Lithium therapy and hyperparathyroidism: An evidence-based assessment

World Journal of Surgery

Volumn 33, Issue 11, 2009, Pages 2314-2323

  Saunders, Brian D ^a   Saunders, Erika F H ^b   Gauger, Paul G ^c  

^a PENN STATE MILTON S HERSHEY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b PENN STATE COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CALCIMIMETIC AGENT; CALCIUM; CINACALCET; LITHIUM; PARATHYROID HORMONE;

ARTICLE; CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEPRESSION; ENDOCRINE DISEASE; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; HEALTH CARE PLANNING; HUMAN; HYPERCALCEMIA; HYPERPARATHYROIDISM; HYPOTHYROIDISM; LONG TERM EXPOSURE; LOW DRUG DOSE; MANIA; PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION; SIDE EFFECT; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY; SURGICAL APPROACH; WEIGHT GAIN;

HUMANS; HYPERCALCEMIA; HYPERPARATHYROIDISM; LITHIUM COMPOUNDS; PARATHYROID GLANDS; PARATHYROID HORMONE;

EID: 70350003896     PISSN: 03642313     EISSN: 14322323     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00268-009-9942-4     Document Type: Article

References (91)

1. OH Clark 2000 Changing surgical approaches to patients with primary hyperparathyroidism Curr Surg 57 543 547 11120293 10.1016/S0149-7944(00)00278-6
2. JS Kukora 2001 Surgical treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism [comment] Endocr Pract 7 323 325 11497486 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MvltV2isw%3D%3D
3. RD Utiger 1999 Treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism N Engl J Med 341 1301 1302 10528042 10.1056/NEJM199910213411709 1:STN:280:DyaK1Mvkt1aktA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 29489747)
4. EM Brown 2007 Clinical lessons from the calcium-sensing receptor Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 3 122 133 17237839 10.1038/ncpendmet0388 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhvVWrsLg%3D (Pubitemid 46146965)
5. RH Lenox RK McNamara RL Papke, et al. 1998 Neurobiology of lithium: an update J Clin Psychiatry 59 37 47 9674936 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXkvFWrtr8%3D
6. Lenox RH, Frazer A (2002) Mechanism of action of antidepressants and mood stabilizers. In: Davis KL, Charney D, Coyle JT, Nemeroff C (eds) Neuropsychopharmacology: the fifth generation of progress. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, New York, pp 1139-1163
7. CR McHenry IB Rosen LE Rotstein, et al. 1990 Lithiumogenic disorders of the thyroid and parathyroid glands as surgical disease Surgery 108 1001 1005 2247824 1:STN:280:DyaK3M%2Fmt1ygsg%3D%3D
8. C Livingstone H Rampes 2006 Lithium: a review of its metabolic adverse effects J Psychopharmacol 20 347 355 16174674 10.1177/0269881105057515
9. C Christiansen PC Baastrup I Transbol 1980 Development of "primary" hyperparathyroidism during lithium therapy: longitudinal study Neuropsychobiology 6 280 283 7413057 10.1159/000117770 1:STN:280:DyaL3M%2Fht1GisA%3D%3D
10. RD Franks SL Dubovsky M Lifshitz, et al. 1982 Long-term lithium carbonate therapy causes hyperparathyroidism Arch Gen Psychiatry 39 1074 1077 6810840 1:STN:280:DyaL383otlWmtw%3D%3D
11. TW Mak CC Shek CC Chow, et al. 1998 Effects of lithium therapy on bone mineral metabolism: a two-year prospective longitudinal study J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83 3857 3859 9814458 10.1210/jc.83.11.3857 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXntlOisbk%3D
12. G Marel B Frame AM Parfitt 1982 Lithium and calcium metabolism Am J Psychiatry 139 255 256 7055305 1:STN:280:DyaL387htFeisw%3D%3D
13. Goodwin FK, Jamison KR (2000) Manic-depressive illness: bipolar disorders and recurrent depression. Oxford University Press, New York, p 1262
14. RS El-Mallakh JW Jefferson 1999 Prethymoleptic use of lithium Am J Psychiatry 156 129 9892308 1:STN:280:DyaK1M7gslehtA%3D%3D
