The psychological impact of violence on staff working with adults with intellectual disabilities

Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities

Volumn 22, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 538-548

  Howard, Ruth ^a   Rose, John ^b   Levenson, Victor ^c  

^a Community Learning Disabilities Team ^*  (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

^c Ashley House   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Burnout; Challenging behaviour; Intellectual disabilities; Staff teams; Stress; Violence

Indexed keywords

EID: 70349804900     PISSN: 13602322     EISSN: 14683148     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3148.2009.00496.x     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. Bailey R. Clarke M. (1993) Stress and Coping in Nursing. Chapman & Hall, London.
2. Baron R. M. Kenny D. A. (1986) The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51, 1173 1182.
3. Bromley J. Emerson E. (1995) Beliefs and emotional reactions of care staff working with people with challenging behaviour. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities Research 39, 341 352.
4. Burke R. J. Greenglass E. (1993) Work stress, role conflict, social support and psychological burnout among teachers. Psychological Reports 73, 371 380.
5. Chung M. C. Corbett J. (1998) The burnout of nursing staff working with challenging behaviour clients in hospital-based bungalows and a community unit. International Journal of Nursing Studies 35, 56 64.
6. Cleary A. (2002) Care staff exposure to challenging behaviour and fear of assault. D.Clin.Psych. Thesis, University of Birmingham, Birmingham.
7. Clegg J. A. (1994) Epistemology and learning disabilities: Invited commentary on Hastings and Remington. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 33, 439 444.
8. Crawford J. V. (1990) Maintaining staff morale: the value of a staff training and support network. Mental Handicap 18, 48 51.
9. Deb S., Thomas M. Bright C. (2001) Mental disorder in adults with intellectual disability 2: The rate of behaviour disorders among a community-based population aged between 16 and 64 years. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 45, 506 514. (Pubitemid 33107572)
10. Emerson E., Barrett S., Bell C., Cummings R., McCool C., Toogood A. Mansell J. (1987) Developing Services for People with Severe Learning Difficulties and Challenging Behaviours. Institute of Social and Applied Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury.
11. Euwema M. C., Kop N. Bakker A. B. (2004) The behaviour of police officers in conflict situations: How burnout and reduced dominance contribute to better outcomes. Work & Stress 18, 23 28.
12. Farrall S., Bannister J., Ditton Gilchrist E. (2000) Social psychology and the fear of crime. British Journal of Criminology 40, 399 413.
13. Grant G., Ramcharan P., McGrath M., Nolan M. Keady J. (1998) Rewards and gratifications among family caregivers: towards a refined model of caring and coping. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 42, 58 71.
14. Hale C. (1996) Fear of crime: a review of the literature. International Review of Victimology 4, 79 150.
15. Harris P. (1993) The nature and extent of aggressive behaviour amongst people with learning difficulties (mental handicap) in a single health district. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 37, 221 242.
16. Harris P. Rose J. (2002) Measuring staff support in services for people with intellectual disability: The Staff Support Questionnaire, Version 2. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 46, 151 157.
17. Hastings R. P. (1995) Understanding factors that influence staff responses to challenging behaviours: an exploratory interview study. Mental Handicap Research 8, 296 320.
18. Hastings R. P. (2002) Do challenging behaviours affect staff psychological well-being? Issues of causality and mechanism. American Journal on Mental Retardation 107, 455 467.
19. Hastings R. P. Brown T. (2002) Behavioural knowledge, causal beliefs and self-efficacy as predictors of special educators' emotional reactions to challenging behaviours. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 46, 144 150.
20. Hastings R. P. Remington B. (1994) Staff behaviour and its implications for people with learning disabilities and challenging behaviours. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 33, 423 438.
21. Hastings R. P. Remington B. (1995) The emotional dimension of working with challenging behaviours. Clinical Psychology Forum 79, 11 16.
22. Hatton C. Emerson E. (1993) Organisational predictors of actual staff turnover in a service for people with multiple disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities 11, 166 171.
23. Hatton C., Brown R., Caine A. Emerson E. (1995) Stressors, coping strategies and stress-related outcomes among direct care staff in staffed houses for people with learning disabilities. Mental Handicap Research 8, 252 270.
24. Health and Safety Commission (1997) Violence and Aggression to Staff in Health Services. HSE, London.
25. Howard R. Hegarty J. R. (2003) Violent incidents and staff stress. The British Journal of Developmental Disabilities 49, 3 21.
