Anaerobic oxidation of methane: Progress with an unknown process

Annual Review of Microbiology

Volumn 63, Issue , 2009, Pages 311-334

  Knittel, Katrin ^a   Boetius, Antje ^a  

^a MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR MARINE MICROBIOLOGY   (Germany)

Author keywords

ANME; Archaea; mcrA gene; Microbial consortia; Sulfate reducing bacteria

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER; LIPID; METHANE; RNA 16S; SEA WATER;

ANAEROBIC METABOLISM; ARCHEAN; BACTERIAL GENE; BACTERIAL GROWTH; BIOGEOCHEMISTRY; BIOSPHERE; CATALYST; CLADISTICS; COLD; ECOSYSTEM; ENERGY YIELD; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; GENOMICS; GEOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS; HABITAT; HYDROTHERMAL VENT; LAND BIOME; MCRA GENE; METHANOGENESIS; METHANOTROPHIC BACTERIUM; MICROBIAL DIVERSITY; MORPHOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEOMICS; REVIEW; STOICHIOMETRY; SULFATE REDUCING BACTERIUM;

ANAEROBIOSIS; ARCHAEA; BACTERIA; METHANE; OXIDATION-REDUCTION; SULFATES;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); EURYARCHAEOTA;

EID: 70349559191     PISSN: 00664227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.micro.61.080706.093130     Document Type: Review

References (119)

1. Alain K, Holler T, Musat F, Elvert M, Treude T, Krüger M. 2006. Microbiological investigation of methane- and hydrocarbon-discharging mud volcanoes in the Carpathian Mountains, Romania. Environ. Microbiol. 8:574-590 (Pubitemid 43372050)
2. 4-consuming microorganisms and the formation of carbonate crusts at cold seeps. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 203:195-203
3. Alperin MJ, Reeburgh WS, Whiticar MJ. 1988. Carbon and hydrogen isotope fractionation resulting from anaerobic methane oxidation. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 2:279-288
4. Barnes RO, Goldberg ED. 1976. Methane production and consumption in anoxic marine sediments. Geology 4:297-300
5. Biddle JF, Lipp JS, Lever MA, Lloyd KG, Sorensen KB, et al. 2006. Heterotrophic Archaea dominate sedimentary subsurface ecosystems off Peru. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103:3846-3851
6. Biddle JF, Teske A. 2008. A genetic view of diversity beneath the seafloor. Presented at 18th Goldschmidt Conf., Vancouver, BC, Can.
7. Blumenberg M, Seifert R, Nauhaus K, Pape T, Michaelis W. 2005. In vitro study of lipid biosynthesis in an anaerobically methane-oxidizing microbial mat. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:4345-4351 (Pubitemid 41129486)
8. Blumenberg M, Seifert R, Reitner J, Pape T, Michaelis W. 2004. Membrane lipid patterns typify distinct anaerobic methanotrophic consortia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101:11111-11116 (Pubitemid 38989592)
9. Boetius A, Holler T, Knittel K, Felden J, Wenzhöfer F. 2008. The seabed as natural laboratory: lessons from uncultivated methanotrophs. In Microbiol Monogr. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. In press
10. Boetius A, Ravenschlag K, Schubert C, Rickert D, Widdel F, et al. 2000. A marine microbial consortium apparently mediating anaerobic oxidation of methane. Nature 407:623-626 (Pubitemid 30775371)
11. Brazelton WJ, Schrenk MO, Kelley DS, Baross JA. 2006. Methane- and sulfur-metabolizing microbial communities dominate the Lost City hydrothermal field ecosystem. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72:6257-6270
12. Chistoserdova L, Vorholt JA, Thauer RK, Lidstrom ME. 1998. C1 transfer enzymes and coenzymes linking methylotrophic bacteria and methanogenic archaea. Science 281:99-102 (Pubitemid 28354052)
13. Cordes EE, Arthur MA, Shea K, Arvidson RS, Fisher CR. 2005. Modeling the mutualistic interactions between tubeworms and microbial consortia. PLoS Biol. 3:1-10 (Pubitemid 40605297)
