Statistical to fuzzy approach toward CPT soil classification. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 125(3): 179-186.
71. Zhang, G., Robertson, P.K., and Brachman, R.W.I. 2002. Estimating liquefaction-induced ground settlements from CPT for level ground. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 39(5): 1168-1180.