Virtual reality for obsessive-compulsive disorder: Past and the future

Psychiatry Investigation

Volumn 6, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 115-121

  Kim, Kwanguk ^a   Kim, Chan Hyung ^b   Kim, So Yeon ^c   Roh, Daeyoung ^b   Kim, Sun I ^a  

^a Hanyang University   (South Korea)

^b Yonsei University College of Medicine   (South Korea)

^c UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA   (United States)

Author keywords

Assessment; Cognitive behavioral therapy; Computer; Obsessive compulsive disorder; Treatment; Virtual reality

Indexed keywords

ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; BEHAVIOR; BEHAVIOR THERAPY; COGNITIVE THERAPY; COMPUTER; HUMAN; MENTAL HEALTH; OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER; PHOBIA; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA; VIRTUAL REALITY;

EID: 70350041143     PISSN: 17383684     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4306/pi.2009.6.3.115     Document Type: Review

References (67)

1. Karno M, Golding JM. Obsessive-compulsive disorder. New York: Free Press; 1991.
2. Sasson Y, Zohar J, Chopra M, Lustig M, Iancu I, Hendler T. Epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a world view. J Clin Psychiatry 1997;58 Suppl 12:7-10. (Pubitemid 27516504)
3. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statiscal manual of mental disorder (4th ed. - text revision). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000.
4. Rasmussen SA, Eisen JL. The epidemiology and differential diagnosis of obsessive compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1992;53 Suppl:4-10.
5. Goodman WK, Price LH, Rasmussen SA, Mazure C, Fleischmann RL, Hill CL, et al. The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. I. Development, use, and reliability. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989;46:1006-1011.
6. Goodman WK, Price LH, Rasmussen SA, Mazure C, Delgado P, Heninger GR, et al. The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. II. Validity. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989;46:1012-1016.
7. Hodgson RJ, Rachman S. Obsessional-compulsive complaints. Behav Res Ther 1997;15:389-395.
8. Foa EB, Liebowitz MR, Kozak MJ, Davies S, Campeas R, Franklin ME, et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of exposure and ritual prevention, clomipramine, and their combination in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2005;162:151-161. (Pubitemid 40095685)
9. Leon AC, Portera L, Weissman MM. The social costs of anxiety disorders. Br J Psychiatry Suppl 1995:19-22.
10. Leonard HL, Swedo SE, Lenane MC, Rettew DC, Hamburger SD, Bartko JJ, Rapoport JL. A 2- to 7-year follow-up study of 54 obsessive-compulsive children and adolescents. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993;50:429-439. (Pubitemid 23169936)
11. Mayerovitch JI, du Fort GG, Kakuma R, Bland RC, Newman SC, Pinard G. Treatment seeking for obsessive-compulsive disorder: role of obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms and comorbid psychiatric diagnoses. Compr Psychiatry 2003;44:162-168.
12. Gregg L, Tarrier N. Virtual reality in mental health: a review of the literature. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2007;42:343-354. (Pubitemid 46767686)
13. Powers MB, Emmelkamp PM. Virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis. J Anxiety Disord 2008;22:561-569.
14. Rothbaum BO, Hodges LF, Kooper R, Opdyke D, Williford JS, North M. Effectiveness of computer-generated (virtual reality) graded exposure in the treatment of acrophobia. Am J Psychiatry 1995;152:626-628
15. Emmelkamp PM, Bruynzeel M, Drost L, van der Mast CA. Virtual reality treatment in acrophobia: a comparison with exposure in vivo. Cyberpsychol Behav 2001;4:335-339. (Pubitemid 32523884)
16. Emmelkamp PM, Krijn M, Hulsbosch AM, de Vries S, Schuemie MJ, van der Mast CA: Virtual reality treatment versus exposure in vivo: a comparative evaluation in acrophobia. Behav Res Ther 2002;40:509-516. (Pubitemid 34270462)
17. Rothbaum BO, Hodges L, Smith S, Lee JH, Price L. A controlled study of virtual reality exposure therapy for the fear of flying. J Consult Clin Psychol 2000;68:1020-1026. (Pubitemid 32038379)
18. Milhlberger A, Herrmann MJ, Wiedemann GC, Ellgring H, Pauli P. Repeated exposure of flight phobics to flights in virtual reality. Behav Res Ther 2001;39:1033-1050. (Pubitemid 32619141)
19. Milhlberger A, Wiedemann G, Pauli P. Efficacy of a one session virtual reality exposure treatment for fear of flying. Psychother Res 2003;13:323-336. (Pubitemid 40990844)
20. Wiederhold BK, Wiederhold MD. Three-year follow-up for virtual reality exposure for fear of flying. Cyberpsychol Behav 2003;6:441-445. (Pubitemid 37087688)
