Chapter 10 Conduit Luminal Additives for Peripheral Nerve Repair

International Review of Neurobiology

Volumn 87, Issue C, 2009, Pages 199-225

  Yan, Hede ^a   Zhang, Feng ^a   Chen, Michael B ^a   Lineaweaver, William C ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MISSISSIPPI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b Rankin Plastic Surgery Center   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CILIARY NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; COLLAGEN; FIBRIN; FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR; GLIAL CELL LINE DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; LAMININ; NERVE GROWTH FACTOR; NEURITE PROMOTING FACTOR; NEUROTROPIN; NEUROTROPIN 3; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VASCULOTROPIN; NEU DIFFERENTIATION FACTOR; TISSUE SCAFFOLD; VASCULOTROPIN A;

AUTOLOGOUS STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; BIOCOMPATIBILITY; BONE MARROW CELL; CELL COUNT; CELL FUNCTION; FIBROBLAST; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; MATERIAL STATE; MYELINATED NERVE; NERVE FIBER; NERVE GRAFT; NERVE GROWTH; NERVE INJURY; NERVE REGENERATION; NONHUMAN; PERIPHERAL NERVE; PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN FUNCTION; REVIEW; SCHWANN CELL; SCIATIC NERVE; TISSUE ENGINEERING; ANIMAL; BONE; DRUG EFFECT; METABOLISM; METHODOLOGY; NEUROSURGERY; STROMA CELL;

ANIMALS; BONE AND BONES; CILIARY NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; COLLAGEN; FIBRIN; FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTORS; FIBROBLASTS; GLIAL CELL LINE-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; LAMININ; NERVE GROWTH FACTOR; NERVE REGENERATION; NEUREGULIN-1; NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES; PERIPHERAL NERVES; SCHWANN CELLS; STROMAL CELLS; TISSUE SCAFFOLDS; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR A;

EID: 70349785533     PISSN: 00747742     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0074-7742(09)87010-4     Document Type: Review

References (126)

1. Abernethy D.A., Thomas P.K., Rud A., and King R.H. Mutual attraction between emigrant cells from transected denervated nerve. J. Anat. 184 (1994) 239-249
2. Ahmed Z., Underwood S., and Brown R.A. Nerve guide material made from fibronectin: Assessment of in vitro properties. Tissue. Eng. 9 (2003) 219-231
3. Allmeling C., Jokuszies A., Reimers K., Kall S., Choi C.Y., Brandes G., Kasper C., Scheper T., Guggenheim M., and Vogt P.M. Spider silk fibres in artificial nerve constructs promote peripheral nerve regeneration. Cell. Prolif. 41 3 (2008) 408-420
4. Altman G.H., Diaz F., Jakuba C., Calabro T., Horan R.L., Chen J., Lu H., Richmond J., and Kaplan D.L. Silk-based biomaterials. Biomaterials 24 3 (2003) 401-416
5. Ansselin A.D., Fink T., and Davey D.F. Peripheral nerve regeneration through nerve guides seeded with adult Schwann cells. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 23 (1997) 387-398
6. Apel P.J., Garrett J.P., Sierpinski P., Ma J., Atala A., Smith T.L., Koman L.A., and Van Dyke M.E. Peripheral nerve regeneration using a keratin-based scaffold: Long-term functional and histological outcomes in a mouse model. J. Hand Surg. (Am.) 33 9 (2008) 1541-1547
7. Arai T., Lundborg G., and Dahlin L.B. Bioartificial nerve graft for bridging extended nerve defects in rat sciatic nerve based on resorbable guiding filaments. Scand. J. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. Hand Surg. 34 (2000) 101-108
