Evaluating cyclic liquefaction potential using the cone penetration test

Canadian Geotechnical Journal

Volumn 35, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 442-459

  Robertson, P K ^a   Wride, C E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Cone penetration test; Cyclic liquefaction; Sandy soils

Indexed keywords

EID: 0032105027     PISSN: 00083674     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/t98-017     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. Andrus, R.D., and Stokoe, K.H. 1998. Guidelines for evaluation of liquefaction resistance using shear wave velocity. In Proceedings of the 1996 NCEER Workshop on Evaluation of Liquefaction Resistance of Soils, Salt Lake City, Utah. Edited by T.L. Youd and I.M. Idriss. Report No. NCEER-97-0022.
2. Bishop, A.W. 1973. The stability of tips and spoil heaps. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology, 6: 335-376.
3. Boulanger, R.W., Idriss, I.M., and Mejia, L.H. 1995. Investigation and evaluation of liquefaction related ground displacements at Moss Landing during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Center for Geotechnical Modeling, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of California at Davis, Report UCD/CGM-95/02.
4. Boulanger, R.W., Mejia, L.H., and Idriss, I.M. 1997. Liquefaction at Moss Landing during Loma Prieta earthquake. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 123(5): 453-467.
5. Casagrande, A. 1965. The role of the "calculated risk" in earth-work and foundation engineering. The Terzaghi Lecture. Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, ASCE, 91(4): 1-40.
6. Fear, C.E., and McRoberts, E.C. 1995. Reconsideration of initiation of liquefaction in sandy soils. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, 121(3): 249-261.
7. Finn, W.D.L. 1981. Liquefaction potential: developments since 1976. In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics, St. Louis, Mo. Vol. 2. Edited by S. Prakash. University of Missouri-Rolla. May. pp. 655-681.
8. Hofmann, B.A. 1997. In-situ ground freezing to obtain undisturbed samples of loose sand for liquefaction assessment. Ph.D. thesis, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.
9. Hofmann, B.A., Sego, D.C., and Robertson, P.K. 1995. Undisturbed sampling of a deep loose sand deposit using ground freezing. In Proceedings of the 47th Canadian Geotechnical Conference, Halifax, N.S. CGS. Sept. pp. 287-296.
10. Ishihara, K. 1993. Liquefaction and flow failure during earthquakes. The 33rd Rankine Lecture. Géotechnique, 43(3): 351-415.
11. Ishihara, K., and Koseki, J. 1989. Cyclic shear strength of fines-containing sands. In Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, Discussion Session on Influence of Local Conditions on Seismic Response, Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Rio de Janeiro. A.A. Balkema, Amsterdam, pp. 101-106.
12. 60. Geotechnical Testing Journal, 16(4): 458-467.
13. Kayen, R.E., Mitchell, J.K., Lodge, A., Seed, R.B., Nishio, S., and Coutinho, R. 1992. Evaluation of SPT-, CPT-, and shear wave-based methods for liquefaction potential assessment using Loma Prieta data. In Proceedings of the 4th Japan-U.S. Workshop on Earthquake Resistant Design of Lifeline Facilities and Countermeasures for Soil Liquefaction. Edited by M. Hamada and T.D. O'Rourke. Technical Report NCEER-94-0019, Vol. 1, pp. 177-204.
14. Koppejan, A.W., Van Wamelen, B.M., and Weinberg, L.J.H. 1948. Coastal landslides in the Dutch province of Zealand. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Rotterdam, Holland, pp. 89-96.
15. Ladd, R.S. 1974. Specimen preparation and liquefaction of sands. Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE, 110(GT10): 1180-1184.
16. Liao, S.S.C., and Whitman, R.V. 1986. A catalog of liquefaction and non-liquefaction occurrences during earthquakes. Research Report, Department of Civil Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass.
17. Marcuson, W.F., III, Hynes, M.E., and Franklin, A.G. 1990. Evaluation and use of residual strength in seismic safety analysis of embankments. Earthquake Spectra, 6(3): 529-572.
18. Mitchell, J.K., and Tseng, D.-J. 1990. Assessment of liquefaction potential by cone penetration resistance. In Proceedings of the H. Bolton Seed Memorial Symposium, Berkeley, Calif. Edited by J.M. Duncan. Vol. 2. Bitech Publishers, pp. 335-350.
19. Mogami, T., and Kubo, K. 1953. The behaviour of soil during vibration. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Vol. 1. pp. 152-153.
20. Mulilis, J.P., Seed, H.B., Chan, C.K., Mitchell, J.K., and Arulanandan, K. 1977. Effects of sample preparation on sand liquefaction. Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE, 103(GT2): 99-108.
21. Olsen, R.S. 1988. Using the CPT for dynamic response characterization. In Proceedings of the Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics II Conference, American Society of Civil Engineers, New York. ASCE. pp. 111-117.
22. Olsen, R.S., and Koester, J.P. 1995. Prediction of liquefaction resistance using the CPT. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Cone Penetration Testing, CPT'95, Linkoping, Sweden, Vol. 2. SGS. Oct. pp. 251-256.
23. Olsen, R.S., and Malone, P.G. 1988. Soil classification and site characterization using the cone penetrometer test. In Penetration testing 1988. De Ruiter Balkema, Rotterdam. ISOPT-1, Vol. 2. pp. 887-893.
24. Pando, M., and Robertson, P.K. 1995. Evaluation of shear stress reversal due to earthquake loading for sloping ground. In Proceedings of the 48th Canadian Geotechnical Conference, Vancouver, B.C. Vol. 2. CGS. Sept. pp. 955-962.