14. Daffonchio D, Borin S, Brusa T, Brusetti L, van der Wielen PWJJ, et al. 2006. Stratified prokaryote network in the oxic-anoxic transition of a deep-sea halocline. Nature 440:203-207 (Pubitemid 43372096)
15. Dale AW, Regnier P, Knab NJ, Jørgensen BB, Van Cappellen P. 2008. Anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) in marine sediments from the Skagerrak (Denmark): II. Reaction-transport modeling. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 72:2880-2894
16. Dale AW, Regnier P, Van Cappellen P. 2006. Bioenergetic controls on anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) in coastal marine sediments: a theoretical analysis. Am. J. Sci. 306:246-294 (Pubitemid 44184581)
17. Dale AW, Van Cappellen P, Aguilera DR, Regnier P. 2008. Methane efflux from marine sediments in passive and active margins: estimations from bioenergetic reaction-transport simulations. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 265:329-344
18. DeBeer D, Sauter E, Niemann H, Kaul N, Foucher J-P, et al. 2006. In situ fluxes and zonation of microbial activity in surface sediments of the Haakon Mosby mud volcano. Limnol. Oceanogr. 51:1315-1331 (Pubitemid 43845287)
19. Dhillon A, Lever M, Lloyd KG, Albert DB, Sogin ML, Teske A. 2005. Methanogen diversity evidenced by molecular characterization of methyl coenzyme M reductase A (mcrA ) genes in hydrothermal sediments of the Guaymas Basin. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:4592-4601 (Pubitemid 41129515)
20. Dickens GR. 2003. Rethinking the global carbon cycle with a large, dynamic and microbially mediated gas hydrate capacitor. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 213:169-183
21. Durisch-Kaiser E, Klauser L, Wehrli B, Schubert C. 2005. Evidence of intense archaeal and bacterial methanotrophic activity in the Black Sea water column. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:8099-8106 (Pubitemid 41803933)
22. Eller G, Kanel LK, Krüger M. 2005. Cooccurrence of aerobic and anaerobic methane oxidation in the water column of lake Plusssee. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:8925-8928 (Pubitemid 41804032)
23. 25 irregular isoprenoids. Naturwissenschaften 86:295-300
24. Ettwig K, Shima S, van de Pas-Schoonen KT, Kahnt J, Medema MH, et al. 2008. Denitrifying bacteria anaerobically oxidize methane in the absence of Archaea. Environ. Microbiol. 10:3164-3173
25. Girguis PR, Cozen AE, DeLong EF. 2005. Growth and population dynamics of anaerobic methane-oxidizing archaea and sulfate-reducing bacteria in a continuous-flow bioreactor. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:3725-3733
26. Gorby YA, Yanina S, McLean JS, Rosso KM, Moyles D, et al. 2006. Electrically conductive bacterial nanowires produced by Shewanella oneidensis strain MR-1 and other microorganisms. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103:11358-11363 (Pubitemid 44156522)
27. Grossman EL, Cifuentes LA, Cozzarelli IM. 2002. Anaerobic methane oxidation in a landfill-leachate plume. Environ. Sci. Technol. 36:2436-2442
28. Hallam SJ, Girguis PR, Preston CM, Richardson PM, DeLong EF. 2003. Identification of methyl coenzyme M reductase A (mcrA ) genes associated with methane-oxidizing archaea. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69:5483-5491
29. Hallam SJ, Putnam N, Preston CM, Detter JC, Rokhsar D, et al. 2004. Reverse methanogenesis: testing the hypothesis with environmental genomics. Science 305:1457-1462 (Pubitemid 39167664)
30. 14C-carbon monoxide. Mar. Geology 137:13-23
31. Harrison BK, Zhang H, Berelson W, Orphan VJ. 2009. Variations in archaeal and bacterial diversity associated with the sulfate-methane transition zone in continental margin sediments (Santa Barbara Basin, California). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75:1487-1499
