Experimental investigation on martensitic transformation and fracture morphologies of austenitic stainless steel

International Journal of Plasticity

Volumn 25, Issue 11, 2009, Pages 2222-2247

  Das, Arpan ^a   Tarafder, Soumitra ^a  

^a NATIONAL METALLURGICAL LABORATORY   (India)

Author keywords

Deformation induced martensite; Dimple density; Dimple diameter; Image processing; Strain rate

Indexed keywords

AISI 304; ANALYTICAL TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; DEFORMATION INDUCED MARTENSITE; DEFORMATION TWIN; DIMPLE DENSITY; DIMPLE DIAMETER; EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS; FRACTOGRAPHS; FRACTURE MORPHOLOGY; FRACTURE SURFACE MORPHOLOGY; NUCLEATION MECHANISM; QUANTITATIVE METALLOGRAPHY; ROOM TEMPERATURE; SATURATION VALUES; TEM; TENSILE DEFORMATION;

AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEEL; AUSTENITIC TRANSFORMATIONS; DEFORMATION; FRACTURE; IMAGE PROCESSING; IMAGING SYSTEMS; MARTENSITE; MARTENSITIC TRANSFORMATIONS; MORPHOLOGY; STEEL; TELLURIC PROSPECTING; TENSILE STRENGTH; TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY;

STRAIN RATE;

EID: 70349765855     PISSN: 07496419     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijplas.2009.03.003     Document Type: Article

References (125)

