Cordial connections: Molecular ensembles and structures of adhering junctions connecting interstitial cells of cardiac valves in situ and in cell culture

Cell and Tissue Research

Volumn 337, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 63-77

  Barth, Mareike ^a   Schumacher, Heiderose ^a   Kuhn, Caecilia ^a   Akhyari, Payam ^b,c   Lichtenberg, Artur ^b,c   Franke, Werner W ^a  

^a GERMAN CANCER RESEARCH CENTER DKFZ   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF HEIDELBERG   (Germany)

^c JENA UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Germany)

Author keywords

Adherens junctions; Cadherins; Cow; Heart valves; Human; Interstitial cells; Plakophilin 2; Sheep

Indexed keywords

CADHERIN; CATENIN; PKP4 PROTEIN, HUMAN; PLAKOPHILIN;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANIMAL; ARTICLE; BIOSYNTHESIS; CATTLE; CELL JUNCTION; CULTURE TECHNIQUE; FEMALE; HEART VALVE; HUMAN; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; MALE; METABOLISM; MIDDLE AGED; RAT; SHEEP; TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; ULTRASTRUCTURE;

ADHERENS JUNCTIONS; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANIMALS; CADHERINS; CATENINS; CATTLE; CELL CULTURE TECHNIQUES; FEMALE; HEART VALVES; HUMANS; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; MALE; MICROSCOPY, ELECTRON, TRANSMISSION; MIDDLE AGED; PLAKOPHILINS; RATS; SHEEP; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 70349572322     PISSN: 0302766X     EISSN: 14320878     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00441-009-0806-x     Document Type: Article

References (107)

1. Abdelwahid E, Pelliniemi LJ, Jokinen E (2002) Cell death and differentiation in the development of the endocardial cushion of the embryonic heart. Microsc Res Tech 58:395-403 (Pubitemid 34983278)
2. Agarwal SK, Lee DM, Kiener HP, Brenner MB (2008) Coexpression of two mesenchymal cadherins, cadherin 11 and N-cadherin, on murine fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Arthritis Rheum58:1044-1054 (Pubitemid 351564006)
3. Anastasiadis PZ, Reynolds AB (2000) The p120 catenin family: complex roles in adhesion, signaling and cancer. J Cell Sci 113:1319-1334 (Pubitemid 30240551)
4. Aranishi H, Kunisawa Y, Komuro T (2009) Characterization of interstitial cells of Cajal in the subserosal layer of the guinea-pig colon. Cell Tissue Res 335:323-329
5. Armstrong EJ, Bischoff J (2004) Heart valve development. Endothelial cell signaling and differentiation. Circ Res 95:459-470 (Pubitemid 39180926)
6. Bairati A, DeBiasi S (1981) Presence of a smooth muscle system in aortic valve leaflets. Anat Embryol (Berl) 161:329-340 (Pubitemid 11188615)
7. Bertipaglia B, Ortolani F, Petrelli L, Gerosa G, Spina M, Pauletto P, Casarotto D, Marchini M, Sartore S (2003) Vitalitate exornatum succedaneum aorticum labore ingenioso obtenibitur project. Cell characterization of porcine aortic valve and decellularized leaflets repopulated with aortic valve interstitial cells: the VESALIO Project (Vitalitate Exornatum Succedaneum Aorticum Labore Ingenioso Obtenibitur). Ann Thorac Surg 75:1274-1282 (Pubitemid 36399418)
8. Bierkamp C, McLaughlin KJ, Schwarz H, Huber O, Kemler R (1996) Embryonic heart and skin defects in mice lacking plakoglobin. Dev Biol 180:780-785 (Pubitemid 27037381)
9. Blevins TL, Carroll JL, Raza AM, Grande-Allen KJ (2006) Phenotypic characterization of isolated valvular interstitial cell subpopulations. J Heart Valve Dis 15:815-822 (Pubitemid 44816765)