15. HK Manji RH Lenox 1998 Lithium: a molecular transducer of mood-stabilization in the treatment of bipolar disorder Neuropsychopharmacology 19 161 166 9741960 10.1016/S0893-133X(98)00021-9 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXksFCrsrw%3D (Pubitemid 28302572)
16. Burgess S, Geddes J, Hawton K et al (2001) Lithium for maintenance treatment of mood disorders [see comment] [update in Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001;(3):CD003013; PMID: 11687035]. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2001:003013
17. A Cipriani K Smith S Burgess, et al. 2006 Lithium versus antidepressants in the long-term treatment of unipolar affective disorder Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006 003492
18. RJ Baldessarini L Tondo P Davis, et al. 2006 Decreased risk of suicides and attempts during long-term lithium treatment: a meta-analytic review Bipolar Disord 8 625 639 17042835 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2006.00344.x 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD28Xhtlans7vP (Pubitemid 44567144)
19. RS Jope 1999 Anti-bipolar therapy: mechanism of action of lithium Mol Psychiatry 4 117 128 10208444 10.1038/sj.mp.4000494 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD3cXlvVWltr4%3D
20. C Volonte MT Ciotti D Merlo 1994 LiCl promotes survival of GABAergic neurons from cerebellum and cerebral cortex: LiCl induces survival of GABAergic neurons Neurosci Lett 172 6 10 8084537 10.1016/0304-3940(94)90649-1 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXlt1Cqtbc%3D (Pubitemid 24178730)
21. JF Dixon LE Hokin 1998 Lithium acutely inhibits and chronically up-regulates and stabilizes glutamate uptake by presynaptic nerve endings in mouse cerebral cortex Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95 8363 8368 9653192 10.1073/pnas.95.14.8363 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXks1SlsLY%3D (Pubitemid 28326118)
22. JF Dixon GV Los LE Hokin 1994 Lithium stimulates glutamate "release" and inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate accumulation via activation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor in monkey and mouse cerebral cortex slices Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91 8358 8362 8078888 10.1073/pnas.91.18. 8358 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXlslSntrs%3D
23. HK Manji WZ Potter RH Lenox 1995 Signal transduction pathways. Molecular targets for lithium's actions Arch Gen Psychiatry 52 531 543 7598629 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXnt1Oru7Y%3D
24. GJ Moore JM Bebchuk JK Parrish, et al. 1999 Temporal dissociation between lithium-induced changes in frontal lobe myo-inositol and clinical response in manic-depressive illness Am J Psychiatry 156 1902 1908 10588403 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c%2FltlKhtg%3D%3D
25. RS Jope 2003 Lithium and GSK-3: one inhibitor, two inhibitory actions, multiple outcomes Trends Pharmacol Sci 24 441 443 12967765 10.1016/S0165- 6147(03)00206-2 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXntVGrsro%3D (Pubitemid 37088166)
26. D Healy JM Waterhouse 1995 The circadian system and the therapeutics of the affective disorders Pharmacol Ther 65 241 263 7792317 10.1016/0163-7258(94) 00077-G 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXks1eiu7c%3D
27. H Klemfuss 1992 Rhythms and the pharmacology of lithium Pharmacol Ther 56 53 78 1297145 10.1016/0163-7258(92)90037-Z 1:CAS:528:DyaK3sXktF2ksrk%3D
28. EW Seely TJ Moore MS LeBoff, et al. 1989 A single dose of lithium carbonate acutely elevates intact parathyroid hormone levels in humans Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 121 174 176 1:CAS:528:DyaL1MXls1OgsLc%3D