32. Heller C, Hoppert M, Reitner J. 2008. Immunological localization of coenzyme M reductase in anaerobic methane-oxidizing archaea of ANME 1 and ANME 2 type. Geomicrobiol. J. 25:149-156 (Pubitemid 351911301)
33. Hinrichs K-U, Boetius A. 2002. The anaerobic oxidation of methane: new insights in microbial ecology and biogeochemistry. In Ocean Margin Systems, ed. G Wefer, D Billett, D Hebbeln, BB Jørgensen, M Schlüter, TCE van Weering, pp. 457-477 Berlin: Springer-Verlag
34. Hinrichs K-U, Hayes JM, Sylva SP, Brewer PG, DeLong EF. 1999. Methane-consuming Archaebacteria in marine sediments. Nature 398:802-805
35. Hoehler TM, Alperin MJ, Albert DB, Martens CS. 1994. Field and laboratory studies of methane oxidation in an anoxic marine sediment: evidence for a methanogen-sulfate reducer consortium. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 8:451-464
36. 2 lake of the southern Okinawa Trough hydrothermal system. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103:14164-14169
37. Inagaki F, Nunoura T, Nakagawa S, Teske A, Lever M, et al. 2006. Biogeographical distribution and diversity of microbes in methane hydrate-bearing deep marine sediments on the Pacific Ocean Margin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103:2815-2820 (Pubitemid 43306632)
38. 1-metabolizing prokaryotic communities in methane seep habitats at the Kuroshima Knoll, Southern Ryukyu Arc, by analyzing pmoA, mmoX, mxaF, mcrA, and 16S rRNA genes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70:7445-7455
39. Ishii K, Mußmann M, MacGregor BJ, Amann R. 2004. An improved fluorescence in situ hybridization protocol for the identification of bacteria and archaea in marine sediments. FEMSMicrobiol. Ecol. 50:203-212 (Pubitemid 39480728)
40. Iversen N, Jørgensen BB. 1985. Anaerobic methane oxidation rates at the sulfate-methane transition in marine sediments from Kattegat and Skagerrak (Denmark). Limnol. Oceanogr. 30:944-955
41. Jarrell KF. 1985. Extreme oxygen sensitivity in methanogenic archaebacteria. BioScience 35:298-302
42. Joye SB, Boetius A, Orcutt BN, Montoya JP, Schulz HN, et al. 2004. The anaerobic oxidation of methane and sulfate reduction in sediments from Gulf of Mexico cold seeps. Chem. Geol. 205:219-238 (Pubitemid 38549684)
43. Kallmeyer J, Boetius A. 2004. Effects of temperature and pressure on sulfate reduction and anaerobic oxidation of methane in hydrothermal sediments of Guaymas Basin. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70:1231-1233 (Pubitemid 38568254)
44. Kelley DS, Karson JA, Fruh-Green GL, Yoerger DR, Shank TM, et al. 2005. A serpentinite-hosted ecosystem: the Lost City hydrothermal field. Science 307:1428-1434 (Pubitemid 40321933)
45. Knab NJ, Dale AW, Lettmann K, Fossing H, Jørgensen BB. 2008. Thermodynamic and kinetic control on anaerobic oxidation of methane in marine sediments. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 72:3746-3757
46. Knittel K, Boetius A, Lemke A, Eilers H, Lochte K, et al. 2003. Activity, distribution, and diversity of sulfate reducers and other bacteria in sediments above gas hydrate (Cascadia margin, Oregon). Geomicrobiol. J. 20:269-294 (Pubitemid 37144631)
47. Knittel K, Lösekann T, Boetius A, Kort R, Amann R. 2005. Diversity and distribution of methanotrophic archaea at cold seeps. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:467-479 (Pubitemid 40116303)
48. Kormas KA, Meziti A, Dählmann A, De Lange GJ, Lykousis V. 2008. Characterization of methanogenic and prokaryotic assemblages based on mcrA and 16S rRNA gene diversity in sediments of the Kazan mud volcano (Mediterranean Sea). Geobiology 6:450-460