21. Maltby N, Kirsch I, Mayers M, Allen GJ. Virtual reality exposure therapy for the treatment of fear of flying: a controlled investigation. J Consult Clin Psychol 2002;70:1112-1118.
22. Wald J, Taylor S. Efficacy of virtual reality exposure therapy to treat driving phobia: a case report. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2000;31:249-257. (Pubitemid 32622168)
23. Walshe DG, Lewis EJ, Kim SI, O'Sullivan K, Wiederhold BK. Exploring the use of computer games and virtual reality in exposure therapy for fear of driving following a motor vehicle accident. Cyberpsychol Behav 2003;6:329-334. (Pubitemid 36753996)
24. Walshe D, Lewis E, O'Sullivan K, Kim SI. Virtually driving: are the driving environments "real enough" for exposure therapy with accident victims? An explorative study. Cyberpsychol Behav 2005;8:532-537.
25. Garcia-Palacios A, Hoffman HG, Carlin A, Furness TA, 3rd, Botella C. Virtual reality in the treatment of spider phobia: a controlled study. Behav Res Ther 2002;40:983-993.
26. Hoffman HG, Garcia-Palacios A, Carlin A, Furness TA, Botella-Arbona C. Interfaces that heal: coupling real and virtual objects to treat spider phobia. Int J Hum-Comp Interact 2003;16:283-300. (Pubitemid 37439099)
27. Anderson PL, Zimand E, Hodges LF, Rothbaum BO. Cognitive behavioral therapy for public-speaking anxiety using virtual reality for exposure. Depress Anxiety 2005;22:156-158. (Pubitemid 41642293)
28. Harris SR, Kemmerling RL, North MM. Brief virtual reality therapy for public speaking anxiety. Cyberpsychol Behav 2002;5:543-550. (Pubitemid 36055684)
29. North M, North S, Coble J. Virtual reality therapy: an effective tretment for the fear of public speaking. Int J Virt Reality 1997;3:2-6.
30. North MM, North SM, Coble JR. Effectiveness of virtual environment desensitization in the treatment of agoraphobia. Int J Virt Reality 1995;1:25-34.
31. Vincelli F, Anolli L, Bouchard S, Wiederhold BK, Zurloni V, Riva G. Experiential cognitive therapy in the treatment of panic disorders with agoraphobia: a controlled study. Cyberpsychol Behav 2003;6:321-328. (Pubitemid 36753995)
32. Rothbaum BO, Hodges LF, Ready D, Graap K, Alarcon RD. Virtual reality exposure therapy for Vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2001;62:617-622. (Pubitemid 32848166)
33. Difede J, Hoffman HG. Virtual reality exposure therapy for World Trade Center Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: a case report. Cyberpsychol Behav 2002;5:529-535. (Pubitemid 36055682)
34. Rizzo A, Pair J, McNerney PJ, Eastlund E, Manson B, Gratch J, et al. Development of a VR therapy application for Iraq war military personnel with PTSD. Stud Health Technol Inform 2005;111:407-413.
35. Riva G, Bacchetta M, Baruffi M, Molinari E. Virtual reality-based multidimensional therapy for the treatment of body image disturbances in obesity: a controlled study. Cyberpsychol Behav 2001;4:511-526. (Pubitemid 32911357)
36. Riva G, Bacchetta M, Baruffi M, Molinari E. Virtual-reality-based multidimensional therapy for the treatment of body image disturbances in binge eating disorders: a preliminary controlled study. IEEE Trans Inf Technol Biomed 2002;6:224-234. (Pubitemid 35274817)
37. Riva G, Bacchetta M, Cesa G, Conti S, Castelnuovo G, Mantovani F, et al. Is severe obesity a form of addiction? Rationale, clinical approach, and controlled clinical trial. Cyberpsychol Behav 2006;9:457-479. (Pubitemid 44767378)
38. Optale G, Marin S, Pastore M, Nasta A, Pianon C: Male sexual dysfunctions and multimedia immersion therapy (follow-up). Cyberpsychol Behav 2003;6:289-294. (Pubitemid 36753990)
39. Rizzo A, Buckwalter J, Bowerly T, Van der Zaag C, Humphrey L, Neumann U, et al. The virtual classroom: a virtual reality environment for the assessment and rehabilitation of attention deficits. Cyberpsychol Behav 2000;3:483-499.
40. North MM, North SM, Crunk J. Virtual reality combats test anxiety: a case study report. Stud Health Technol Inform 2004;98:278-280. (Pubitemid 38237011)
41. Tarrier N, Pilgrim H, Sommerfield C, Faragher B, Reynolds M, Graham E, et al. A randomized trial of cognitive therapy and imaginal exposure in the treatment of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol 1999;67:13-18. (Pubitemid 29077504)
42. Lack CW, Storch EA. The use of computers in the assessment and treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Computers in Human Behavior 2008;24:917-929. (Pubitemid 351305139)
43. Roca-Bennasar M, Garcia-Mas A, Llaneras N, Blat J. Kraepelin: an expert system for the diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder. European Psychiatry 1991;6:171-175.