29. M Mori K Tajima Y Oda, et al. 1989 Inhibitory effect of lithium on the release of thyroid hormones from thyrotropin-stimulated mouse thyroids in a perifusion system Endocrinology 124 1365 1369 2465138 10.1210/endo-124-3-1365 1:CAS:528:DyaL1MXhsVOks7Y%3D
30. M Urabe JM Hershman XP Pang, et al. 1991 Effect of lithium on function and growth of thyroid cells in vitro Endocrinology 129 807 814 1649747 10.1210/endo-129-2-807 1:CAS:528:DyaK3MXlt1Kqsr4%3D
31. DH Myers RA Carter BH Burns, et al. 1985 A prospective study of the effects of lithium on thyroid function and on the prevalence of antithyroid antibodies Psychol Med 15 55 61 3922008 10.1017/S0033291700020924 1:STN:280:DyaL2M7ptFWkuw%3D%3D
32. G Dickstein C Shechner F Adawi, et al. 1997 Lithium treatment in amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis Am J Med 102 454 458 9217642 10.1016/S0002-9343(97)00047-8 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXktFaqurY%3D (Pubitemid 27268483)
33. HM Khandwala S Van Uum 2006 Reversible hypercalcemia and hyperparathyroidism associated with lithium therapy: case report and review of literature Endocr Pract 12 54 58 16524864
34. EM Brown 1981 Lithium induces abnormal calcium-regulated PTH release in dispersed bovine parathyroid cells J Clin Endocrinol Metab 52 1046 1048 7228989 10.1210/jcem-52-5-1046 1:CAS:528:DyaL3MXktlGgs7k%3D
35. D Riccardi G Gamba 1999 The many roles of the calcium-sensing receptor in health and disease Arch Med Res 30 436 448 10714356 10.1016/S0188-4409(99) 00071-5 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXhtFartLg%3D (Pubitemid 30067557)
36. FH Shen DJ Sherrard 1982 Lithium-induced hyperparathyroidism: an alteration of the "set-point" Ann Intern Med 96 63 65 7053707 1:STN:280:DyaL38%2FovFGqtA%3D%3D
37. AM Spiegel RH Gerner DL Murphy, et al. 1976 Lithium does not inhibit the parathyroid hormone-mediated rise in urinary cyclic AMP and phosphate in humans J Clin Endocrinol Metab 43 1390 1393 187615 10.1210/jcem-43-6-1390 1:STN:280:DyaE2s%2FntFOgsg%3D%3D
38. F Racke CR McHenry D Wentworth 1994 Lithium-induced alterations in parathyroid cell function: insight into the pathogenesis of lithium-associated hyperparathyroidism Am J Surg 168 462 465 7977974 10.1016/S0002-9610(05)80100-X 1:STN:280:DyaK2M%2FmvVKitQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 24345698)
39. CR McHenry F Racke M Meister, et al. 1991 Lithium effects on dispersed bovine parathyroid cells grown in tissue culture Surgery 110 1061 1066 1745976 1:STN:280:DyaK38%2FotV2qsQ%3D%3D
40. CR McHenry DB Stenger F Racke 1995 Investigation of calcium-induced hydrolysis of phosphoinositides in normal and lithium-treated parathyroid cells Am J Surg 170 484 487 7485738 10.1016/S0002-9610(99)80335-3 1:CAS:528: DyaK28XnslKk
41. J Birnbaum H Klandorf A Giuliano, et al. 1988 Lithium stimulates the release of human parathyroid hormone in vitro J Clin Endocrinol Metab 66 1187 1191 3372682 10.1210/jcem-66-6-1187 1:CAS:528:DyaL1cXktFKqtLg%3D
42. A Saxe G Gibson E Silveira 1995 Effects of long-term lithium infusion on normal parathyroid tissue Surgery 117 577 580 7740430 10.1016/S0039-6060(05) 80258-2 1:STN:280:DyaK2M3lvV2gtQ%3D%3D
43. AW Saxe G Gibson 1991 Lithium increases tritiated thymidine uptake by abnormal human parathyroid tissue Surgery 110 1067 1076 1660626 1:STN:280:DyaK38%2FotV2qtg%3D%3D
44. T Dwight S Kytola BT Teh, et al. 2002 Genetic analysis of lithium-associated parathyroid tumors Eur J Endocrinol 146 619 627 11980616 10.1530/eje.0.1460619 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XktFGisLY%3D
45. JA Sloand MA Shelly 2006 Normalization of lithium-induced hypercalcemia and hyperparathyroidism with cinacalcet hydrochloride Am J Kidney Dis 48 832 837 17060004 10.1053/j.ajkd.2006.07.019 (Pubitemid 44585093)