49. Krüger M, Blumenberg M, Kasten S, Wieland A, Kanel L, et al. 2008. A novel, multi-layered methanotrophic microbial mat system growing on the sediment of the Black Sea. Environ. Microbiol. 10:1934-1947
50. Krüger M, Meyerdierks A, Glöckner FO, Amann R, Widdel F, et al. 2003. A conspicuous nickel protein in microbial mats that oxidize methane anaerobically. Nature 426:878-881 (Pubitemid 38056878)
51. Krüger M, Treude T, Wolters H, Nauhaus K, Boetius A. 2005. Microbial methane turnover in different marine habitats. Palaegeogr. Paleoclimatol. Paleoecol. 227:6-17 (Pubitemid 41446263)
52. Leak DJ, Dalton H. 1986. Growth yields of methanotrophs. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 23:470-476
53. LeLoup J, Loy A, Knab NJ, Borowski C, Wagner M, Jørgensen BB. 2007. Diversity and abundance of sulfate-reducing microorganisms in the sulfate and methane zones of a marine sediment, Black Sea. Environ. Microbiol. 9:131-142 (Pubitemid 46061397)
54. Lever MA. 2008. Anaerobic carbon cycling pathways in the deep subseafloor investigated via functional genes, chemical gradients, stable carbon isotopes, and thermodynamic calculations. PhD thesis. Univ. NC, Chapel Hill
55. Lloyd KG, Lapham L, Teske A. 2006. An anaerobic methane-oxidizing community of ANME-1b archaea in hypersaline Gulf of Mexico sediments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72:7218-7230 (Pubitemid 44748436)
56. Lösekann T, Knittel K, Nadalig T, Fuchs B, Niemann H, et al. 2007. Diversity and abundance of aerobic and anaerobic methane oxidizers at the Haakon Mosby Mud Volcano, Barents Sea. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73:3348-3362 (Pubitemid 46834988)
57. Martens CS, Berner RA. 1974. Methane production in the interstitial waters of sulfate-depleted marine sediments. Science 185:1167-1169
58. Martinez RJ, Mills HJ, Story S, Sobecky PA. 2006. Prokaryotic diversity and metabolically active microbial populations in sediments from an active mud volcano in the Gulf of Mexico. Environ. Microbiol. 8:1783-1796 (Pubitemid 44326470)
59. Mayr S, Latkoczy C, Krüger M, Günther D, Shima S, et al. 2008. Structure of an F430 variant from archaea associated with anaerobic oxidation of methane. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130:10758-10767
60. Meyer B, Kuever J. 2007. Phylogeny of the alpha and beta subunits of the dissimilatory adenosine-5′-phosphosulfate (APS) reductase from sulfate-reducing prokaryotes-origin and evolution of the dissimilatory sulfate-reduction pathway. Microbiology 153:2026-2044 (Pubitemid 47074058)
61. Michaelis W, Seifert R, Nauhaus K, Treude T, Thiel V, et al. 2002. Microbial reefs in the Black Sea fueled by anaerobic oxidation of methane. Science 297:1013-1015 (Pubitemid 34856034)
62. Mills HJ, Martinez RJ, Story S, Sobecky PA. 2005. Characterization of microbial community structure in Gulf of Mexico gas hydrates: comparative analysis of DNA- and RNA-derived clone libraries. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:3225-3247 (Pubitemid 40807235)
63. Moran JJ, Beal EJ, Vrentas JM, Orphan VJ, Freeman KH, House CH. 2008. Methyl sulfides as intermediates in the anaerobic oxidation of methane. Environ. Microbiol. 10:162-173
64. Nauhaus K, Albrecht M, Elvert M, Boetius A, Widdel F. 2007. In vitro cell growth of marine archaeal-bacterial consortia during anaerobic oxidation of methane with sulfate. Environ. Microbiol. 9:187-196 (Pubitemid 46059009)
65. Nauhaus K, Boetius A, Krüger M, Widdel F. 2002. In vitro demonstration of anaerobic oxidation of methane coupled to sulphate reduction in sediment from a marine gas hydrate area. Environ. Microbiol. 4:296-305 (Pubitemid 34900241)