8. Archibald S.J., Shefner J., Krarup C., and Madison R.D. Monkey median nerve repaired by nerve graft or collagen nerve guide tube. J. Neurosci. 15 (1995) 4109-4123
9. Ball R.A., Lipton S.A., Dreyer E.B., Richie J.P., and Vickers M.A. Entubulization repair of severed cavernous nerves in the rat resulting in return of erectile function. J. Urol. 148 (1992) 211-215
10. Barcelos A.S., Rodrigues A.C., Silva M.D., and Padovani C.R. Inside-out vein graft and inside-out artery graft in rat sciatic nerve repair. Microsurgery 23 (2003) 66-71
11. Berger A., Lassner F., and Schaller E. The Dellon tube in injuries of peripheral nerves. Handchir. Mikrochir. Plast. Chir. 26 1 (1994) 44-47
12. Birch R., and Raji A.R. Repair of median and ulnar nerves. Primary suture is best. J. Bone Joint Surg. Br. 73 (1991) 154-157
13. Bunting S., di Silvio L., Deb S., and Hall S. Bioresorbable glass fibres facilitate peripheral nerve regeneration. J. Hand Surg. (Br.) 30 (2005) 242-247
14. Cajal R.y.S. Degeneration and Regeneration of the Nervous System vol. 1 (1928), Oxford University Press, London
15. Ceballos D., Navarro X., Dubey N., Wendelschafer-Crabb G., Kennedy W.R., and Tranquillo R.T. Magnetically aligned collagen gel filling a collagen nerve guide improves peripheral nerve regeneration. Exp. Neurol. 158 (1999) 290-300
16. Chang C.J., and Hsu S.H. The effects of low-intensity ultrasound on peripheral nerve regeneration in poly(Dl-lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) conduits seeded with Schwann cells. Ultrasound Med. Biol. 30 (2004) 1079-1084
17. Cheng Y.S., Cheng W.C., Yao C.H., Hsieh C.L., Lin J.G., Lai T.Y., Lin C.C., and Tsai C.C. Effects of buyang huanwu decoction on peripheral nerve regeneration using silicone rubber chambers. Am. J. Chin. Med. 29 (2001) 423-432
18. Chiu D.T., and Strauch B. A prospective clinical evaluation of autogenous vein grafts used as a nerve conduit for distal sensory nerve defects of 3 cm or less. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 86 5 (1990) 928-934
19. Danielsen N., and Varon S. Characterization of neurotrophic activity in the silicone-chamber model for nerve regeneration. J. Reconstr. Microsurg. 11 (1995) 231-235
20. Danielsen N., Pettmann B., Vahlsing H.L., Manthorpe M., and Varon S. Fibroblast growth factor effects on peripheral nerve regeneration in a silicone chamber model. J. Neurosci. Res. 20 (1988) 320-330
21. DeLee J.C., Smith M.T., and Green D.P. The reaction of nerve tissue to various suture materials: A study in rabbits. J. Hand Surg. (Am.) 2 1 (1977) 38-43
22. Dellon A.L., and Mackinnon S.E. An alternative to the classical nerve graft for the management of the short nerve gap. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 82 5 (1988) 849-856
23. Di Benedetto G., Zura G., Mazzucchelli R., Santinelli A., Scarpelli M., and Bertani A. Nerve regeneration through a combined autologous conduit (vein plus acellular muscle grafts). Biomaterials 19 (1998) 173-181
24. Dodla M.C., and Bellamkonda R.V. Differences between the effect of anisotropic and isotropic laminin and nerve growth factor presenting scaffolds on nerve regeneration across long peripheral nerve gaps. Biomaterials 29 1 (2008) 33-46
25. Dubey N., Letourneau P., and Tranquillo R.T. Guided neurite elongation and schwann cell invasion into magnetically aligned collagen in simulated peripheral nerve regeneration. Exp. Neurol. 158 (1999) 338-350
