Tundra and permafrost-dominated taiga

Geomorphology and Global Environmental Change

Volumn , Issue , 2015, Pages 344-367

  André, Marie Françoise ^a   Anisimov, Oleg ^b  

^a UNIVERSITÉ CLERMONT AUVERGNE   (France)

^b STATE HYDROLOGICAL INSTITUTE   (Russian Federation)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALUMINUM ALLOYS; GLOBAL WARMING; SOILS; THAWING;

ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE; GENERAL CIRCULATION MODEL; INDIGENOUS COMMUNITY; INTERNATIONAL UNION OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCE; NORTHERN HEMISPHERES; SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS; SUB-SURFACE MATERIALS; TERRESTRIAL NETWORKS;

PERMAFROST;

EID: 70349205017     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511627057.014     Document Type: Chapter

References (150)

1. ACIA (2005). Arctic Climate Impact Assessment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Available at www. acia. uaf. edu/
2. Allard, M., Wang, B. and Pilon, J. A. (1995). Recent cooling along the southern shore of Hudson Strait, Quebec, Canada, documented from permafrost temperature measurements. Arctic and Alpine Research, 28, 157-166.
3. Allard, M. et al. (2004). Salluit: une communauté en croissance sur un terrain sensible au changement climatique-Problématique du développement du village de Salluit, Nunavik, Rapport final, Centre d'Etudes Nordiques. Quebec: Université Laval.
4. Anisimov, O. (2007). Potential feedback of thawing permafrost to the global climate system through methane emission. Environmental Research Letters, 2, 14-21.
5. Anisimov, O. A. and Belolutskaiya, M. A. (2004). Predictive modelling of climate change impacts on permafrost: effects of vegetation. Meteorology and Hydrology, 11, 73-81.
6. Anisimov, O. A. and Lavrov, C. A. (2004). Global warming and permafrost degradation: risk assessment for the infrastructure of the oil and gas industry. Technologies of Oil and Gas Industry, 3, 78-83 (in Russian).
7. Anisimov, O. A. and Nelson, F. E. (1997a). Influence of climate change on continental permafrost in the northern hemisphere. Meteorologiya I Gidrologiya, 5, 71-80 (in Russian-English translation appears in Russian Meteorology and Hydrology 1997/5).
8. Anisimov, O. A. and Nelson, F. E. (1997b). Permafrost zonation and climate change: results from transient general circulation models. Climatic Change, 35, 241-258.
9. Anisimov, O. A. and Poljakov, A. V. (1999). Predicting changes of the air temperature in the first quarter of the twenty-first century. Meteorology and Hydrology, 2, 25-31 (in Russian).
10. Anisimov, O. and Reneva, S. (2006). Permafrost and changing climate: the Russian perspective. Ambio, 35, 169-175.
11. Anisimov, O. A., Shiklomanov, N. I. and Nelson, F. E. (1997). Effects of global warming on permafrost and active layer thickness: results from transient general circulation models. Global and Planetary Change, 15, 61-77.
12. Anisimov, O. A. et al. (2002). Effect of climate change on permafrost in the past, present and future. Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, 38 (Suppl. 1), S25-S39.
13. Anisimov, O. A. et al. (2008). Predicting changes in alluvial channel patterns in North-European Russia under conditions of global warming. Geomorphology, 98, 262-274.
14. Are, F. E. et al. (2005). Using thermoterrace dimensions to calculate the coastal erosion rate. Geo-Marine Letters, 25, 121-126.
15. Beaulieu, N. and Allard, M. (2003). The impact of climate change on an emerging coastline affected by discontinuous permafrost: Manitounuk Strait, northern Quebec. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 40, 1393-1404.
16. Belchansky, G. I., Douglas, D. C., Platonov, N. G. (2004). Duration of the arctic sea ice melt season: regional and interannual variability, 1979-2001. Journal of Climate, 17, 67-80.
17. Berger, A. R. and Iams, W. J., eds. (1996). Geoindicators: Assessing Rapid Environmental Changes in the Earth System. Rotterdam: Balkema.
18. Billings, W. D. and Peterson, K. M. (1980). Vegetational change and ice-wedge polygons through the thaw-lake cycle in arctic Alaska. Arctic and Alpine Research, 12, 413-432.
19. Björk, R. G. and Molau, U. (2007). Ecology of alpine snowbeds and the impact of global change. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, 39, 34-43.
20. Bockheim, J. G. (2007). Importance of cryoturbation in redistributing organic carbon in permafrost-affected soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 71, 1335-1342.
21. Bockheim, J. G. and Hinkel, K. M. (2007). The importance of 'deep' organic carbon in permafrost-affected soils of arctic Alaska. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 71, 1889-1892.
22. Bockheim, J. G. and Tarnocai, C. (1998). Recognition of cryoturbation for classifying permafrost-affected soils. Geoderma, 81, 281-293.