10. Boda-Heggemann J, Régnier-Vigouroux A, Franke WW (2009) Beyond vessels: occurrence and regional clustering of vascular endothelial (VE-) cadherin-containing junctions in non-endothelial cells. Cell Tissue Res 335:49-65
11. Borrmann CM, Grund C, Kuhn C, Hofmann I, Pieperhoff S, Franke WW (2006) The area composita of adhering junctions connecting heart muscle cells of vertebrates. II. Colocalizations of desmosomal and fascia adhaerens molecules in the intercalated disk. Eur J Cell Biol 85:469-485
12. Brand NJ, Roy A, Hoare G, Chester A, Yacoub MH (2006) Cultured interstitial cells from human heart valves express both specific skeletal muscle and non-muscle markers. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 38:30-42 (Pubitemid 41540715)
13. Calkins H (2006) Arrhythmogenic right-ventricular dysplasia/ cardiomyopathy. Curr Opin Cardiol 21:55-63
14. Canty EG, Kadler KE (2005) Procollagen trafficking, processing and fibrillogenesis. J Cell Sci 118:1341-1353 (Pubitemid 40585115)
15. Canty EG, Lu Y, Meadows RS, Shaw MK, Holmes DF, Kadler KE (2004) Coalignment of plasma membrane channels and protrusions (fibripositors) specifies the parallelism of tendon. J Cell Biol 165:553-563 (Pubitemid 38679620)
16. Cebotari S, Lichtenberg A, Tudorache I, Hilfiker A, Mertsching H, Leyh R, Breymann T, Kallenbach K, Maniuc L, Batrinac A, Repin O, Maliga O, Ciubotaru A, Haverich A (2006) Clinical application of tissue engineered human heart valves using autologous progenitor cells. Circulation 114:I132-I137 (Pubitemid 44297141)
17. Chen X, Bonné S, Hatzfeld M, van Roy F, Green KJ (2002) Protein binding and functional characterization of plakophilin 2. J Biol Chem 277:10512-10522
18. Chester AH, Taylor PM (2007) Molecular and functional characteristics of heart valve interstitial cells. Phil Trans R Soc B 362:1437-1443 (Pubitemid 47201768)
19. Cimini M, Rogers KA, Boughner DR (2003) Smoothelin-positive cells in human and porcine semilunar valves. Histochem Cell Biol 120:307-317 (Pubitemid 37363589)
20. Compton CC, Raviola E (1985) Structure of the sinus-lining cells in the popliteal lymph node of the rabbit. Anat Rec 212:408-423 (Pubitemid 16237520)
21. Filip DA, Radu A, Simionescu M (1986) Interstitial cells of the heart valves possess characteristics similar to smooth muscle cells. Circ Res 59:310-320 (Pubitemid 17178125)
22. Franke WW, Schmid E, Winter S, Osborn M, Weber K (1979a) Widespread occurrence of intermediate-sized filaments of the vimentin-type in cultured cells from diverse vertebrates. Exp Cell Res 123:25-46 (Pubitemid 10250412)
23. Franke WW, Schmid E, Osborn M, Weber K (1979b) Intermediatesized filaments of human endothelial cells. J Cell Biol 81:570-580 (Pubitemid 9202326)
24. Franke WW, Schmid E, Vandekerckhove J, Weber K (1980) A permanently proliferating rat vascular smooth muscle cell with maintained expression of smooth muscle characteristics, including actin of the vascular smooth muscle type. J Cell Biol 87:594-600 (Pubitemid 11161790)
25. Franke WW, Borrmann CM, Grund C, Pieperhoff S (2006) The area composita of adhering junctions connecting heart muscle cells of vertebrates. I. Molecular definition in intercalated disks of cardiomyocytes by immunoelectron microscopy of desmosomal proteins. Eur J Cell Biol 85:69-82 (Pubitemid 43137112)
26. Garg V, Muth AN, Ransom JF, Schluterman MK, Barnes R, King IN, Grossfeld PD, Srivastava D (2005) Mutations in NOTCH1 cause aortic valve disease. Nature 437:270-274 (Pubitemid 41294491)