26. Dubey N., Letourneau P., and Tranquillo R.T. Neuronal contact guidance in magnetically aligned fibrin gels: Effect of variation in gel mechano-structural properties. Biomaterials 22 (2001) 1065-1075
27. Ducker T.B., and Hayes G.J. Peripheral nerve grafts: Experimental studies in the dog and chimpanzee to define homograft limitations. J. Neurosurg. 32 (1970) 236-243
28. Evans G.R., Brandt K., Widmer M.S., Lu L., Meszlenyi R.K., Gupta P.K., Mikos A.G., Hodges J., Williams J., Gurlek A., Nabawi A., Lohman R., et al. In vivo evaluation of poly(l-lactic acid) porous conduits for peripheral nerve regeneration. Biomaterials 20 12 (1999) 1109-1115
29. Evans G.R., Brandt K., Katz S., Chauvin P., Otto L., Bogle M., Wang B., Meszlenyi R.K., Lu L., Mikos A.G., and Patrick Jr. C.W. Bioactive poly(l-lactic acid) conduits seeded with Schwann cells for peripheral nerve regeneration. Biomaterials 23 (2002) 841-848
30. Fansa H., Keilhoff G., Forster G., Seidel B., Wolf G., and Schneider W. Acellular muscle with Schwann-cell implantation: An alternative biologic nerve conduit. J. Reconstr. Microsurg. 15 (1999) 531-537
31. Fansa H., Keilhoff G., Plogmeier K., Frerichs O., Wolf G., and Schneider W. Successful implantation of Schwann cells in acellular muscles. J. Reconstr. Microsurg. 15 (1999) 61-65
32. Fornaro M., Tos P., Geuna S., Giacobini-Robecchi M.G., and Battiston B. Confocal imaging of Schwann-cell migration along muscle-vein combined grafts used to bridge nerve defects in the rat. Microsurgery 21 (2001) 153-155
33. Francel P.C., Francel T.J., Mackinnon S.E., and Hertl C. Enhancing nerve regeneration across a silicone tube conduit by using interposed short-segment nerve grafts. J. Neurosurg. 87 (1997) 887-892
34. Gamez E., Goto Y., Nagata K., Iwaki T., Sasaki T., and Matsuda T. Photofabricated gelatin-based nerve conduits: Nerve tissue regeneration potentials. Cell Transplant 13 (2004) 549-564
35. Gordon T., Sulaiman O., and Boyd J.G. Experimental strategies to promote functional recovery after peripheral nerve injuries. J. Peripher. Nerv. Syst. 8 (2003) 236-250
36. Guenard V., Kleitman N., Morrissey T.K., Bunge R.P., and Aebischer P. Syngeneic Schwann cells derived from adult nerves seeded in semipermeable guidance channels enhance peripheral nerve regeneration. J. Neurosci. 12 (1992) 3310-3320
37. Hadlock T., Elisseeff J., Langer R., Vacanti J., and Cheney M. A tissue-engineered conduit for peripheral nerve repair. Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 124 (1998) 1081-1086
38. Hadlock T., Sundback C., Koka R., Hunter D., Cheney M., and Vacanti J. A novel, biodegradable polymer conduit delivers neurotrophins and promotes nerve regeneration. Laryngoscope 109 (1999) 1412-1416
39. Hadlock T., Sundback C., Hunter D., Cheney M., and Vacanti J.P. A polymer foam conduit seeded with Schwann cells promotes guided peripheral nerve regeneration. Tissue Eng. 6 (2000) 119-127
40. Hall S. Axonal regeneration through acellular muscle grafts. J. Anat. 190 (1997) 57-71
41. He C., Chen Z., and Chen Z. Enhancement of motor nerve regeneration by nerve growth factor. Microsurgery 13 (1992) 151-154
42. Heijke G.C., Klopper P.J., Baljet B., and van Doorn I.B. Silicone rubber tubulization in peripheral sensory nerve reconstruction: An experimental study in rabbits. Microsurgery 21 (2001) 306-316
43. Hobson M.I., Green C.J., and Terenghi G. VEGF enhances intraneural angiogenesis and improves nerve regeneration after axotomy. J. Anat. 197 (2000) 591-605