23. Bockheim, J. G. et al. (2004). Carbon pools and accumulation rates in an age-series of soils in drained thaw-lake basins, Arctic Alaska. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 68, 697-704.
24. Bogoyavlenskiy, D. and Siggner, A. (2004). Arctic demography. In N. Einarsson et al., eds., Arctic Human Development Report. Akureyri, Iceland: Steffanson Arctic Institute, pp. 27-41.
25. Brouchkov, A. et al. (2004). Thermokarst as a short-term permafrost disturbance, central Yakutia. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 15, 81-87.
26. Brown, J. (1997). Disturbance and recovery of permafrost terrain. In R. M. M. Crawford, ed., Disturbance and Recovery in Arctic Lands: An Ecological Perspective. Dordrecht: Kluwer, pp. 167-178.
27. Brown, J. and Christensen, H. H. (2006). Report of the International Permafrost Association. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 17, 377-379.
28. Brown, J. et al. (1997). International Permafrost Association Circum-Arctic Map of Permafrost and Ground Ice Conditions, scale 1: 10 000 000, Circum-Pacific Map Series, Map CP-45. Digital version available at www. geodata. soton. ac. uk/ipa/(accessed July 2008).
29. Brown, J., Hinkel, K. M. and Nelson, F. E. (2000a). The Circumpolar Active Layer Monitoring (CALM) program: research designs and initial results. Polar Geography, 24, 165-258.
30. Brown, J. et al. (2000b). The Global Terrestrial Network for Permafrost (GTN-P): a progress report. In Rhythms of Natural Processes in the Earth Cryosphere. Pushchino, Russia: Russian Academy of Sciences, pp. 203-204.
31. Burgess, M. M. et al. (2000). The Global Terrestrial Network for Permafrost (GTN-P): Permafrost Monitoring Contributing to Global Climate Observations, Geological Survey of Canada Current Research Paper No. 2000-E14 Available at www. nrcan. gc. ca/gsc/bookstore (accessed July 2008).
32. Burn, C. R. (1997). Cryostratigraphy, paleogeography, and climate change during the early Holocene warm interval, western Arctic coast, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 34, 912-935.
33. Burn, C. R. (1998). The response (1958-1997) of permafrost and near-surface ground temperatures to forest fire, Takhini River valley, southern Yukon Territory. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 35, 184-199.
34. Callaghan, T. V. ed. (2004). Climate change and UV-B impacts on Arctic tundra and polar desert ecosystems. Ambio, 33, 385-479.
35. Calmels, F. C. and Allard, M. (2004). Ice-segregation and gas distribution in permafrost using tomodensitometric analysis. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 15, 367-378.
36. Calmels, F., Allard, M. and Delisle, G. (2008). Development and decay of a lithalsa in Northern Québec: a geomorphological history. Geomorphology, 97, 287-299.
37. Carson, C. E. and Hussey, K. M. (1962). The oriented lakes of arctic Alaska. Journal of Geology, 70, 417-439.
38. Chapin, F. S. III et al. (2005). Polar systems. In H. Hassan, R. Scholes and N. Ash, eds., Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Current State and Trends. Washington, DC: Island Press, pp. 717-743.
39. Christensen, T. R. et al. (2004) Thawing sub-arctic permafrost: effects on vegetation and methane emissions. Geophysical Research Letters, 31, L04501.
40. Cornelissen, J. H. C. et al. (2001). Global change and Arctic ecosystems: is lichen decline a function of increases in vascular plant biomass? Journal of Ecology, 89, 984-994.
41. Corradi, C. et al. (2005). Carbone dioxide and methane exchange of a northeast Siberian tussock tundra. Global Change Biology, 11, 1910-1925.
42. Costard, F. et al. (2007). Impact of the global warming on the fluvial thermal erosion over the Lena River in central Siberia. Geophysical Research Letters, 34, L14501, doi: 10. 1029/2007GL030212.
43. Couture, R. et al. (2003). On the hazards to infrastructure in the Canadian North associated with thawing of permafrost. Proceedings of Geohazards 2003, 3rd Canadian Conference on Geotechnique and Natural Hazards, Ottawa, pp. 97-104.
44. Czudek, T. and Demek, J. (1970). Thermokarst in Siberia and its influence on the development of lowland relief. Quaternary Research, 1, 103-120.
45. Doré, D. and Beaulac, I. (2007). Impact de la fonte du pergélisol sur les infrastructures de transport aérien et routier au Nunavik et adaptation, Rapport No. GCT-2007-14. Quebec: Ministère des Transports du Québec.
46. Edwards, M. E. et al. (2007). Late-Quaternary dynamics of arctic thermokarst lakes contribute feedbacks to deglacial climate warming. In Proceedings of the 17th INQUA Congress, Sydney, July 2007.
47. Fortier, D., Allard, M. and Shur, Y. (2007). Observation of rapid drainage system development by thermal erosion of ice wedge on Bylot Island, Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 18, 229-243.
48. French, H. M. (1975). Man-induced thermokarst, Sachs Harbour airstrip, Banks Island, N. W. T. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 12, 132-144.