27. Gerull B, Heuser A, Wichter T, Paul M, Basson CT, McDermott DA, Lerman BB, Markowitz SM, Ellinor PT, MacRae C, Peters S, Grossmann KS, Drenckhahn J, Michely B, Sasse-Klaassen S, Birchmeier W, Dietz R, Breithardt G, Schulze-Bahr E, Thierfelder L (2004) Mutations in the desmosomal protein plakophilin-2 are common in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Nat Genet 36:1162-1164 (Pubitemid 41288964)
28. Gherghiceanu M, Popescu LM (2005) Interstitial Cajal-like cells (ICLC) in human resting mammary gland stroma. J Cell Mol Med 9:893-910
29. Gitler AD, Lu MM, Jiang YQ, Epstein JA, Gruber PJ (2003) Molecular markers of cardiac endocardial cushion development. Dev Dyn 228:643-650 (Pubitemid 37493983)
30. Goodson HV, Hawse WF (2002) Molecular evolution of the actin family. J Cell Sci 115:2619-2622 (Pubitemid 34846503)
31. Goossens S, Janssens B, Bonné S, De Rycke R, Braet F, Hengel J van, Roy F van (2007) A unique and specific interaction between alphaT-catenin and plakophilin-2 in the area composita, the mixed-type junctional structure of cardiac intercalated discs. J Cell Sci 120:2126-2136 (Pubitemid 47010007)
32. Grossmann KS, Grund C, Huelsken J, Behrend M, Erdmann B, Franke WW, Birchmeier W (2004) Requirement of plakophilin 2 for heart morphogenesis and cardiac junction formation. J Cell Biol 167:149-160 (Pubitemid 39363422)
33. Hatzfeld M (2005) The p120 family of cell adhesion molecules. Eur J Cell Biol 84:205-214
34. Hatzfeld M, Nachtsheim C (1996) Cloning and characterization of a new armadillo family member, p0071, associated with the junctional plaque: evidence for a subfamily of closely related proteins. J Cell Sci 109:2767-2778 (Pubitemid 26388361)
35. Heaysman JE, Pegrum SM (1973) Early contacts between fibroblasts. An ultrastructural study. Exp Cell Res 78:71-78
36. Herrmann H, Bär H, Kreplak L, Strelkov SV, Aebi U (2007) Intermediate filaments: from cell architecture to nanomechanics. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 8:562-573 (Pubitemid 46985377)
37. Hinescu ME, Popescu LM (2005) Interstitial Cajal-like cells (ICLC) in human atrial myocardium. J Cell Mol Med 9:972-975 (Pubitemid 43116561)
38. Hinescu ME, Gherghiceanu M, Mandache E, Ciontea SM, Popescu LM (2006) Interstitial Cajal-like cells (ICLC) in atrial myocardium: ultrastructural and immunohistochemical characterization. J Cell Mol Med 10:243-257 (Pubitemid 44874307)
39. Hinz B, Pittet P, Smith-Clerc J, Chaponnier C, Meister J-J (2004) Myofibroblast development is characterized by specific cell-cell adherens junctions. Mol Biol Cell 15:4310-4320 (Pubitemid 39122032)
40. Ho AD, Wagner W, Franke W (2008) Heterogeneity of mesenchymal stroma cell preparations. Cytotherapy 10:320-330 (Pubitemid 351983156)
41. Hofmann I, Kuhn C, Franke WW (2008) Protein p0071, a major plaque protein of non-desmosomal adhering junctions, is a selective cell-type marker. Cell Tissue Res 334:381-399
42. Hofmann I, Schlechter T, Kuhn C, Hergt M, Franke WW (2009) Protein p0071 - an armadillo plaque protein that characterizes a specific subtype of adherens junctions. J Cell Sci 122:21-24
43. Icardo JM, Colvee E (1995) Atrioventricular valves of the mouse. II. Light and transmission electron microscopy. Anat Rec 241:391-400
44. Kawaguchi J, Azuma Y, Hoshi K, Kii I, Takeshita S, Ohta T, Ozawa H, Takeichi M, Chisaka O, Kudo A (2001a) Targeted disruption of cadherin-11 leads to a reduction in bone density in calvaria and long bone metaphyses. J Bone Miner Res 16:1265-1271 (Pubitemid 32574655)