44. Hsu S.H., Chang C.J., Tang C.M., and Lin F.T. In vitro and in vivo effects of Ginkgo biloba extract egb 761 on seeded Schwann cells within poly(dl-lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) conduits for peripheral nerve regeneration. J. Biomater. Appl. 19 (2004) 163-182
45. Hudson A.R., Morris J., Weddell G., and Drury A. Peripheral nerve autografts. J. Surg. Res. 12 (1972) 267-274
46. Ide C. Peripheral nerve regeneration. Neurosci. Res. 25 (1996) 101-121
47. Ide C., Tohyama K., Tajima K., Endoh K., Sano K., Tamura M., Mizoguchi A., Kitada M., Morihara T., and Shirasu M. Long acellular nerve transplants for allogeneic grafting and the effects of basic fibroblast growth factor on the growth of regenerating axons in dogs: A preliminary report. Exp. Neurol. 154 (1998) 99-112
48. Kalbermatten D.F., Kingham P.J., Mahay D., Mantovani C., Pettersson J., Raffoul W., Balcin H., Pierer G., and Terenghi G. Fibrin matrix for suspension of regenerative cells in an artificial nerve conduit. J. Plast. Reconstr. Aesthet. Surg. 61 6 (2008) 669-675
49. Keilhoff G., Goihl A., Langnase K., Fansa H., and Wolf G. Transdifferentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into Schwann cell-like myelinating cells. J. Reconstr. Microsurg. 21 (2005) 565-571
50. Komiyama T., Nakao Y., Toyama Y., Asou H., Vacanti C.A., and Vacanti M.P. A novel technique to isolate adult Schwann cells for an artificial nerve conduit. J. Neurosci. Methods 122 (2003) 195-200
51. Koshimune M., Takamatsu K., Nakatsuka H., Inui K., Yamano Y., and Ikada Y. Creating bioabsorbable Schwann cell coated conduits through tissue engineering. Biomed. Mater. Eng. 13 (2003) 223-229
52. Labrador R.O., Buti M., and Navarro X. Influence of collagen and laminin gels concentration on nerve regeneration after resection and tube repair. Exp. Neurol. 149 (1998) 243-252
53. Lee A.C., Yu V.M., Lowe III J.B., Brenner M.J., Hunter D.A., Mackinnon S.E., and Sakiyama-Elbert S.E. Controlled release of nerve growth factor enhances sciatic nerve regeneration. Exp. Neurol. 184 (2003) 295-303
54. Li C.Y., and Cao D.C. Experimental study on repair of peripheral nerve defect by basic fibroblast growth factor combined with autogenous vein graft conduit. Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi 14 (2000) 14-16
55. Li J., Yan J.G., Ai X., Hu S., Gu Y.D., Matloub H.S., and Sanger J.R. Ultrastructural analysis of peripheral-nerve regeneration within a nerve conduit. J. Reconstr. Microsurg. 20 (2004) 565-569
56. Lietz M., Dreesmann L., Hoss M., Oberhoffner S., and Schlosshauer B. Neuro tissue engineering of glial nerve guides and the impact of different cell types. Biomaterials 27 (2006) 1425-1436
57. Lloyd B.M., Luginbuhl R.D., Brenner M.J., Rocque B.G., Tung T.H., Myckatyn T.M., Hunter D.A., Mackinnon S.E., and Borschel G.H. Use of motor nerve material in peripheral nerve repair with conduits. Microsurgery 27 2 (2007) 138-145
58. Lundborg G., Dahlin L., Danielsen N., and Zhao Q. Trophism, tropism, and specificity in nerve regeneration. J. Reconstr. Microsurg. 10 (1994) 345-354
59. Lundborg G., Rosen B., Abrahamson S.O., Dahlin L., and Danielsen N. Tubular repair of the median nerve in the human forearm. Preliminary findings. J. Hand Surg. (Br.) 19 (1994) 273-276
60. Lundborg G., Dahlin L., Dohi D., Kanje M., and Terada N. A new type of "bioartificial" nerve graft for bridging extended defects in nerves. J. Hand Surg. (Br.) 22 (1997) 299-303
