On the spot: A functional analysis of congressional television spots, 1980–2004

Communication Studies

Volumn 57, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 401-420

  Brazeal, LeAnn M ^a   Benoit, William L ^b  

^a KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI   (United States)

Author keywords

Congressional Television Spots; Functional Theory; Incumbency; Political Party

Indexed keywords

EID: 70349442680     PISSN: 10510974     EISSN: 17451035     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10510970600945972     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. Abbe, O. G., Herrnson, P. S., Magleby, D. B., & Patterson, K. D., (2001). Are professional campaigns more negative ? In P. S., Herrnson (Ed.), Playing hardball: Campaigning for the U.S. Congress (pp. 70–91). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
2. Abramowitz, A. I., & Segal, J. A., (1992). Senate elections. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
3. Airne, D., & Benoit, W. L., (2005). Political television advertising in campaign 2000. Communication Quarterly, 53, 473–493. [CSA]
4. Benoit, W. L., (1999). Seeing spots: A functional analysis of presidential television advertisements from 1952–1996. New York: Praeger.
5. Benoit, W. L., (2001). The functional approach to presidential television spots: Acclaiming, attacking, defending 1952–2000. Communication Studies, 52, 109–126. [CSA]
6. Benoit, W. L., (2003). Presidential campaign discourse as a causal factor in election outcome. Western Journal of Communication, 67, 97–112. [CSA]
7. Benoit, W. L., (2004). Political party affiliation and presidential campaign discourse. Communication Quarterly, 52, 81–97. [CSA]
8. Benoit, W. L., (in press). Political campaign communication. New York: Peter Lang.
9. Benoit, W. L., Blaney, J. R., & Pier, P. M., (1998). Campaign ‘96: A functional analysis of acclaiming, attacking, and defending. New York: Praeger.
10. Benoit, W. L., Blaney, J. R., & Pier, P. M., (2000). Acclaiming, attacking, and defending: A functional analysis of nominating convention keynote speeches, 1960–1996. Political Communication, 17, 61–84. [CSA][CROSSREF]
11. Benoit, W. L., & Brazeal, L. M., (2002). A functional analysis of the 1988 Bush-Dukakis presidential debates. Argumentation and Advocacy, 38, 219–233. [CSA]
12. Benoit, W. L., McHale, J. P., Hansen, G. J., Pier, P. M., & McGuire, J. P., (2003). Campaign 2000: A functional analysis of presidential campaign discourse. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
13. Benoit, W. L., Pier, P. M., & Blaney, J. R., (1997). A functional approach to televised political spots: Attacking, acclaiming, and defending. Communication Quarterly, 45, 1–20. [CSA]
14. Benoit, W. L., Wells, W. T., Pier, P. M., & Blaney, J. R., (1999). Acclaiming, attacking, and defending in nomination convention acceptance addresses, 1960–1996. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 85, 247–267. [CSA]
15. Benze, J. G., & Declercq, E. R., (1985). Content of television political spot ads for female candidates. Journalism Quarterly, 62, 278–283, 288. [CSA]
16. Brazeal, L. M., & Benoit, W. L., (2001). A functional analysis of congressional television spots, 1986–2000. Communication Quarterly, 49, 436–454. [CSA]
17. Bystrom, D. G., & Miller, J. L., (1999). Gendered communication styles and strategies in campaign 1996: The videostyles of women and men candidates. In L. L., Kaid & D. G., Bystrom (Eds.), The electronic election: Perspectives on the 1996 campaign communication (pp. 293–302). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
18. Cain, B., Ferejohn, J., & Fiorina, M., (1987). The personal vote: Constituency service and electoral independence. Cambridge: Harvard Press.
19. Cohen, J., (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (), 2nd ed. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
20. Goldstein, K. M., & Krasno, J. S., Bradford, L., & Seltz, D. E., (2001). Going negative: Attack advertising in the 1998 elections. In P. S., Herrnson (Ed.), Playing hardball: Campaigning for the U.S. Congress (pp. 92–107). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
21. Gordon, G., (2000, November 8). At what price? Campaign spending hits $3 billion. Minneapolis Star Tribune, 23 A. [CSA]
22. Graber, D. A., (1989). Mass media and American politics (), 3rd ed. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly.
23. Hale, J. F., Fox, J. C., & Farmer, R., (1996). Negative advertisements in U.S. Senate campaigns: The influence of campaign context. Social Science Quarterly, 77, 329–343. [CSA]
24. Herrnson, P. S., (1998). Congressional elections: Campaigning at home and in Washington. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press.
25. Jacobson, G. C., (2001). The politics of congressional elections (), 5th ed. New York: Longman.
26. Jenkins, K., (1997). Learning to love those expensive campaigns. U.S. News and World Report [On-line], 122 (9). [CSA]
27. Johnston, A., (1999). Political advertising during the 1996 North Carolina Senate race: The Helms and Gantt rematch. In L. L., Kaid & D. G., Bystrom (Eds.), The electronic election: Perspectives on the 1996 campaign communication (pp. 293–302). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
28. Johnston, A., & White, A. B., (1994). Communication styles and female candidates: A study of the political advertising during the 1986 elections. Journalism Quarterly, 71, 321–329. [CSA]
29. Joslyn, R. A., (1980). The content of political spot ads. Journalism Quarterly, 57, 92–98. [CSA]
30. Kahn, K. F., & Kenney, P. J., (1999). The spectacle of U.S. Senate campaigns. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
31. Kahn, K. F., & Kenney, P. J., (2000). How negative campaigning enhances knowledge of Senate elections. In J. A., Thurber, C. J., Nelson, & D. A., Dulio (Eds.), Crowded airwaves: Campaign advertising in elections (pp. 65–95). Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
32. Kern, M., (1989). 30-second politics: Political advertising in the eighties. New York, NY: Praeger.
33. Landis, J. R., & Koch, G. G., (1977). The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics, 33, 159–174. [INFOTRIEVE][CSA][CROSSREF]
34. Lau, R. R., & Pomper, G. M., (2004). Negative campaigning: An analysis of U.S. Senate elections. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
35. Lyons, M., & Galderisi, P. F., (1995). Incumbency, reapportionment, and U.S. House redistricting. Political Research Quarterly, 48, 857–871. [CSA][CROSSREF]
36. Maisel, L. S., (1999). Parties and elections in America: The electoral process (), 3rd ed. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
37. Merritt, S., (1984). Negative political advertising: Some empirical findings. Journal of Advertising, 13, 27–38. [CSA]
38. Miller, A. C., & Miller, C., (2000, December 10). Campaign spending, donations rise to new levels. Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel, 5A. [CSA]
39. Miller, A. H., (1990). Public judgments of Senate and House candidates. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 15, 525–542. [CSA][CROSSREF]
40. Payne, J. G., & Baukus, R. A., (1988). Trend analysis of the 1984 GOP Senatorial spots. Political Communication and Persuasion, 5, 161–177. [CSA]
41. Petrocik, J. R., (1996). Issue ownership in presidential elections, with a 1980 case study. American Journal of Political Science, 40, 825–850. [CSA]
42. Pfau, M., Parrott, R., & Lindquist, B., (1992). An expectancy theory explanation of the effectiveness of political attack television spots: A case study. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 20, 235–253. [CSA]
43. Smith, L. D., (1989). A narrative analysis of the party platforms: The Democrats and Republicans of 1984. Communication Quarterly, 37, 91–99. [CSA]
44. Stewart, C. J., (1975). Voter perception of mud-slinging in political communication. Central States Speech Journal, 26, 279–286. [CSA]