66. Nauhaus K, Treude T, Boetius A, Krüger M. 2005. Environmental regulation of the anaerobic oxidation of methane: a comparison of ANME-I- and ANME-II-communities. Environ. Microbiol. 7:98-106
67. Niemann H, Duarte J, Hensen C, Omoregie E, Magalhaes VH, et al. 2006. Microbial methane turnover at mud volcanoes of the Gulf of Cadiz. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 70:5336-5355 (Pubitemid 44739671)
68. Niemann H, Elvert M. 2008. Diagnostic lipid biomarker and stable carbon isotope signatures of microbial communities mediating the anaerobic oxidation of methane with sulphate. Org. Geochem. 39:1668-1677
69. Niemann H, Elvert M, Hovland M, Orcutt B, Judd A, et al. 2005. Methane emission and consumption at a North Sea gas seep (Tommeliten area). Biogeosciences 2:335-351 (Pubitemid 43088467)
70. Niemann H, Lösekann T, DeBeer D, Elvert M, Nadalig T, et al. 2006. Novel microbial communities of the Haakon Mosby mud volcano and their role as a methane sink. Nature 443:854-858 (Pubitemid 44622695)
71. Nunoura T, Ingakai F, Delwiche ME, Colwell FS, Takai K. 2008. Subseafloor microbial communities in methane hydrate-bearing sediment at two distinct locations (ODP Leg204) in the Cascadia margin. Microbes Environ. 23:317-325
72. Nunoura T, Oida H, Miyazaki J, Miyashita A, Imachi H, Takai K. 2008. Quantification of mcrA by fluorescent PCR in methanogenic and methanotrophic microbial communities. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 64:240-247
73. Omoregie EO, Mastalerz V, de Lange G, Straub KL, Kappler A, et al. 2008. Biogeochemistry and community composition of iron- and sulfur-precipitating microbial mats at the Chefren Mud volcano (Nile Deep Sea Fan, Eastern Mediterranean). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74:3198-3215 (Pubitemid 351747027)
74. Orcutt B, Boetius A, Elvert M, Samarkin V, Joye SB. 2005. Molecular biogeochemistry of sulfate reduction, methanogenesis and the anaerobic oxidation of methane at Gulf of Mexico cold seeps. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 69:4267-4281 (Pubitemid 41283399)
75. Orcutt B, Meile C. 2008. Constraints on mechanisms and rates of anaerobic oxidation of methane by microbial consortia: process-based modeling of ANME-2 archaea and sulfate reducing bacteria interactions. Biogeosciences 5:1587-1599 (Pubitemid 351690965)
76. Orcutt B, Samarkin V, Boetius A, Joye S. 2008. On the relationship between methane production and oxidation by anaerobic methanotrophic communities from cold seeps of the Gulf of Mexico. Environ. Microbiol. 10:1108-1117
77. Orphan VJ, Hinrichs K-U, Ussler W III, Paull CK, Taylor LT, et al. 2001. Comparative analysis of methane-oxidizing archaea and sulfate-reducing bacteria in anoxic marine sediments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67:1922-1934 (Pubitemid 33644967)
78. Orphan VJ, House CH, Hinrichs K-U, McKeegan KD, DeLong EF. 2001. Methane-consuming archaea revealed by directly coupled isotopic and phylogenetic analysis. Science 293:484-487
79. Orphan VJ, House CH, Hinrichs K-U, McKeegan KD, DeLong EF. 2002. Multiple archaeal groups mediate methane oxidation in anoxic cold seep sediments. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99:7663-7668
80. Pancost RD, Damsté JSS, de Lint S, van der Maarel MJEC, Gottschal JC. 2000. Biomarker evidence for widespread anaerobic methane oxidation in Mediterranean sediments by a consortium of methanogenic archaea and bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66:1126-1132
81. Parkes RJ, Cragg BA, Banning N, Brock F, Webster G, et al. 2007. Biogeochemistry and biodiversity of methane cycling in subsurface marine sediments (Skagerrak, Denmark). Environ. Microbiol. 9:1146-1161 (Pubitemid 46697271)