45. Kawaguchi J, Kii I, Sugiyama Y, Takeshita S, Kudo A (2001b) The transition of cadherin expression in osteoblast differentiation from mesenchymal cells: consistent expression of cadherin-11 in osteoblast lineage. J Bone Miner Res 16:260-269 (Pubitemid 32105407)
46. Kiener HP, Brenner MB (2005) Building the synovium: cadherin-11 mediates fibroblast-like synoviocyte cell-to-cell adhesion. Arthritis Res Ther 7:49-54 (Pubitemid 40439438)
47. Kimura Y, Matsunami H, Inoue T, Shimamura K, Uchida N, Ueno T, Miyazaki T, Takeichi M (1995) Cadherin-11 expressed in association with mesenchymal morphogenesis in the head, somite, and limb bud of early mouse embryos. Dev Biol 169:347-358
48. Kinner B, Zaleskas JM, Spector M (2002) Regulation of smooth muscle actin expression and contraction in adult human mesenchymal stem cells. Exp Cell Res 278:72-83 (Pubitemid 34775447)
49. Knapp AC, Franke WW (1989) Spontaneous losses of control of cytokeratin gene expression in transformed, non-epithelial human cells occurring at different levels of regulation. Cell 59:67-79 (Pubitemid 19248559)
50. Knapp AC, Bosch FX, Hergt M, Kuhn C, Winter-Simanowski S, Schmid E, Regauer S, Bartek J, Franke WW (1989) Cytokeratins and cytokeratin filaments in subpopulations of cultured human and rodent cells of nonepithelial origin: modes and patterns of formation. Differentiation 42:81-102 (Pubitemid 20088667)
51. Koeser J, Troyanovsky SM, Grund C, Franke WW (2003) De novo formation of desmosomes in cultured cells upon transfection of genes encoding specific desmosomal components. ExpCell Res 285:114-130 (Pubitemid 36390160)
52. Kostetskii I, Li J, Xiong Y, Zhou R, Ferrari VA, Patel VV, Molkentin JD, Radice GL (2005) Induced deletion of the N-cadherin gene in the heart leads to dissolution of the intercalated disc structure. Circ Res 96:346-354 (Pubitemid 40279909)
53. Kühnel W (1966a) Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen über den unterschiedlichen Bau der Herzklappen. I. Mitteilung Mitralis und Aortenklappe. Z Zellforsch 69:452-473
54. Kühnel W (1966b) Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen über den unterschiedlichen Bau der Herzklappen. II. Mitteilung Tricuspidalis und Pulmonalklappe. Z Zellforsch 72:462-474
55. Langbein L, Rogers MA, Praetzel S, Aoki N, Winter H, Schweizer J (2002) A novel epithelial keratin, hK6irs1, is expressed differentially in all layers of the inner root sheath, including specialized huxley cells (Flügelzellen) of the human hair follicle. J Invest Dermatol 118:789-799 (Pubitemid 34526540)
56. Lange FJ de, Moorman AFM, Anderson RH, Männer J, Soufan AT, Gier-de Vries C de, Schneider MD, Webb S, Hoff MJB van den, Christoffels VM (2004) Lineage and morphogenetic analysis of the cardiac valves. Circ Res 95:645-654 (Pubitemid 39274380)
57. Latif N, Sarathchandra P, Taylor PM, Antoniw J, Yacoub MH (2005a) Localization and pattern of expression of extracellular matrix components in human heart valves. J Heart Valve Dis 14:218-227 (Pubitemid 47046901)
58. Latif N, Sarathchandra P, Taylor PM, Antoniw J, Yacoub MH (2005b) Molecules mediating cell-ECM and cell-cell communication in human heart valves. Cell Biochem Biophys 43:275-287 (Pubitemid 41095267)
59. Latif N, Sarathchandra P, Taylor PM, Antoniw J, Brand N, Yacoub MH (2006) Characterization of molecules mediating cell-cell communication in human cardiac valve interstitial cells. Cell Biochem Biophys 45:255-264 (Pubitemid 44127942)
60. Latif N, Sarathchandra P, Thomas PS, Antoniw J, Batten P, Chester AH, Taylor PM, Yacoub MH (2007) Characterization of structural and signaling molecules by human valve interstitial cells and comparison to human mesenchymal stem cells. J Heart Valve Dis 16:56-66 (Pubitemid 46231472)