61. Mackinnon S.E., and Dellon A.L. A study of nerve regeneration across synthetic (Maxon) and biologic (collagen) nerve conduits for nerve gaps up to 5 cm in the primate. J. Reconstr. Microsurg. 6 2 (1990) 117-121
62. Madison R., Dsc S., Dikkes P., Chiu T.H., and Sidman R.L. Increased rate of peripheral nerve regeneration using bioresorbable nerve guides and a laminin-containing gel. Exp. Neurol. 88 (1985) 767-772
63. Madison R.D., da Silva C.F., Dikkes P., Sidman R.L., and Chiu T.H. Peripheral nerve regeneration with entubulation repair: Comparison of biodegradeable nerve guides versus polyethylene tubes and the effects of a laminin-containing gel. Exp. Neurol. 95 (1987) 378-390
64. Madison R.D., da Silva C.F., and Dikkes P. Entubulation repair with protein additives increases the maximum nerve gap distance successfully bridged with tubular prostheses. Brain Res. 447 (1988) 325-334
65. Matsumoto K., Ohnishi K., Kiyotani T., Sekine T., Ueda H., Nakamura T., Endo K., and Shimizu Y. Peripheral nerve regeneration across an 80-mm gap bridged by a polyglycolic acid (PGA)-collagen tube filled with laminin-coated collagen fibers: A histological and electrophysiological evaluation of regenerated nerves. Brain Res. 868 (2000) 315-328
66. Matsuoka I., Nakane A., and Kurihara K. Induction of LIF-mrna by TGF-beta 1 in Schwann cells. Brain Res. 776 (1997) 170-180
67. Mersa B., Agir H., Aydin A., and Sen C. Comparison of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (eptfe) with autogenous vein as a nerve conduit in rat sciatic nerve defects. Kulak Burun Bogaz Ihtis. Derg. 13 5-6 (2004) 103-111
68. Midha R., Munro C.A., Dalton P.D., Tator C.H., and Shoichet M.S. Growth factor enhancement of peripheral nerve regeneration through a novel synthetic hydrogel tube. J. Neurosurg. 99 (2003) 555-565
69. Mohammad J.A., Warnke P.H., Pan Y.C., and Shenaq S. Increased axonal regeneration through a biodegradable amnionic tube nerve conduit: Effect of local delivery and incorporation of nerve growth factor/hyaluronic acid media. Ann. Plast. Surg. 44 (2000) 59-64
70. Mohanna P.N., Terenghi G., and Wiberg M. Composite PHB-GGF conduit for long nerve gap repair: A long-term evaluation. Scand. J. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. Hand Surg. 39 (2005) 129-137
71. Mosahebi A., Woodward B., Wiberg M., Martin R., and Terenghi G. Retroviral labeling of Schwann cells: In vitro characterization and in vivo transplantation to improve peripheral nerve regeneration. Glia 34 (2001) 8-17
72. Mosahebi A., Fuller P., Wiberg M., and Terenghi G. Effect of allogeneic Schwann cell transplantation on peripheral nerve regeneration. Exp. Neurol. 173 (2002) 213-223
73. Mosahebi A., Wiberg M., and Terenghi G. Addition of fibronectin to alginate matrix improves peripheral nerve regeneration in tissue-engineered conduits. Tissue Eng. 9 (2003) 209-218
74. Muller H., Williams L.R., and Varon S. Nerve regeneration chamber: Evaluation of exogenous agents applied by multiple injections. Brain Res. 413 (1987) 320-326
75. Nakayama K., Takakuda K., Koyama Y., Itoh S., Wang W., Mukai T., and Shirahama N. Enhancement of peripheral nerve regeneration using bioabsorbable polymer tubes packed with fibrin gel. Artif. Organs 31 7 (2007) 500-508
76. Newman J.P., Verity A.N., Hawatmeh S., Fee Jr. W.E., and Terris D.J. Ciliary neurotrophic factors enhances peripheral nerve regeneration. Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 122 (1996) 399-403