25. Poorooshasb, H.B., and Consoli, N.C. 1991. The ultimate state. In Proceedings of the 9th Pan-American Conference. pp. 1083-1090.
26. Robertson, P.K. 1990. Soil classification using the cone penetration test. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 27(1): 151-158.
27. Robertson, P.K. 1994. Suggested terminology for liquefaction. In Proceedings of the 47th Canadian Geotechnical Conference, Halifax, N.S. CGS. Sept. pp. 277-286.
28. Robertson, P.K., and Campanella, R.G. 1985. Liquefaction potential of sands using the cone penetration test. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, 22(3): 298-307.
29. Robertson, P.K., and Campanella, R.G. 1988. Design manual for use of CPT and CPTu. Pennsylvania Department of Transportation.
30. Robertson, P.K., and Fear, C.E. 1995. Liquefaction of sands and its evaluation. Keynote lecture. In IS Tokyo '95, Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering. Nov. Edited by K. Ishihara. A.A. Balkema, Amsterdam.
31. Robertson, P.K., and Wride (née Fear), C.E. 1998. Cyclic liquefaction and its evaluation based on the SPT and CPT. In Proceedings of the 1996 NCEER Workshop on Evaluation of Liquefaction Resistance of Soils. Edited by T.E. Youd and I.M. Idriss. NCEER-97-0022.
32. Robertson, P.K., Campanella, R.G., and Wightman, A. 1983. SPT-CPT correlations. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, 109: 1449-1459.
33. Robertson, P.K., Woeller, D.J., and Finn, W.D.L. 1992. Seismic cone penetration test for evaluating liquefaction potential under cyclic loading. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 29: 686-695.
34. Seed, H.B. 1979. Soil liquefaction and cyclic mobility evaluation for level ground during earthquakes. Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE, 105(GT2): 201-255.
35. Seed, H.B., and de Alba, P. 1986. Use of SPT and CPT tests for evaluating the liquefaction resistance of sands. In Use of in situ tests in geotechnical engineering. Edited by S.P. Clemence. American Society of Civil Engineers, Geotechnical Special Publication 6, pp. 281-302.
36. Seed, H.B., and Idriss, I.M. 1971. Simplified procedure for evaluating soil liquefaction potential. Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, ASCE, 97(SM9): 1249-1273.
37. Seed, H.B., Tokimatsu, K., Harder, L.F., and Chung, R. 1985. Influence of SPT procedures in soil liquefaction resistance evaluations. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, 111(12): 1425-1445.
38. Sego, D.C., Robertson, P.K., Sasitharan, S., Kilpatrick, B.L., and Pillai, V.S. 1994. Ground freezing and sampling of foundation soils at Duncan Dam. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 31(6): 939-950.
39. Shibata, T., and Teparaska, W. 1988. Evaluation of liquefaction potentials of soils using cone penetration tests. Soils and Foundations, 28(2): 49-60.
40. Skempton, A.W. 1986. Standard penetration test procedures and the effects in sands of overburden pressure, relative density, particle size, aging and overconsolidation. Géotechnique, 36(3): 425-447.
41. Stark, T.D., and Olson, S.M. 1995. Liquefaction resistance using CPT and field case histories. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, 121(12): 856-869.
42. Suzuki, Y., Tokimatsu, K., Taye, Y., and Kubota, Y. 1995a. Correlation between CPT data and dynamic properties of in situ frozen samples. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics, St. Louis, Mo. Vol. 1. Edited by S. Prakash. University of Missouri-Rolla. pp. 210-215.
43. Suzuki, Y., Tokimatsu, K., Koyamada, K., Taya, Y., and Kubota, Y. 1995b. Field correlation of soil liquefaction based on CPT data. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Cone Penetration Testing, CPT '95, Linkoping, Sweden. Vol. 2. SGS. Oct. pp. 583-588.
44. Tatsuoka, F., Ochi, K., Fujii, S., and Okamoto, M. 1986. Cyclic undrained triaxial and torsional shear strength of sands for different sample preparation methods. Soils and Foundations, 26(3): 23-41.
45. Terzaghi, K., and Peck, R.B. 1967. Soil mechanics in engineering practice. 2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
46. Tokimatsu, K., and Hosaka, Y. 1986. Effects of sample disturbance on dynamic properties of sand. Soils and Foundations, 26(1): 53-64.
47. Vreugdenhil, R., Davis, R., and Berrill, J. 1994. Interpretation of cone penetration results in multilayered soils. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Geomechanics, 18: 585-599.
48. Wang, W. 1979. Some findings in soil liquefaction. Water Conservancy and Hydroelectric Power Scientific Research Institute, Beijing, China.
49. Yoshimi, Y., Richart, F.E., Prakash, S., Balkan, D.D., and Ilyichev, Y.L. 1977. Soil dynamics and its application to foundation engineering. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Tokyo, Vol. 2, pp. 605-650.
50. Yoshimi, Y., Hatanaka, M., and Oh-Oka, H. 1978. Undisturbed sampling of saturated sands by freezing. Soils and Foundations, 18(3): 105-111.
51. Yoshimi, Y., Tokimatsu, K., and Hosaka, Y. 1989. Evaluation of liquefaction resistance of clean sands based on high-quality undisturbed samples. Soils and Foundations, 29(1): 93-104.
52. Yoshimi, Y., Tokimatsu, K., and Ohara, J. 1994. In situ liquefaction resistance of clean sands over a wide density range. Géotechnique, 44(3): 479-494.
53. Youd, T.L., and Idriss, I.M. (Editors). 1998. Proceedings of the National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research (NCEER) Workshop on Evaluation of Liquefaction Resistance of Soils, Salt Lake City, Utah, January 1996. NCEER-97-0022.