61. Lichtenberg A, Tudorache I, Cebotari S, Suprunov M, Tudorache G, Goerler H, Park JK, Hilfiker-Kleiner D, Ringes-Lichtenberg S, Karck M, Brandes G, Hilfiker A, Haverich A (2006) Preclinical testing of tissue-engineered heart valves re-endothelialized under simulated physiological conditions. Circulation 114:I559-I565 (Pubitemid 44297208)
62. Liu AC, Gotlieb AI (2007) Characterization of cell motility in single heart valve interstitial cells in vitro. Histol Histopathol 22:873-882 (Pubitemid 47034153)
63. Lester W, Rosenthal A, Granton B, Gotlieb AI (1988) Porcine mitral valve interstitial cells in culture. Lab Invest 59:710-719 (Pubitemid 19009733)
64. Lester WM, Damji AA, Tanaka M, Gedeon I (1992) Bovine mitral valve organ culture: role of interstitial cells in repair of valvular injury. J Mol Cell Cardiol 24:43-53
65. Marcus FI, Nava A, Thiene G (2007) Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia. Springer, Berlin
66. McHugh KM, Crawford K, Lessard J (1991) A comprehensive analysis of the developmental and tissue-specific expression of the isoactin multigene family in the rat. Dev Biol 148:442-458 (Pubitemid 121004782)
67. Mertens C, Kuhn C, Franke WW (1996) Plakophilins 2a and 2b: constitutive proteins of dual location in the karyoplasm and the desmosomal plaque. J Cell Biol 135:1009-1025 (Pubitemid 26403775)
68. Mertens C, Hofmann I, Wang Z, Teichmann M, Sepehri Chong S, Schnölzer M, Franke WW (2001) Nuclear particles containing RNA polymerase III complexes associated with the junctional plaque protein plakophilin 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:7795-7800 (Pubitemid 32642640)
69. Messier RH Jr, Bass BL, Aly HM, Jones JL, Domkowski PW, Wallace RB, Hopkins RA (1994) Dual structural and functional phenotypes of the porcine aortic valve interstitial population: characteristics of the leaflet myofibroblast. J Surg Res 57:1-21 (Pubitemid 24243231)
70. Moll R, Holzhausen HJ, Mennel HD, Kuhn C, Baumann R, Taege C, Franke WW (2006) The cardiac isoform of alpha-actin in regenerating and atrophic skeletal muscle, myopathies and rhabdomyomatous tumors: an immunohistochemical study using monoclonal antibodies. Virchows Arch 449:175-191
71. Moll R, Sievers E, Hämmerling B, Schmidt A, Barth M, Kuhn C, Grund C, Hofmann I, Franke WW (2009) Endothelial and virgultar cell formations in the mammalian lymph node sinus: endothelial differentiation morphotypes characterized by a special kind of junction (complexus adhaerens). Cell Tissue Res 335:109-141
72. Mulholland DL, Gotlieb AI (1996) Cell biology of valvular interstitial cells. Can J Cardiol 12:231-236 (Pubitemid 26097855)
73. Neuss M, Regitz-Zagrosek V, Hildebrandt A, Fleck E (1996) Isolation and characterisation of human cardiac fibroblasts from explanted adult hearts. Cell Tissue Res 286:145-153 (Pubitemid 26345211)
74. Norris RA, Moreno-Rodriguez RA, Sugi Y, Hoffman S, Amos J, Hart MM, Potts JD, Goodwin RL, Markwald RR (2008) Periostin regulates atrioventricular valve maturation. Dev Biol 316:200-221
75. Paffenholz R, Franke WW (1997) Identification and localization of a neurally expressed member of the plakoglobin/armadillo multigene family. Differentiation 61:293-304 (Pubitemid 27440398)
76. Paffenholz R, Kuhn C, Grund C, Stehr S, Franke WW (1999) The arm-repeat protein NPRAP (neurojungin) is a constituent of the plaques of the outer limiting zone in the retina, defining a novel type of adhering junction. Exp Cell Res 250:452-464 (Pubitemid 29367456)