77. Nicolino S., Raimondo S., Tos P., Battiston B., Fornaro M., Geuna S., and Perroteau I. Expression of alpha2a-2b neuregulin-1 is associated with early peripheral nerve repair along muscle-enriched tubes. Neuroreport 14 (2003) 1541-1545
78. Nie X., Zhang Y.J., Tian W.D., Jiang M., Dong R., Chen J.W., and Jin Y. Improvement of peripheral nerve regeneration by a tissue-engineered nerve filled with ectomesenchymal stem cells. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 36 1 (2007) 32-38
79. Noble J., Munro C.A., Prasad V.S., and Midha R. Analysis of upper and lower extremity peripheral nerve injuries in a population of patients with multiple injuries. J. Trauma 45 (1998) 116-122
80. Phillips J.B., Bunting S.C., Hall S.M., and Brown R.A. Neural tissue engineering: A self-organizing collagen guidance conduit. Tissue Eng. 11 (2005) 1611-1617
81. Politis M.J., Ederle K., and Spencer P.S. Tropism in nerve regeneration in vivo. Attraction of regenerating axons by diffusible factors derived from cells in distal nerve stumps of transected peripheral nerves. Brain Res. 253 (1982) 1-12
82. Pu L.L., Syed S.A., Reid M., Patwa H., Goldstein J.M., Forman D.L., and Thomson J.G. Effects of nerve growth factor on nerve regeneration through a vein graft across a gap. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 104 (1999) 1379-1385
83. Raimondo S., Nicolino S., Tos P., Battiston B., Giacobini-Robecchi M.G., Perroteau I., and Geuna S. Schwann cell behavior after nerve repair by means of tissue-engineered muscle-vein combined guides. J. Comp. Neurol. 489 (2005) 249-259
84. Rich K.M., Alexander T.D., Pryor J.C., and Hollowell J.P. Nerve growth factor enhances regeneration through silicone chambers. Exp. Neurol. 105 (1989) 162-170
85. Richardson P.M. Neurotrophic factors in regeneration. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 1 (1991) 401-406
86. Rodriguez F.J., Verdu E., Ceballos D., and Navarro X. Nerve guides seeded with autologous schwann cells improve nerve regeneration. Exp. Neurol. 161 (2000) 571-584
87. Rosen J.M., Pham H.N., Abraham G., Harold L., and Hentz V.R. Artificial nerve graft compared to autograft in a rat model. J. Rehabil. Res. Dev. 26 (1989) 1-14
88. Rosen J.M., Padilla J.A., Nguyen K.D., Padilla M.A., Sabelman E.E., and Pham H.N. Artificial nerve graft using collagen as an extracellular matrix for nerve repair compared with sutured autograft in a rat model. Ann. Plast. Surg. 25 (1990) 375-387
89. Rosen J.M., Padilla J.A., Nguyen K.D., Siedman J., and Pham H.N. Artificial nerve graft using glycolide trimethylene carbonate as a nerve conduit filled with collagen compared to sutured autograft in a rat model. J. Rehabil. Res. Dev. 29 (1992) 1-12
90. Rutkowski G.E., and Heath C.A. Development of a bioartificial nerve graft. I. Design based on a reaction-diffusion model. Biotechnol. Prog. 18 (2002) 362-372
91. Rutkowski G.E., Miller C.A., Jeftinija S., and Mallapragada S.K. Synergistic effects of micropatterned biodegradable conduits and Schwann cells on sciatic nerve regeneration. J. Neural. Eng. 1 (2004) 151-157
92. Satou T., Nishida S., Hiruma S., Tanji K., Takahashi M., Fujita S., Mizuhara Y., Akai F., and Hashimoto S. A morphological study on the effects of collagen gel matrix on regeneration of severed rat sciatic nerve in silicone tubes. Acta Pathol. Jpn. 36 (1986) 199-208