44. Rosenfeld R, Dar R, Anderson D, Kobak KA, Greist JH. A computer-administered version of the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale. Psychological Assessment 1992;4:329-332.
45. Baer L, Brown-Beasley MW, Sorce J, Henriques AI. Computer-assisted telephone administration of a structured interview for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1993;150:1737-1738. (Pubitemid 23325962)
46. Marks IM, Baer L, Greist JH, Park JM, Bachofen M, Nakagawa A, et al. Home self-assessment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Use of a manual and a computer-conducted telephone interview: two UK-US studies. Br J Psychiatry 1998;172:406-412. (Pubitemid 28204549)
47. Baer L, Greist JH. An interactive computer-administered self-assessment and self-help program for behavior therapy. J Clin Psychiatry 1997;58 Suppl 12:23-28. (Pubitemid 27516507)
48. Herman S, Koran LM. In vivo measurement of obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms using palmtop computers. Computers in Human Behavior 1998;14:449-462.
49. Rotge JY, Clair AH, Jaafari N, Hantouche EG, Pelissolo A, Goillandeau M, et al. A challenging task for assessment of checking behaviors in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2008;117:465-473.
50. Baer L, Minichiello WE, Jenike MA. Use of a portable-computer program in behavioral treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1987;144:1101.
51. Baer L, Minichiello WE, Jenike MA, Holland A. Use of a portable computer program to assist behavioral treatment in a case of obsessive compulsive disorder. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 1988;19:237-240. (Pubitemid 19008318)
52. Greist JH, Marks IM, Baer L, Parkin JR, Manzo PA, Mantle JM, et al. Self-treatment for obsessive compulsive disorder using a manual and a computerized telephone interview: a U.S.-U.K. study. MD Comput 1998;15:149-157. (Pubitemid 128418451)
53. Bachofen M, Nakagawa A, Marks IM, Park JM, Greist JH, Baer L, et al. Home self-assessment and self-treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder using a manual and a computer-conducted telephone interview: replication of a UK-US study. J Clin Psychiatry 1999;60:545-549. (Pubitemid 29413475)
54. Clark A, Kirkby KC, Daniels BA, Marks IM. A pilot study of computer-aided vicarious exposure for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 1998;32:268-275. (Pubitemid 28211705)
55. Greist JH, Marks IM, Baer L, Kobak KA, Wenzel KW, Hirsch MJ, et al. Behavior therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder guided by a computer or by a clinician compared with relaxation as a control. J Clin Psychiatry 2002;63:138-145. (Pubitemid 34173851)
56. Kurtz MM, Baker E, Pearlson GD, Astur RS. A virtual reality apartment as a measure of medication management skills in patients with schizophrenia: a pilot study. Schizophr Bull 2007;33:1162-1170. (Pubitemid 47347906)
57. Taylor S. Assessment of obsessions and compulsions: reliability, validity, and sensitivity to treatment effects. Clin Psychol Rev 1995;15:261-296.
58. Rachman S, Hodgson RJ. Obsessions and compulsions. Englewood Cliffs. NJ: Prentice Hall; 1980.
59. Kim K, Kim SI, Cha KR, Park J, Rosenthal MZ, Kim JJ, et al. Development of a computer-based behavioral assessment of checking behavior in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Compr Psychiatry 2009; doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych. 2008.12.001
60. Kim K, Kim CH, Cha KR, Park J, Han K, Kim YK, et al. Anxiety provocation and measurement using virtual reality in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Cyberpsychol Behav 2008;11:637-641.
61. Freeman D. Studying and treating schizophrenia using virtual reality: a new paradigm. Schizophr Bull 2008;34:605-610. (Pubitemid 351957554)
62. Mühlberger A, Bülthoff HH, Wiedemann G, Pauli P. Virtual reality for the psychophysiological assessment of phobic fear: responses during virtual tunnel driving. Psychol Assess 2007;19:340-346. (Pubitemid 47496219)
63. Garau M, Slater M, Pertaub DP, Razzaque S. The Responses of People to virtual humans in an Immersive virtual environment. Presence 2005;14:104-116.
64. Freeman D, Freeman J, Garety P. Overcoming Paranoid and Suspicious Thoughts. London, UK: Constable & Robinson; 2006.
65. Birchwood M, Fowler D, Jackson C: Early Intervention in Psychosis. Chichester, UK: Wiley; 2000.
66. Nichols S, Patel H. Health and safety implications of virtual reality: a review of empirical evidence. Appl Ergon 2002;33:251-271. (Pubitemid 34626546)
67. Kennedy RS, Lane NE, Berbaum KS, Lilienthal MG. Simulator Sickness Questionnaire: an enhanced method for quantifying simulator sickness. Int J Aviat Psychol 1993;3:203-220.