77. Person AD, Klewer S, Runyan RB (2005) Cell biology of cardiac cushion development. Int Rev Cytol 243:287-335 (Pubitemid 41557302)
78. Pho M, Lee W, Watt DR, Laschinger C, Simmons CA, McCulloch CA (2008) Cofilin is a marker of myofibroblast differentiation in cells from porcine aortic cardiac valves. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 294:H1767-H1778 (Pubitemid 351490607)
79. Pieperhoff S, Franke WW (2007) The area composita of adhering junctions connecting heart muscle cells of vertebrates. IV. Coalescence and amalgamation of desmosomal and adhaerens junction components-late processes in mammalian heart development. Eur J Cell Biol 86:377-391 (Pubitemid 46971921)
80. Pieperhoff S, Franke WW (2008) The area composita of adhering junctions connecting heart muscle cells of vertebrates. VI. Different precursor structures in non-mammalian species. Eur J Cell Biol 87:413-430
81. Pieperhoff S, Schumacher H, Franke WW (2008) The area composita of adhering junctions connecting heart muscle cells of vertebrates. V. The importance of plakophilin-2 demonstrated by small interference RNA-mediated knockdown in cultured rat cardiomyocytes. Eur J Cell Biol 87:399-411
82. Pittet P, Lee K, Kulik AJ, Meister JJ, Hinz B (2008) Fibrogenic fibroblasts increase intercellular adhesion strength by reinforcing individual OB-cadherin bonds. J Cell Sci 121:877-886 (Pubitemid 351578123)
83. Ploetz C, Zycband EI, Birk DE (1991) Collagen fibril assembly and deposition in the developing dermis: segmental deposition in extracellular compartments. J Struct Biol 106:73-81
84. Popescu LM, Hinescu ME, Ionescu N, Ciontea SM, Cretoiu D, Ardeleanu C (2005) Interstitial cells of Cajal in pancreas. J Cell Mol Med 9:169-190
85. Popescu LM, Gherghiceanu M, Hinescu ME, Cretoiu D, Ceafalan L, Regalia T, Popescu AC, Ardeleanu C, Mandache E (2006) Insights into the interstitium of ventricular myocardium: interstitial Cajal-like cells (ICLC). J Cell Mol Med 10:429-458 (Pubitemid 44870190)
86. Richardson SH, Starborg T, Lu Y, Humphries SM, Meadows RS, Kadler KE (2007) Tendon development requires regulation of cell condensation and cell shape via cadherin-11 mediated cellcell junctions. Mol Cell Biol 27:6218-6228 (Pubitemid 47326708)
87. Rickelt S, Franke WW, Doerflinger Y, Goerdt S, Brandner JM, Peitsch WK (2008) Subtypes of melanocytes and melanoma cells distinguished by their intercellular contacts: heterotypic adherens junctions, adhesive associations, and dispersed desmoglein 2 glycoproteins. Cell Tissue Res 334:401-422
88. Ruiz P, Brinkmann V, Ledermann B, Behrend M, Grund C, Thalhammer C, Vogel F, Birchmeier C, Günthert U, Franke WW, Birchmeier W (1996) Targeted mutation of plakoglobin in mice reveals essential functions of desmosomes in the embryonic heart. J Cell Biol 135:215-225 (Pubitemid 26337749)
89. Schenke-Leyland K, Riemann I, Opitz F, König K, Halbhuber KJ, Stock UA (2004) Comparative study of cellular and extracellular matrix composition of native and tissue engineered heart valves. Matrix Biol 23:113-125 (Pubitemid 38891525)
90. Schmitt CJ, Franke WW, Goerdt S, Falkowska-Hansen B, Rickelt S, Peitsch WK (2007) Homo- and heterotypic cell contacts in malignant melanoma cells and desmoglein 2 as a novel solitary surface glyocprotein. J Invest Dermatol 127:2191-2206 (Pubitemid 47258491)
91. Schoen FJ (2008) Evolving concepts of cardiac valve dynamics: the continuum of development, functional structure, pathobiology, and tissue engineering. Circulation 118:1864-1880