93. Seckel B.R. Enhancement of peripheral nerve regeneration. Muscle Nerve 13 (1990) 785-800
94. Seckel B.R., Jones D., Hekimian K.J., Wang K.K., Chakalis D.P., and Costas P.D. Hyaluronic acid through a new injectable nerve guide delivery system enhances peripheral nerve regeneration in the rat. J. Neurosci. Res. 40 (1995) 318-324
95. Sierpinski P., Garrett J., Ma J., Apel P., Klorig D., Smith T., Koman L.A., Atala A., and Van Dyke M. The use of keratin biomaterials derived from human hair for the promotion of rapid regeneration of peripheral nerves. Biomaterials 29 1 (2008) 118-128
96. Sinis N., Schaller H.E., Schulte-Eversum C., Schlosshauer B., Doser M., Dietz K., Rosner H., Muller H.W., and Haerle M. Nerve regeneration across a 2-cm gap in the rat median nerve using a resorbable nerve conduit filled with Schwann cells. J. Neurosurg. 103 (2005) 1067-1076
97. Strauch B., Ferder M., Lovelle-Allen S., Moore K., Kim D.J., and Llena J. Determining the maximal length of a vein conduit used as an interposition graft for nerve regeneration. J. Reconstr. Microsurg. 12 8 (1996) 521-527
98. Strauch B., Rodriguez D.M., Diaz J., Yu H.L., Kaplan G., and Weinstein D.E. Autologous Schwann cells drive regeneration through a 6-cm autogenous venous nerve conduit. J. Reconstr. Microsurg. 17 8 (2001) 589-595 discussion 596-597
99. Su Y., Zeng B.F., Zhang C.Q., Zhang K.G., and Xie X.T. Study of biocompatibility of small intestinal submucosa (SIS) with Schwann cells in vitro. Brain Res. 1145 11 (2007) 41-47
100. Tang J.B. Vein conduits with interposition of nerve tissue for peripheral nerve defects. J. Reconstr. Microsurg. 11 1 (1995) 21-26
101. Tang X.Q., Cai J., Nelson K.D., Peng X.J., and Smith G.M. Functional repair after dorsal root rhizotomy using nerve conduits and neurotrophic molecules. Eur. J. Neurosci. 20 (2004) 1211-1218
102. Terenghi G. Peripheral nerve injury and regeneration. Histol. Histopathol. 10 (1995) 709-718
103. Terenghi G. Peripheral nerve regeneration and neurotrophic factors. J. Anat. 194 (1999) 1-14
104. Toba T., Nakamura T., Lynn A.K., Matsumoto K., Fukuda S., Yoshitani M., Hori Y., and Shimizu Y. Evaluation of peripheral nerve regeneration across an 80-mm gap using a polyglycolic acid (PGA)-collagen nerve conduit filled with laminin-soaked collagen sponge in dogs. Int. J. Artif. Organs 25 (2002) 230-237
105. Tos P., Battiston B., Geuna S., Giacobini-Robecchi M.G., Hill M.A., Lanzetta M., and Owen E.R. Tissue specificity in rat peripheral nerve regeneration through combined skeletal muscle and vein conduit grafts. Microsurgery 20 (2000) 65-71
106. Unezaki S., Yoshii S., Mabuchi T., Saito A., and Ito S. Effects of neurotrophic factors on nerve regeneration monitored by in vivo imaging in thy1-YFP transgenic mice. J. Neurosci. Methods 178 2 (2009) 308-315
107. Varejao A.S., Cabrita A.M., Meek M.F., Fornaro M., and Geuna S. Nerve regeneration inside fresh skeletal muscle-enriched synthetic tubes: A laser confocal microscope study in the rat sciatic nerve model. Ital. J. Anat. Embryol. 108 (2003) 77-82
108. Verdu E., Labrador R.O., Rodriguez F.J., Ceballos D., Fores J., and Navarro X. Alignment of collagen and laminin-containing gels improve nerve regeneration within silicone tubes. Restor. Neurol. Neurosci. 20 (2002) 169-179
109. Walter M.A., Kurouglu R., Caulfield J.B., Vasconez L.O., and Thompson J.A. Enhanced peripheral nerve regeneration by acidic fibroblast growth factor. Lymphokine Cytokine Res. 12 (1993) 135-141