1. Anderson T.L. Fracture Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications. third ed. (1995), CRC Press, Boca Raton, New York 265
2. Angel T. Formation of martensite in austenitic stainless steels. Effects of deformation, temperature and composition. Journal of Iron and Steel Institute 177 (1954) 165-174
3. Argon A.S., Im J., and Safoglu R. Cavity formation for inclusions in ductile fracture. Metallurgical Transaction A 6 (1975) 825-837
4. Bandstra J.P., Koss D.A., Geltmacher A., Matic P., and Everett R.K. Modelling void coalescence during ductile fracture of steel. Materials Science and Engineering A 366 (2004) 269-281
5. Banerjee K. Quantitative fractography: a modern perspective. Metallurgical Transactions A 19 (1988) 961-971
6. Barai P., and Weng G.J. The competition of grain size and porosity in the viscoplastic response of nanocrystalline solids. International Journal of Plasticity 24 (2008) 1380-1410
7. Benzerga A.A., Besson J., and Pineau A. Anisotropic ductile fracture, Part - I: Experiments. Acta Materialia 52 (2004) 4623-4638
8. Bontcheva N., Petrov P., Petzov G., and Parashkevova L. Finite element simulation of strain induced austenite-martensite transformation and fine grain production in stainless steel. Computational Materials Science 40 1 (2007) 90-100
9. Borg U., Niordson C.F., and Kysar J.W. Size effect on void growth in single crystals with distributed voids. International Journal of Plasticity 24 (2008) 688-701
10. / martensite in an austenitic Fe-Mn-C-N alloy. Scripta Materialia 57 (2007) 385-388
11. Breedis J.F., and Kaufman L. Formation of HCP and BCC Phases in Austenitic Iron Alloys. Metallurgical Transactions A 2 9 (1971) 2359-2371
12. Bressanelli J.P., and Moskowitz A. Effects of strain rate, temperature, and composition on tensile properties of metastable austenitic stainless steels. Transactions of the ASM 59 2 (1966) 223-239
13. Broek D. The role of inclusions in ductile fracture and fracture toughness. Engineering Fracture Mechanics 5 (1973) 55-60
14. Brooks J.W., Loretto M.H., and Smallman R.E. B. Direct observations of martensite nuclei in stainless steel. Acta Metallurgica 27 12 (1979) 1839-1847
15. Calhoun C.D., and Stoloff N.S. The effect of particles on fracture processes in Magnesium alloys. Metallurgical Transactions A 1 (1970) 997
16. Chae D., and Koss D.A. Damage accumulation and failure of HSLA-100 steel. Materials Science and Engineering A 366 (2004) 299-309
17. Cherkaoui M., Berveiller M., and Sabar H. Micromechanical modeling of martensitic transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) in austenitic single crystals. International Journal of Plasticity 14 7 (1998) 597-626
18. Choi J.Y., and Won J. Strain induced martensite formation and its effect on strain hardening behavior in the cold drawn 304 austenitic stainless steels. Scripta Materialia 36 1 (1997) 99-104
19. Christy, S., Pak, H.R., Meyers, M.A., 1986. In: Murr, L.E., Staudhammer, K.P., Meyers, M.A. (Eds.), Metallurgical Applications of Shock-wave and High Strain-rate Phenomena. Marcel Dekker, New York, NY, pp. 835-863.
20. Cox, T.B., Low, J.R., Jr., NASA Tech. Rep. No. 4 on Research Grant NGR-39-087-003, Carnegie-Mellon Univ., 1972.
21. Cox T.B., and Low J.R. An investigation of the plastic fracture of AISI 4340 and 18 Nickel-200 Grade Maraging steels. Metallurgical Transactions A 5 (1974) 1457-1470
22. Karr D.G., and Kyungsik C. A three dimensional constitutive damage model for polycrystalline ice. Mechanics of Materials 8 (1989) 55-66
23. Dan W.J., Zhang W.G., Li S.H., and Lin Z.Q. A model for strain-induced martensitic transformation of TRIP steel with strain rate. Computational Materials Science 40 1 (2007) 101-107
24. Das A., and Tarafder S. Geometry of dimples and its correlation with mechanical properties in austenitic stainless steel. Scripta Materialia 59 9 (2008) 1014-1017
25. Das A., Das S.K., Sivaprasad S., and Tarafder S. Fracture-property correlation in copper strengthened high strength low alloy steel. Scripta Materialia 59 7 (2008) 681-683
26. Das A., Sivaprasad S., Chakraborty P.C., and Tarafder S. Correspondence of fracture surface features with mechanical properties in 304LN stainless steel. Materials Science and Engineering A 496 1-2 (2008) 98-105
27. Das A., Sivaprasad S., Ghosh M., Chakraborti P.C., and Tarafder S. Morphologies and characteristics of deformation induced martensite during tensile deformation of 304LN stainless steel. Materials Science and Engineering A 486 1-2 (2008) 283-286