46. PS Gregoor GM de Jong 2007 Lithium hypercalcemia, hyperparathyroidism, and cinacalcet Kidney Int 71 470 17315015 10.1038/sj.ki.5002065 (Pubitemid 46303557)
47. DL Sackett 1989 Rules of evidence and clinical recommendations on the use of antithrombotic agents Chest 95 2S 4S 2914516 1:STN:280:DyaL1M7itVaquw%3D%3D
48. S Heinrich M Schafer V Rousson, et al. 2006 Evidence-based treatment of acute pancreatitis: a look at established paradigms Ann Surg 243 154 168 16432347 10.1097/01.sla.0000197334.58374.70 (Pubitemid 43185433)
49. BM Davis A Pfefferbaum S Krutzik, et al. 1981 Lithium's effect of parathyroid hormone Am J Psychiatry 138 489 492 7212107 1:STN:280: DyaL3M7lslKrsg%3D%3D
50. LE Mallette E Eichhorn 1986 Effects of lithium carbonate on human calcium metabolism Arch Intern Med 146 770 776 3083797 10.1001/archinte.146.4.770 1:STN:280:DyaL287osFyiuw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 16037695)
51. J Nordenstrom M Elvius M Bagedahl-Strindlund, et al. 1994 Biochemical hyperparathyroidism and bone mineral status in patients treated long-term with lithium Metabolism 43 1563 1567 7990712 10.1016/0026-0495(94)90017-5 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXisFyntbY%3D (Pubitemid 24382709)
52. M Komatsu H Shimizu T Tsuruta, et al. 1995 Effect of lithium on serum calcium level and parathyroid function in manic-depressive patients Endocr J 42 691 695 8574294 10.1507/endocrj.42.691 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XjtVGnsrs%3D
53. A El Khoury U Petterson G Kallner, et al. 2002 Calcium homeostasis in long-term lithium-treated women with bipolar affective disorder Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 26 1063 1069 12452527 10.1016/S0278- 5846(02)00223-3 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XntVWqu78%3D (Pubitemid 35256098)
54. H Bendz I Sjodin G Toss, et al. 1996 Hyperparathyroidism and long-term lithium therapy-a cross-sectional study and the effect of lithium withdrawal J Intern Med 240 357 365 9010382 10.1046/j.1365-2796.1996.28864000.x 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXnsVKmtw%3D%3D
55. J Ananth SE Dubin 1983 Lithium and symptomatic hyperparathyroidism J R Soc Med 76 1026 1029 6423822 1:STN:280:DyaL2c7msVOnug%3D%3D
56. J Nordenstrom K Strigard L Perbeck, et al. 1992 Hyperparathyroidism associated with treatment of manic-depressive disorders by lithium Eur J Surg 158 207 211 1352133 1:STN:280:DyaK38zhsVWgsQ%3D%3D
57. H Abdullah R Bliss AI Guinea, et al. 1999 Pathology and outcome of surgical treatment for lithium-associated hyperparathyroidism Br J Surg 86 91 93 10027368 10.1046/j.1365-2168.1999.00977.x 1:STN:280:DyaK1M7kvFKitg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 29051915)
58. SS Awad J Miskulin N Thompson 2003 Parathyroid adenomas versus four-gland hyperplasia as the cause of primary hyperparathyroidism in patients with prolonged lithium therapy World J Surg 27 486 488 12658498 10.1007/s00268-002- 6824-4 (Pubitemid 36920127)
59. JC Hundley DT Woodrum BD Saunders, et al. 2005 Revisiting lithium-associated hyperparathyroidism in the era of intraoperative parathyroid hormone monitoring Surgery 138 1027 1031 16360387 10.1016/j.surg.2005.09.028 (Pubitemid 41797341)
60. E Carchman J Ogilvie J Holst, et al. 2008 Appropriate surgical treatment of lithium-associated hyperparathyroidism World J Surg 32 2195 2199 18463919 10.1007/s00268-008-9616-7
61. GL Irvin 3rd CC Solorzano DM Carneiro 2004 Quick intraoperative parathyroid hormone assay: surgical adjunct to allow limited parathyroidectomy, improve success rate, and predict outcome World J Surg 28 1287 1292 15517474 10.1007/s00268-004-7708-6 (Pubitemid 40941294)
62. PG Gauger G Agarwal BG England, et al. 2001 Intraoperative parathyroid hormone monitoring fails to detect double parathyroid adenomas: a 2-institution experience Surgery 130 1005 1010 11742330 10.1067/msy.2001.118385 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MjgtFehsQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 34014566)