26. Ito H., Kurita H. Shiiya J. (1999) Burnout among direct-care staff members of facilities for persons with mental retardation in Japan. Mental Retardation 37, 477 481.
27. Jenkins R., Rose J. Lovell C. (1997) Psychological wellbeing of staff working with people who have challenging behaviour. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 41, 501 511.
28. Jimmieson N. L. (2000) Employee reactions to behavioural control under conditions of stress: the moderating role of self-efficacy. Work & Stress 14, 262 280.
29. Kiely J. Pankhurst H. (1998) Violence faced by staff in a learning disability service. Disability and Rehabilitation 3, 81 89.
30. Kushlick A., Trower P. Dagnan D. (1997) Applying cognitive-behavioural approaches to the carers of people with learning disabilities who display challenging behaviour. In : Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for People with Learning Disabilities (eds B. Kroese, D. Dagnan K. Lournidis). Routledge, New York.
31. Lawson D. A. O'Brien R. M. (1994) Behaviour and self-reports measures of burnout in developmental disabilities. Journal of Organizational Behaviour Management 14, 37 54.
32. Lazarus R. S. (1999) Stress and Emotion - A New Synthesis. Free Association Books, London.
33. Leather P. (2001) Workplace violence: scope, definition and global context. In : Violence in the Health Sector (ed C. Cooper). International Labour Office, Geneva.
34. Leather P., Beale D., Lawrence C. Dickson R. (1997) Effects of exposure to workplace violence and the mediating impact of fear. Work and Stress 11, 329 340.
35. Male D. B. May D. S. (1997) Burnout and workload in teachers of children with severe learning difficulties. British Journal of Learning Disabilities 25, 117 121.
36. Maslach C. Jackson S. E. (1993) Maslach Burnout Inventory, 2nd edn. Consulting Psychologists Press Inc.
37. Mattison V. Pistrang N. (2000) Saying Goodbye: Stories of Separation between Care Staff and People with Learning Disabilities. Free Association Books Ltd., London.
38. Mitchell G. Hastings R. P. (2001) Coping, burnout and emotion in staff working in community settings for people with challenging behaviour. American Journal of Mental Retardation 107, 252 260.
39. Murray G. C., Sinclair B., Kidd G., Quigley A. Mckenzie K. (1999) The relationship between staff sickness levels and client assault levels in a health service unit for people with an intellectual disability and severely challenging behaviour. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities 12, 263 268.
40. Nolan P., Dallender J., Soares J., Thomsen S. Arnetz B. (1999) Violence in mental health care: the experiences of mental health nurses and psychiatrists. Journal of Advanced Nursing 30, 934 941.
41. Rose J. (1995) Stress and residential staff: towards an integration of existing research. Mental Handicap Research 8, 220 234.
42. Rose J. Cleary A. (2007) Care staff perceptions of challenging behaviour and fear of assault. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 32, 153 161.
43. Rose D. Rose J. (2005) Staff in services for people with intellectual disabilities: the impact of stress on attributions of challenging behaviour. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 49, 827 838.
44. Rose J. Schelewa-Davies D. (1996) The relationship between staff stress and team climate in residential services. Journal of Learning Disabilities for Nursing, Health and Social Care 1, 19 24.
45. Rose J., Jones F. Fletcher C. B. (1998) Investigating the relationship between stress and worker behaviour. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 42, 163 172.
46. Rose J., David G. Jones C. (2003) Staff who work with people who have intellectual disabilities: the importance of personality. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities 16, 267 278.
47. Spangler P., Gilman B. La Borde R. (1990) Frequency and type of incidents occurring in urban based group homes. Journal of Mental Deficiency Research 34, 371 378.
48. Stanley B. Standen P. J. (2000) Carers' attributions for challenging behaviour. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 39, 157 168.
49. Van der Wurff A. Stringer P. (1988) Measuring fear of crime in residential environments. In : Environmental Social Psychology (eds D. Canter, J. C. Jesuino, L. Socza G. M. Stephenson). Kluwer Academic Publishers.
50. Wanless L. K. Jahoda A. (2002) Responses of staff towards people with mild to moderate intellectual disability who behave aggressively: a cognitive emotional analysis. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 46, 507 516.
51. Whittington R. Burns J. (2005) The dilemmas of residential care staff working with the challenging behaviour of people with learning disabilities. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 44, 59 77.
52. Whittington R. Wykes T. (1989) Staff strain and social support in a psychiatric hospital following assault by a patient. Journal of Advanced Nursing 17, 480 486.
53. Winstanley S. Whittington R. (2002) Anxiety, burnout and coping styles in general hospital staff exposed to workplace aggression: a cyclical model of burnout and vulnerability to aggression. Work and Stress 16, 302 315.