28. Das S.K., Chatterjee S., and Tarafder S. Tensile fracture behaviour of microstructurally engineered Cu bearing high strength low alloy steel. Materials Science and Technology 22 12 (2006) 1409-1414
29. De A.K., Murdock D.C., Mataya M.C., Speer J.G., and Matlock D.K. Quantitative measurement of deformation-induced martensite in 304 stainless steel by X-ray diffraction. Scripta Materialia 50 (2004) 1445-1449
30. Deshpande S., Kulkarni A., Sampath S., and Herman H. Application of image analysis for characterization of porosity in thermal spray coatings and correlation with small angle neutron scattering. Surface and Coating Tech 187 (2004) 6-16
31. Diani J.M., Sabar H., and Berveiller M. Micromechanical modelling of the transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) phenomenon in steels. International Journal of Engineering Sciences 33 13 (1995) 1921-1934
32. Diani J.M., and Parks D.M. Effects of strain state on the kinetics of strain induced martensite in steels. Journal of Mechanics and Physics of Solids 46 9 (1998) 1613-1635
33. Dieter, G.E., 1993. Mechanical Metallurgy, SI Metric Edition. Springer, Berlin, 145 pp.
34. El-Soudani S.M., and Pelloux R.M. Influence of inclusion content on fatigue crack. Metallurgical Transactions B 4 2 (1973) 519-531
35. Erdogan M., and Tekeli S. The effect of martensite particle size on tensile fracture of surface-carburised AISI 8620 steel with dual phase core microstructure. Materials and Design 23 (2002) 597-604
36. Fischer F.D., Oberaigner E.R., and Tanaka K. A micromechanical approach to constitutive equations for phase changing materials. Computational Materials Science 9 (1997) 56-63
37. Gan Y.X., Kysar J.W., and Morse T.L. Cylindrical void in a rigid-ideally plastic single crystal, II. Experiments and simulations. International Journal of Plasticity 22 (2006) 39-72
38. Ganesh Sundara Raman S., and Padmanabhan K.A. Influence of martensite formation and grain size on room temperature low cycle fatigue behaviour of AISI 304LN austenitic stainless steel. Materials Science and Technology 10 (1994) 614-620
39. Garion C., Skoczen B., and Sgobba S. Constitutive modelling and identification of parameters of the plastic strain-induced martensitic transformation in 316L stainless steel at cryogenic temperatures. International Journal of Plasticity 22 (2006) 1234-1264
40. Garrison Jr. W.M., and Moody N.R. Ductile fracture. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 48 11 (1987) 1035-1074
41. Goods S.H., and Brown L.M. The nucleation of cavities by plastic deformation. Acta Metallurgica 27 (1979) 1-15
42. Guimarães J.R.C., and De Angelis R.J. Hardening by a deformation induced phase transformation. Materials Science and Engineering A 15 2-3 (1974) 291-294
43. Guntner C.J., and Reed R.P. The effect of experimental variables including the martensitic transformation on the low-temperature mechanical properties of austenitic stainless steels. Transaction of the ASM 55 3 (1962) 399-419
44. Gurson A.L. Continuum theory of ductile rupture by void nucleation and growth: Part I - Yield criteria and flow rules for porous ductile media. ASME Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 99 (1977) 1-15
45. Han H.N., Lee C.G., Oh C.-S., Lee T.-H., and Kim S.-J. A Model for deformation behavior and mechanically induced martensitic transformation of metastable austenitic steel. Acta Materialia 52 17 (2004) 5203-5214
46. Hahn G.T., and Rosenfield A.R. Metallurgical factors affecting fracture toughness of aluminum alloys. Metallurgical Transactions A 6 (1975) 653-668
47. Hallberg H., Hakansson P., and Ristinmaa M. A constitutive model for the formation of martensite in austenitic steels under large strain plasticity. International Journal of Plasticity 23 (2007) 1213-1239
48. Hancook G.G., and Mackenzie A.C. On the mechanism of ductile failure in high strength steels subjected to multiaxial stress states. Journal of Mechanics and Physics of Solids 24 (1976) 147-169
49. Hammi Y., and Horstemeyer M.F. A physically motivated anisotropic tensorial Representation of damage with separable functions for void nucleation, growth, and coalescence. International Journal of Plasticity 23 (2007) 1641-1678
50. Hecker S.S., Stout M.G., Staudhammer K.P., and Smith J.L. Effect of strain state and strain rate on deformation-induced transformation in 304 stainless steel: Part I. Magnetic measurement and mechanical behaviour. Metallurgical Transactions A 13 (1982) 619-626