63. PE Garfinkel C Ezrin HC Stancer 1973 Hypothyroidism and hyperparathyroidism associated with lithium Lancet 2 331 332 4124825 10.1016/S0140-6736(73)90846-5 1:STN:280:DyaE3s3jtVOlsw%3D%3D
64. HG Pope Jr SL McElroy PE Keck Jr, et al. 1991 Valproate in the treatment of acute mania. A placebo-controlled study Arch Gen Psychiatry 48 62 68 1984763
65. CL Bowden AM Brugger AC Swann, et al. 1994 Efficacy of divalproex vs lithium and placebo in the treatment of mania. The Depakote Mania Study Group JAMA 271 918 924 8120960 10.1001/jama.271.12.918 1:STN:280:DyaK2c7ms1WmsA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 24083217)
66. RH Weisler AH Kalali TA Ketter, et al. 2004 A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of extended-release carbamazepine capsules as monotherapy for bipolar disorder patients with manic or mixed episodes J Clin Psychiatry 65 478 484 15119909 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXkslOltL8%3D
67. RH Weisler PE Keck Jr AC Swann, et al. 2005 Extended-release carbamazepine capsules as monotherapy for acute mania in bipolar disorder: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial J Clin Psychiatry 66 323 330 15766298 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXjtFamsLs%3D
68. M Tohen TM Sanger SL McElroy, et al. 1999 Olanzapine versus placebo in the treatment of acute mania. Olanzapine HGEH Study Group Am J Psychiatry 156 702 709 10327902 1:STN:280:DyaK1M3lvFyrtA%3D%3D
69. M Tohen TG Jacobs SL Grundy, et al. 2000 Efficacy of olanzapine in acute bipolar mania: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. The Olanzipine HGGW Study Group Arch Gen Psychiatry 57 841 849 10986547 10.1001/archpsyc.57.9.841 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXmvVWis78%3D
70. G Niufan M Tohen A Qiuqing, et al. 2008 Olanzapine versus lithium in the acute treatment of bipolar mania: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial J Affect Disord 105 101 108 17531327 10.1016/j.jad.2007.04.020 (Pubitemid 350245681)
71. Hirschfeld RM, Keck PE Jr, Kramer M et al (2004) Rapid antimanic effect of risperidone monotherapy: a 3-week multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry 161:1057-1065
72. S Khanna E Vieta B Lyons, et al. 2005 Risperidone in the treatment of acute mania: double-blind, placebo-controlled study Br J Psychiatry 187 229 234 16135859 10.1192/bjp.187.3.229 (Pubitemid 41306103)
73. PE Keck Jr M Versiani S Potkin, et al. 2003 Ziprasidone in the treatment of acute bipolar mania: a three-week, placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized trial Am J Psychiatry 160 741 748 12668364 10.1176/appi.ajp.160.4.741 (Pubitemid 41079608)
74. SG Potkin PE Keck Jr S Segal, et al. 2005 Ziprasidone in acute bipolar mania: a 21-day randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled replication trial J Clin Psychopharmacol 25 301 310 16012271 10.1097/01.jcp.0000169068.34322.70 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXmtVaiu74%3D (Pubitemid 41065070)
75. CL Bowden H Grunze J Mullen, et al. 2005 A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled efficacy and safety study of quetiapine or lithium as monotherapy for mania in bipolar disorder J Clin Psychiatry 66 111 121 15669897 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhsV2htb8%3D
76. RS McIntyre M Brecher B Paulsson, et al. 2005 Quetiapine or haloperidol as monotherapy for bipolar mania-a 12-week, double-blind, randomised, parallel-group, placebo-controlled trial Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 15 573 585 16139175 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2005.02.006 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXpslyhtb0%3D (Pubitemid 41219629)