110. Williams L.R. Exogenous fibrin matrix precursors stimulate the temporal progress of nerve regeneration within a silicone chamber. Neurochem. Res. 12 (1987) 851-860
111. Williams L.R., and Varon S. Modification of fibrin matrix formation in situ enhances nerve regeneration in silicone chambers. J. Comp. Neurol. 231 (1985) 209-220
112. Williams L.R., Longo F.M., Powell H.C., Lundborg G., and Varon S. Spatial-temporal progress of peripheral nerve regeneration within a silicone chamber: Parameters for a bioassay. J. Comp. Neurol. 218 (1983) 460-470
113. Williams L.R., Danielsen N., Muller H., and Varon S. Exogenous matrix precursors promote functional nerve regeneration across a 15-mm gap within a silicone chamber in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 264 (1987) 284-290
114. Wood M.D., Moore A.M., Hunter D.A., TuVaha S., Borschel G.H., Mackinnon S.E., and Sakiyama-Elbert S.E. Affinity-based release of glial-derived neurotrophic factor from fibrin matrices enhances sciatic nerve regeneration. Acta. Biomater. 5 4 (2009) 959-968
115. Wu F., Xing D., Peng Z., and Rao T. Enhanced rat sciatic nerve regeneration through silicon tubes implanted with valproic acid. J. Reconstr. Microsurg. 24 4 (2008) 267-276
116. Yang Y., De Laporte L., Rives C.B., Jang J.H., Lin W.C., Shull K.R., and Shea L.D. Neurotrophin releasing single and multiple lumen nerve conduits. J. Control Release 104 (2005) 433-446
117. Yang Y., Ding F., Wu J., Hu W., Liu W., Liu J., and Gu X. Development and evaluation of silk fibroin-based nerve grafts used for peripheral nerve regeneration. Biomaterials 28 36 (2007) 5526-5535 Epub 2007 Sep 19
118. Young J.N., Friedman A.H., Harrelson J.M., Rossitch Jr. E., Alston S., and Rozear M. Hemangiopericytoma of the sciatic nerve. Case report. J. Neurosurg. 74 3 (1991) 512-515
119. Yu X. Tissue-engineered scaffolds are effective alternatives to autografts for bridging peripheral nerve gaps. Tissue Eng. 9 3 (2003) 421-430
120. Zhang F., Blain B., Beck J., Zhang J., Chen Z., Chen Z.W., and Lineaweaver W.C. Autogenous venous graft with one-stage prepared Schwann cells as a conduit for repair of long segmental nerve defects. J. Reconstr. Microsurg. 18 (2002) 295-300
121. Zhang J., Lineaweaver W.C., Oswald T., Chen Z., Chen Z., and Zhang F. Ciliary neurotrophic factor for acceleration of peripheral nerve regeneration: An experimental study. J. Reconstr. Microsurg. 20 (2004) 323-327
122. Zhang P., He X., Zhao F., Zhang D., Fu Z., and Jiang B. Bridging small-gap peripheral nerve defects using biodegradable chitin conduits with cultured schwann and bone marrow stromal cells in rats. J. Reconstr. Microsurg. 21 (2005) 565-571
123. Zhang P., Xue F., Kou Y., Fu Z., Zhang D., Zhang H., and Jiang B. The experimental study of absorbable chitin conduit for bridging peripheral nerve defect with nerve fasciculu in rats. Artif. Cells Blood Substit. Immobil. Biotechnol. 36 4 (2008) 360-371
124. Zhao F.Q., Zhang P.X., He X.J., Du C., Fu Z.G., Zhang D.Y., and Jiang B.G. Study on the adoption of Schwann cell phenotype by bone marrow stromal cells in vitro and in vivo. Biomed. Environ. Sci. 18 (2005) 326-333
125. Zheng M., and Kuffler D.P. Guidance of regenerating motor axons in vivo by gradients of diffusible peripheral nerve-derived factors. J. Neurobiol. 42 (2000) 212-219
126. Zhu Q.T., Zhu J.K., and Cheng G. Advance in study of artificial nerve. Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi 14 (2000) 369-371