51. Hsu C.Y., Lee B.J., and Mear M.E. Constitutive models for power-law viscous solids containing spherical voids. International Journal of Plasticity 25 1 (2009) 134-160
52. Huang G.L., Matlock D.K., and Krauss G. Martensite formation, strain rate sensitivity, and deformation behaviour of type 304 stainless steel sheet. Metallurgical Transactions A 20 (1989) 1239-1246
53. Idesman A.V., Levitas V.I., Preston D.L., and Cho J.-Y. Finite element simulations of martensitic phase transitions and microstructures based on a strain softening model. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids 53 (2005) 495-523
54. Iwamoto T., Tsuta T., and Tomita Y. Investigation on deformation mode dependence of strain-induced martensitic transformation in TRIP steels and modelling of transformation kinetics. International Journal of Mechanical Science 40 2-3 (1998) 173-182
55. Jones S.J., and Bhadeshia H.K.D.H. Kinetics of the simultaneous decomposition of austenite into several transformation products. Acta Materialia 45 (1997) 2911-2920
56. Karlik M., Kratochvil P., Janecek M., Siegl J., and Vodickova V. Tensile deformation and fracture micromorphology of an Fe-28Al-4Cr-0.1Ce alloy. Materials Science and Engineering A 289 (2000) 182-188
57. Kelly P.M. The martensite transformation in steels with low stacking fault energy. Acta Metallurgica 13 6 (1965) 635-646
58. Koplik J., and Needleman A. Void growth and coalescence in porous plastic solids. International Journal of Solids and Structures 24 (1988) 835-853
59. Kirman I. Relation between microstructure and toughness in 7075 aluminium alloys. Metallurgical Transactions A 2 (1971) 1761-1769
60. Leblond J.B. Mathematical modelling of transformation plasticity in steels, II: Coupling with strain hardening phenomena. International Journal of Plasticity 5 (1989) 573-591
61. Lecroisey F., and Pineau A. Martensitic transformations induced by plastic deformation in the Fe-Ni-Cr-C system. Metallurgical Transactions A 3 2 (1972) 387-396
62. Lee W.S., and Lin C.F. The morphologies and characteristics of impact-induced martensite in 304L stainless steel. Scripta Materialia 43 8 (2000) 777-782
63. Lee W.S., and Lin C.F. Comparative study of the impact response and microstructure of 304L stainless steel with and without prestrain. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 33 9 (2002) 2801-2810
64. Lee W.S., Chen J.I., and Lin C.F. Deformation and failure response of 304L stainless steel SMAW joint under dynamic shear loading. Materials Science and Engineering A 381 (2004) 206-215
65. Lee W.S., Lin C.F., and Liu T.J. Strain rate dependence of impact properties of sintered 316L stainless steel. Journal of Nuclear Materials 359 (2006) 247-257
66. Lee W.S., Liu C.Y., and Chen T.H. Adiabatic shearing behavior of different steels under extreme high shear loading. Journal of Nuclear Materials 374 (2008) 313-319
67. Levitas V.I., Idesman A.V., and Olson G.B. Continuum modeling of strain-induced martensitic transformation at shear-band intersections. Acta Materialia 47 1 (1998) 219-233
68. Lichtenfeld J.A., Mataya M.C., and Van Tyne C.J. Effect of strain rate on stress-strain behavior of alloy 309 and 304L austenitic stainless steel. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 37 1 (2006) 147-161
69. Liu B., Qiu X., Huang Y., Hwang K.C., Li M., and Liu C. The size effect on void growth in ductile materials. Journal of Mechanics and Physics and Solids 51 (2003) 1171-1187
70. Llorca J., Needleman A., and Suresh S. An analysis of the effects of matrix void growth on deformation and ductility in metal-ceramic composites. Acta Metallurgica 39 10 (1991) 2317-2335
71. Low, J.R., Jr., Van Stone, R.H., Merchant, R.H., 1972. NASA Tech. Rep. No. 2, Research Grant NGR 38-087-003, Carnegie-Mellon Univ.
72. Lula, R.A., 1966. Stainless Steel. American Society of Materials, 15 pp.
73. Mangonon P.L., and Thomas G. A. The martensite phases in 304 stainless steel. Metallurgical Transactions A 1 6 (1970) 1577-1586
74. Maxwell P.C., Goldberg A., and Shyne J.C. Influence of martensite formed during deformation on the mechanical behavior of Fe-Ni-C alloys. Metallurgical Transaction A 5 (1974) 1319-1324
75. Maxwell P.C., Goldberg A., and Shyne J.C. Stress assisted and strain-induced martensites in Fe-Ni-C alloys. Metallurgical Transaction A 5 (1974) 1305-1318
76. McClintock F.A. A criterion for ductile fracture by growth of holes. Journal of Applied Mechanics 35 (1968) 363-371