77. PE Keck Jr R Marcus S Tourkodimitris, et al. 2003 A placebo-controlled, double-blind study of the efficacy and safety of aripiprazole in patients with acute bipolar mania Am J Psychiatry 160 1651 1658 12944341 10.1176/appi.ajp.160. 9.1651 (Pubitemid 41079552)
78. PE Keck Jr JR Calabrese RS McIntyre, et al. 2007 Aripiprazole monotherapy for maintenance therapy in bipolar I disorder: a 100-week, double-blind study versus placebo J Clin Psychiatry 68 1480 1491 17960961 10.4088/JCP.v68n1003 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtlCqtr%2FJ
79. M Fink 2006 ECT in therapy-resistant mania: does it have a place? Bipolar Disord 8 307 309 16696837 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2006.00333.x
80. Ghaemi SN (2005) Hsu DJ (2005) Evidence-based treatment of bipolar disorder. In: Stein DJ, Lerer B, Stahl SM (eds) Evidence-based psychopharmacology. Cambridge University Press, New York
81. Beynon S, Soares-Weiser K, Woolacott N et al (2008) Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of relapse in bipolar disorder: a systematic review of controlled trials. J Psychopharmacol. [Epub ahead of print]
82. W Greil W Ludwig-Mayerhofer N Erazo, et al. 1997 Lithium versus carbamazepine in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorders-a randomised study J Affect Disord 43 151 161 9165384 10.1016/S0165-0327(96)01427-9 1:STN:280:DyaK2szgvVWmug%3D%3D (Pubitemid 27219568)
83. CL Bowden JR Calabrese G Sachs, et al. 2003 A placebo-controlled 18-month trial of lamotrigine and lithium maintenance treatment in recently manic or hypomanic patients with bipolar I disorder Arch Gen Psychiatry 60 392 400 12695317 10.1001/archpsyc.60.4.392 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXjtlelt74%3D (Pubitemid 36403000)
84. JR Calabrese CL Bowden G Sachs, et al. 2003 A placebo-controlled 18-month trial of lamotrigine and lithium maintenance treatment in recently depressed patients with bipolar I disorder J Clin Psychiatry 64 1013 1024 14628976 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXot1Cmsr4%3D (Pubitemid 37158246)
85. CL Bowden JR Calabrese SL McElroy, et al. 2000 A randomized, placebo-controlled 12-month trial of divalproex and lithium in treatment of outpatients with bipolar I disorder. Divalproex Maintenance Study Group Arch Gen Psychiatry 57 481 489 10807488 10.1001/archpsyc.57.5.481 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD3cXjsFGhsbg%3D
86. M Tohen JR Calabrese GS Sachs, et al. 2006 Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of olanzapine as maintenance therapy in patients with bipolar I disorder responding to acute treatment with olanzapine Am J Psychiatry 163 247 256 16449478 10.1176/appi.ajp.163.2.247 (Pubitemid 44480844)
87. LD Ginsberg 2006 A retrospective analysis of changing from alternative agents to carbamazepine extended-release capsules in bipolar disorder Ann Clin Psychiatry 181 Suppl 1 31 34 10.1080/10401230600653452 (Pubitemid 43861168)
88. A Vasudev K Macritchie S Watson, et al. 2008 Oxcarbazepine in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008 005171
89. AH Young JR Geddes K Macritchie, et al. 2006 Tiagabine in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorders Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3 CD005173 16856081 1:STN:280:DC%2BD28vptlagsA%3D%3D
90. T Suppes RJ Baldessarini GL Faedda, et al. 1991 Risk of recurrence following discontinuation of lithium treatment in bipolar disorder Arch Gen Psychiatry 48 1082 1088 1845226 1:STN:280:DyaK3s3ptVGjsQ%3D%3D
91. LE Mallette K Khouri H Zengotita, et al. 1989 Lithium treatment increases intact and midregion parathyroid hormone and parathyroid volume J Clin Endocrinol Metab 68 654 660 2918061 10.1210/jcem-68-3-654 1:CAS:528: DyaL1MXhsVOltbw%3D