82. Pernthaler A, Dekas AE, Brown CT, Goffredi SK, Embaye T, Orphan VJ. 2008. Diverse syntrophic partnerships from deep-sea methane vents revealed by direct cell capture and metagenomics. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105:7052-7057 (Pubitemid 351754528)
83. Rabus R, Hansen T, Widdel F. 2000. Dissimilatory sulfate- and sulfur-reducing prokaryotes. In The Prokaryotes, ed. M Dworkin, E Rosenberg, K-H Schleifer, E Stackebrandt, pp. 659-768. New York: Springer-Verlag
84. Raghoebarsing AA, Pol A, van de Pas-Schoonen KT, Smolders AJP, Ettwig KF, et al. 2006. A microbial consortium couples anaerobic methane oxidation to denitrification. Nature 440:918-921
85. Reeburgh WS. 1976. Methane consumption in Cariaco Trench waters and sediments. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 28:337-344
86. Reeburgh WS. 2007. Oceanic methane biogeochemistry. Chem. Rev. 107:486-513
87. Reitner J, Peckmann J, Blumenberg M, Michaelis W, Reimer A, Thiel V. 2005. Concretionary methaneseep carbonates and associated microbial communities in Black Sea sediments. Palaegeogr. Paleoclimatol. Paleoecol. 227:18-30 (Pubitemid 41446264)
88. Rossel PE, Lipp JS, Fredricks HF, Arnds J, Boetius A, et al. 2008. Intact polar lipids of anaerobic methanotrophic archaea and associated bacteria. Org. Geochem. 39:992-999
89. Roussel EG, Bonavita M-AC, Querellou J, Cragg BA, Webster G, et al. 2008. Extending the sub-sea-floor biosphere. Science 320:1046
90. Røy H, Lee J, Jansen S, DeBeer D. 2008. Tide-driven deep pore-water flow in intertidal sand flats. Limnol. Oceanogr. 53:1521-1530 (Pubitemid 352000070)
91. Sahling H, Rickert D, Lee RW, Linke P, Suess E. 2002. Macrofaunal community structure and sulfide flux at gas hydrate deposits from the Cascadia convergent margin, NE Pacific. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 231:121-138 (Pubitemid 34536142)
92. Schouten S, Wakeham SG, Hopmans EC, Sinninghe Damste JS. 2003. Biogeochemical evidence that thermophilic archaea mediate the anaerobic oxidation of methane. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69:1680-1686 (Pubitemid 36314311)
93. Schrenk MO, Kelley DS, Delaney JR, Baross JA. 2003. Incidence and diversity of microorganisms within the walls of an active deep-sea sulfide chimney. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69:3580-3592
94. Schubert CJ, Durisch-Kaiser E, Holzner CP, Klauser L, Wehrli B, et al. 2006. Methanotrophic microbial communities associated with bubble plumes above gas seeps in the Black Sea. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 7:1-8
95. Shima S, Thauer RK. 2005. Methyl-coenzyme M reductase and the anaerobic oxidation of methane in methanotrophic Archaea. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 8:643-648 (Pubitemid 41643032)
96. Sivan O, Schrag DP, Murray RW. 2007. Rates of methanogenesis and methanotrophy in deep-sea sediments. Geobiology 5:141-151 (Pubitemid 46808897)
97. Sørensen KB, Teske A. 2006. Stratified communities of active archaea in deep marine subsurface sediments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72:4596-4603 (Pubitemid 44078783)
98. Stadnitskaia A, Bouloubassi I, Elvert M, Hinrichs KU, Sinninghe Damsté JS. 2008. Extended hydroxyarchaeol, a novel lipid biomarker for anaerobic methanotrophy in cold seepage habitats. Org. Geochem. 39:1007-1014
99. Stadnitskaia A, Muyzer G, Abbas B, Coolen MJL, Hopmans EC, et al. 2005. Biomarker and 16S rDNA evidence for anaerobic oxidation of methane and related carbonate precipitation in deep-sea mud volcanoes of the Sorokin Trough, Black Sea. Mar. Geol. 217:67-96 (Pubitemid 40697265)
100. Stein LY, La Duc MT, Grundl TJ, Nealson KH. 2001. Bacterial and archaeal populations associated with freshwater ferromanganous micronodules and sediments. Environ. Microbiol. 3:10-18