77. Miura H., Sakai T., Okonogi M., and Yoshinaga N. Deformation behaviour of carbon steel with dispersed fine voids at elevated temperatures. Materials Science and Engineering A 483-484 (2008) 590-593
78. Monchiet V., Cazacu O., Charkaluk E., and Kondo D. Macroscopic yield criteria for plastic anisotropic materials containing spheroidal voids. International Journal of Plasticity 24 (2008) 1158-1189
79. Mori T., Oliver E.C., Daymond M.R., and Withers P.J. Micromechanics of stress-induced martensitic transformation. Materials Science and Engineering A 378 1-2 (2004) 479-483
80. Murr L.E., Staudhammer K.P., and Hecker S.S. Effects of strain state and strain rate on deformation-induced transformation in 304 stainless steel: Part II. Microstructural study. Metallurgical Transactions A 13 4 (1982) 627-635
81. Nagy E., Mertinger V., Tranta F., and Solyom J. Deformation induced martensitic transformation in stainless steels. Materials Science and Engineering A 378 (2004) 308-313
82. Narutani T., Olson G.B., and Cohen M. Constitutive flow relations for austenitic steels during strain-induced martensitic transformation. Journal de Physique 43 C4 (1982) 429-434
83. Narutani T. Effect of deformation-induced martensitic transformation on the plastic behavior of metastable austenitic stainless steel. Materials Transactions JIM 30 1 (1989) 33-45
84. Oberste-Brandenburg C., and Bruhns O.T. A tensorial description of the transformation kinetics of the martensitic phase transformation. International Journal of Plasticity 20 (2004) 2083-2109
85. Olson G.B., and Cohen M. A mechanism for the strain-induced nucleation of martensitic transformations. Journal of Less-Common Metals 28 1 (1972) 107-118
86. Olson G.B., and Cohen M. A general mechanism of martensitic nucleation: Part I. General concepts and the FCC → HCP transformation. Metallurgical Transactions A 7 12 (1976) 1897-1904
87. Olson G.B., and Cohen M. A General mechanism of martensitic nucleation: Part II. FCC → BCC and other martensitic transformations. Metallurgical Transactions A 7 12 (1976) 1905-1914
88. Pardoen T., and Hutchinson J.W. An extended model for void growth and coalescence. Journal of Mechanics and Physics of Solids 48 12 (2000) 2467-2512
89. Pardoen T., and Hutchinson J.W. Micromechanics-based model for trends in toughness of ductile materials. Acta Materialia 51 (2003) 133-148
90. Petit B., Gey N., Cherkaoui M., Bolle B., and Humbert M. Deformation behavior and microstructure/texture evolution of an annealed 304 AISI stainless steel sheet. Experimental and micromechanical modeling. International Journal of Plasticity 23 (2007) 323-341
91. Poruks P., Yakubtsov I., and Boyd J.D. Martensite-ferrite interface strength in a low-carbon bainitic steel. Scripta Materialia 54 (2006) 41-45
92. Qiu Y.P., and Weng G.J. Plastic potential and yield function of porous materials with aligned and randomly oriented spheroidal voids. International Journal of Plasticity 9 (1993) 271-290
93. Quang H.L., and He Q.C. Variational principles and bounds for elastic inhomogeneous materials with coherent imperfect interfaces. Mechanics of Materials 40 (2008) 865-884
94. Rice J.R., and Tracey D.M. On the ductile enlargement of voids in triaxial stress fields. Journal of Mechanics and Physics of Solids 17 (1969) 201-217
95. Rivas J.M., Zurek A.K., Thissell W.R., Tonks D.L., and Hixson R.S. Quantitative description of damage evolution in ductile fracture of tantalum. Metallurgical Transactions A 31 (2000) 845-851
96. Rizal S., and Homma H. Dimple fracture under short pulse loading. International Journal of Impact Engineering 24 (2000) 69-83
97. Salemi A., and Abdollah-zadah. The effect of tempering temperature on the mechanical properties and fracture morphology of a NiCrMoV steel. Materials Characterisation 59 (2008) 484-487
98. Sánchez P.J., Huespe A.E., and Oliver J. On some topics for the numerical simulation of ductile fracture. International Journal of Plasticity 24 (2008) 1008-1038
99. Serri J., Martiny M., and Ferron G. Finite element analysis of the effects of martensitic phase transformation in TRIP steel sheet forming. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 47 6 (2005) 884-901
100. Shrinivas V., Varma S.K., and Murr L. Deformation-induced martensitic characteristics in 304 and 316 stainless steels during room-temperature rolling. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 26 3 (1995) 661-671