92. Shelton EL, Yutzey KE (2008) Twist1 function in endocardial cushion cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation during heart valve development. Dev Biol 317:282-295
93. Shi SR, Key ME, Kalra KL (1991) Antigen retrieval in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues: an enhancement method for immunohistochemical staining based on microwave oven heating of tissue sections. J Histochem Cytochem 39:741-748
94. Simonneau L, Kitagawa M, Suzuki S, Thiery JP (1995) Cadherin 11 expression marks the mesenchymal phenotype: towards new functions for cadherins? Cell Adhes Commun 3:115-30
95. Sirotkin H, O'Donnell H, DasGupta R, Halford S, St Jore B, Puech A, Parimoo S, Morrow B, Skoultchi A, Weissman SM, Scambler P, Kucherlapati R (1997) Identification of a new human catenin gene family member (ARVCF) from the region deleted in velocardio-facial syndrome. Genomics 41:75-83 (Pubitemid 27152824)
96. Srivastava D (2005) Making or breaking the heart: from lineage determination to morphogenesis. Cell 126:1037-1048
97. Taylor PM, Allen SP, Yacoub MH (2000) Phenotypic and functional characterization of interstitial cells from human heart valves, pericardium and skin. J Heart Valve Dis 9:150-158 (Pubitemid 30101810)
98. Taylor PM, Batten P, Brand NJ, Thomas PS, Yacoub MH (2003) The cardiac valve interstitial cell. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 35:113-118 (Pubitemid 35441268)
99. Valencia X, Higgins JM, Kiener HP, Lee DM, Podrebarac TA, Dascher CC, Watts GF, Mizoguchi E, Simmons B, Patel DD, Bhan AK, Brenner MB (2004) Cadherin-11 provides specific cellular adhesion between fibroblast-like synoviocytes. J Exp Med 200:1673-1679 (Pubitemid 40094191)
100. Vandekerckhove J, Weber K (1979) The complete amino acid sequence of actins from bovine aorta, bovine heart, bovine fast skeletal muscle, and rabbit slow skeletal muscle. A protein-chemical analysis of muscle actin differentiation. Differentiation 14:123-133 (Pubitemid 11197035)
101. Visconti RP, Ebihara Y, LaRue AC, Fleming PA, McQuinn TC, Masuya M, Minamiguchi H, Markwald RR, Ogawa M, Drake CJ (2006) An in vivo analysis of hematopoietic stem cell potential: hematopoietic origin of cardiac valve interstitial cells. Circ Res 98:690-696
102. Walker GY, Masters KS, Shah DN, Anseth KS, Leinwand LA (2004) Valvular myofibroblast activation by transforming growth factor-β: implications for pathological extracellular matrix remodeling in heart valve disease. Circ Res 95:253-260 (Pubitemid 39056285)
103. Walter B, Schlechter T, Hergt M, Berger I, Hofmann I (2008) Differential expression pattern of protein ARVCF in nephron segments of human and mouse kidney. Histochem Cell Biol 130:943-956
104. Wheelock MJ, Shintani Y, Maeda M, Fukumoto Y, Johnson KR (2008) Cadherin switching. J Cell Sci 121:727-735 (Pubitemid 351578108)
105. Wuchter P, Boda-Heggemann J, Straub BK, Grund C, Kuhn C, Krause U, Seckinger A, Peitsch WK, Spring H, Ho AD, Franke WW (2007) Processus and recessus adhaerentes: giant adherens cell junction systems connect and attract human mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Tissue Res 328:499-514 (Pubitemid 46684504)
106. Yang GC, Birk DE (1986) Topographies of extracytoplasmic compartments in developing chick tendon fibroblasts. J Ultrastruct Mol Struct Res 97:238-248
107. Yperman J, De Visscher G, Holvoet P, Flameng W (2004) Molecular and functional characterization of ovine cardiac valve-derived interstitial cells in primary isolates and cultures. Tissue Eng 10:1368-1375 (Pubitemid 39557841)