101. Teske A, Hinrichs K-U, Edgcomb V, de Vera Gomez A, Kysela D, et al. 2002. Microbial diversity hydrothermal sediments in the Guaymas Basin: evidence for anaerobic methanotrophic communities. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68:1994-2007 (Pubitemid 34280012)
102. Teske A, Sørensen KB. 2008. Uncultured archaea in deep marine subsurface sediments: Have we caught them all? ISME J. 2:3-18 (Pubitemid 351612350)
103. Thauer RK. 1998. Biochemistry of methanogenesis: a tribute to Marjory Stephenson. Microbiology 144:2377-2406
104. Thauer RK, Shima S. 2008. Methane as fuel for anaerobic microorganisms. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1125:158-170
105. Thiel V, Peckmann J, Seifert R, Wehrung P, Reitner J, Michaelis W. 1999. Highly isotopically depleted isoprenoids: molecular markers for ancient methane venting. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 63:3959-3966 (Pubitemid 30124170)
106. Thomsen TR, Finster K, Ramsing NB. 2001. Biogeochemical and molecular signatures of anaerobic methane oxidation in a marine sediment. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67:1646-1656 (Pubitemid 33644935)
107. Treude T, Boetius A, Knittel K, Wallmann K, Jørgensen BB. 2003. Anaerobic oxidation of methane above gas hydrates at Hydrate Ridge, NE Pacific Ocean. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 264:1-14 (Pubitemid 38119109)
108. Treude T, Knittel K, Blumenberg M, Seifert R, Boetius A. 2005. Subsurface microbial methanotrophic mats in the Black Sea. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:6375-6378 (Pubitemid 41456939)
109. Treude T, Krüger M, Boetius A, Jørgensen BB. 2005. Environmental control on anaerobic oxidation methane in the gassy sediments of Eckernförde Bay (German Baltic). Limnol. Oceanogr. 50:1771-1786 (Pubitemid 41692185)
110. Treude T, Niggemann J, Kallmeyer J, Wintersteller P, Schubert CJ, et al. 2005. Anaerobic oxidation methane and sulfate reduction along the Chilean continental margin. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 69:2767-2779 (Pubitemid 40792463)
111. 2 by methanotrophic microbial mats from gas seeps of the anoxic Black Sea. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73:2271-2283
112. Valentine DL, Reeburgh WS. 2000. New perspectives on anaerobic methane oxidation. Environ. Microbiol. 2:477-484 (Pubitemid 33136686)
113. Van Dijken JP, Harder W. 1975. Growth yields of microorganisms on methanol and methane. A theoretical study. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 17:15-30
114. Webster G, Parkes RJ, Cragg BA, Newberry CJ, Weightman AJ, Fry JC. 2006. Prokaryotic community composition and biogeochemical processes in deep subseafloor sediments from the Peru Margin. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 58:65-85 (Pubitemid 44359309)
115. Wegener G, Niemann H, Elvert M, Hinrichs K-U, Boetius A. 2008. Assimilation of methane and inorganic carbon by microbial communities mediating the anaerobic oxidation of methane. Environ. Microbiol. 10:2287-2298
116. Wegener G, Shovitri M, Knittel K, Niemann H, Hovland M, Boetius A. 2008. Biogeochemical processes and microbial diversity of the Gullfaks and Tommeliten methane seeps (Northern North Sea). Biogeosciences 5:1127-1144 (Pubitemid 351327239)
117. Whiticar MJ, Faber E. 1986. Methane oxidation in sediment and water column environments-isotope evidence. Org. Geochem. 10:759-768 (Pubitemid 17535454)
118. Widdel F, Boetius A, Rabus R. 2006. Anaerobic biodegradation of hydrocarbons including methane. In The Prokaryotes, ed. M Dworkin, S Falkow, E Rosenberg, K-H Schleifer, E Stackebrandt, pp. 1028-1049 New York: Springer-Verlag
119. Zehnder AJB, Brock TD. 1979. Methane formation and methane oxidation by methanogenic bacteria. J. Bacteriol. 137:420-432