101. Spencer K., Embury J.D., Conlon K.T., Véron M., and Bréchet Y. Strengthening via the formation of strain-induced martensite in stainless steels. Materials Science and Engineering A 387-389 (2004) 873-881
102. Staudhammer K.P., Murr L.E., and Hecker S.S. Nucleation and evolution of strain-induced martensitic (B.C.C.) embryos and substructure in stainless steel: a transmission electron microscopy study. Acta Metallurgica 31 2 (1983) 267-274
103. Stringfellow R.G., Parks D.M., and Olson G.B. A constitutive model for transformation plasticity accompanying strain-induced martensitic transformation in metastable austenitic steels. Acta Metallurgica et Materialia 40 7 (1992) 1703-1716
104. Stupkiewicz S., and Petryk H. Modelling of laminated microstructures in stress-induced martensitic transformations. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids 50 11 (2002) 2303-2331
105. Suzuki T., Kojima H., Suzuki K., Hashimoto T., Koike S., and Ichihara M. An experimental study of the martensite nucleation and growth in 18/8 stainless steel. Acta Metallurgica 25 10 (1977) 1151-1162
106. Talonen, J., 2007. Effect of strain-induced ((α′-martensite transformation on mechanical properties of metastable austenitic stainless steels. Doctoral Dissertation.
107. Tamura I. Deformation-induced martensitic transformation and transformation-induced plasticity in steels. Materials Science 16 5 (1982) 245-253
108. Tanaka, K., Oberaigner, E. R., Fischer, F.D., 1994. A unified theory on thermomechanical mesoscopic behaviour of alloy materials in the process of martensitic transformation. Mechanics of Phase Transformations and Shape Memory Alloys (ASME) AMD 189/PVP 292, pp. 151-157.
109. Tanaka K., Oberaigner E.R., and Fischer F.D. Kinetics on the micro- and macro-levels in polycrystalline alloy materials during martensitic transformation. Acta Mechanica 116 (1996) 171-186
110. Tang M., Zhang J.H., and Hsu T.Y. One-dimensional model of martensitic transformations. Acta Materialia 50 3 (2002) 467-474
111. Thomason P.F. Ductile Fracture of Metals (1990), Pergamon Press, Oxford
112. Tomita Y., and Iwamoto T. Constitutive modeling of trip steel and its application to the improvement of mechanical properties. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 37 (1995) 1295-1305
113. Turteltaub S., and Suiker A.S.J. Transformation-induced plasticity in ferrous alloys. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids 53 (2005) 1747-1788
114. Tvergaard V. Influence of voids on shear band instability under plane strain condition. International Journal of Fracture 17 (1981) 389-407
115. Tvergaard V., and Needleman A. Analysis of the cup-cone fracture in a round tensile bar. Acta Metallurgica 32 (1984) 157-169
116. Tvergaard V. Material failure by void growth to coalescence. Advance Applied Mechanics 27 (1990) 83-151
117. Venables J.A. The martensite transformation in stainless steel. Philosophical Magazine 7 73 (1962) 35-44
118. Wang H.S., Yang J.R., and Bhadeshia H.K.D.H. Characterisation of severely deformed austenitic stainless steel wire. Materials Science and Technology 21 11 (2005) 1323-1328
119. Wen J., Huang Y., Hwang K.C., Liu C., and Li M. The modified Gurson model accounting for the void size effect. International Journal of Plasticity 21 (2005) 381-395
120. Wu X.Q., and Kim I.S. Effects of strain rate and temperature on tensile behavior of hydrogen-charged SA508 Cl.3 pressure vessel steel. Materials Science and Engineering A 348 (2003) 309-318
121. Xiao X., Fang S., Xia L., li W., Hua Q., and Dong Y. Effect of strain rate on the fracture morphologies of Zr-based bulk metallic glasses. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 330 (2003) 242-247
122. Xue Q., Cerreta III E.K., and Gray G.T. Microstructural characterisation of post-shear localisation in cold rolled 316 L stainless steel. Acta Materialia 55 2 (2007) 691-704
123. Zairi F., Nait-Abdelaziz M., Gloaguen J.M., Bouaziz A., and Lefebvre J.M. Micromechanical modelling and simulation of chopped random fiber reinforced polymer composites with progressive debonding damage. International Journal of Solids and Structures 45 (2008) 5220-5236
124. Zhao L., Van Dijk N.H., Brück E., Sietsma J., and Van der Zwaag S. Magnetic and X-ray diffraction measurements for the determination of retained austenite in TRIP steels. Materials Science and Engineering A 313 1 (2001) 145-152
125. Zurek, K., Meyers, M.A., 1970. In: Davison, L., Grady, D.E., Shahinpoor, M. (Eds.), High-pressure Shock Compression of Solids II. Springer, New York, pp. 25-70.