49. French, H. M. (2007). The Periglacial Environment. Chichester: John Wiley.
50. Friborg, T. et al. (2003). Siberian wetlands: where a sink is a source. Geophysical Research Letters, 30, 2129, doi: 10. 1029/2003GL017797.
51. Fronzek, S., Luoto, M. and Carter, T. R. (2006). Potential effect of climate change on the distribution of palsa mires in subarctic Fennoscandia. Climate Research, 32, 1-12.
52. Georgievskii, V. Y. (1998). On global climate warming effects on water resources. In Water: A Looming Crisis? Technical Documents in Hydrology No. 18. Paris: UNESCO, pp. 37-46.
53. Gilichinsky, D. A. et al. (1998). A century of temperature observations on soil climate: methods of analysis and long-term trends. In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Permafrost, Centre d'Etudes Nordiques, Université Laval, pp. 313-317.
54. Grigoriev, M. N. and Rachold, V. (2003). The degradation of coastal permafrost and the organic carbon balance of the Laptev and East Siberian Seas. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Permafrost, Zürich, pp. 319-24.
55. Grosse, G. et al. (2005). The use of CORONA images in remote sensing of periglacial geomorphology: an illustration from the NE Siberian coast. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 16, 163-172.
56. Grosse, G., Schirrmeister, L. and Malthus, T. J. (2006). Application of Landsat-7 satellite data and a DEM for the quantification of thermokarst-affected terrain types in the periglacial Lena-Anabar coastal lowland. Polar Research, 25, 51-67.
57. Grosse, G. et al. (2007). Geological and geomorphological evolution of a sedimentary periglacial landscape in Northeast Siberia during the Late Quaternary. Geomorphology, 86, 25-51.
58. Harris, S. A. (1993). Palsa-like mounds developed in a mineral substrate, Fox Lake, Yukon Territory. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Permafrost Proceedings, Beijing, 1, pp. 238-243.
59. Hinkel, K. M. et al. (2003). Spatial extent, age, and carbon stocks in drained thaw lake basins on the Barrow Peninsula, Alaska. Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine Research, 35, 291-300.
60. Hinzman, L. D. et al. (2005). Evidence and implications of recent climate change in northern Alaska and other Arctic regions. Climatic Change, 72, 251-298.
61. Hopkins, D. M. (1949). Thaw lakes and thaw sinks in the Imuruk Lake area, Seward Peninsula. Journal ofGeology, 57, 119-131.
62. Humlum, O., Instanes, A. and Sollid, J. L. (2003). Permafrost in Svalbard: a review of research history, climatic background and engineering challenges. Polar Research, 22, 191-215.
63. Il'ichev, V. A. et al. (2003). Perspectives of the Development of the Modern Northern Settlements. Moscow: Russian Academy of Architectural Science.
64. Instanes, D. and Instanes, A. (1998). Frozen ground temperature profiles at Svalbard Airport, Spitsbergen. In Proceedings of the International Conference of Natural and Artificial Cooling Cold Regions Engineering, Paris, pp. 229-237.
65. Instanes, A. (2003). Climate change and possible impact on Arctic infrastructure. In Proceedings of the 8th International Permafrost Conference, Zürich, pp. 461-466.
66. Instanes, A. et al. (2005). Infrastructure: buildings, support systems and industrial facilities. In C. Symon, L. Arris and B. Heal, eds., Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 907-944.
67. IPCC (2001a). Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Houghton, J. et al., eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (pp. 349-416, Ramaswany, V. et al., eds.)
68. IPCC (2001b). Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. McCarthy, J. J. et al., eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (pp. 801-841, Anisimov, O. and Fitzharris, B., eds.)
69. IPCC(2007a). Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Solomon, S. et al., eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (pp. 1-18, Alley, R. B. et al., eds.)
70. IPCC (2007b). Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Parry, M. L. et al., eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (pp. 653-685, Anisimov, O. A. et al., eds.)
71. Isaksen, K. et al. (2007). Recent warming of mountain permafrost in Svalbard and Scandinavia. Journal of Geophysical Research, 112, F02S04, doi: 10. 1029/2006JF000522.
72. Jorgenson, M. T. and Brown, J. (2005). Classification of the Alaskan Beaufort Sea coast and estimation of carbon and sediment inputs from coastal erosion. Geo-Marine Letters, 25, 69-80.
73. Jorgenson, M. T. and Osterkamp, T. E. (2005). Response of boreal ecosystems to varying modes of permafrost degradation. Canadian Journal of Forestry Research, 35, 2100-2111.
74. Jorgenson, M. T. and Shur, J. (2007). Evolution of lakes and basins in northern Alaska and discussion of the thaw lake cycle. Journal of Geophysical Research, 112, F02S17, doi: 10. 1029/2006JF000531.
75. Jorgenson, M. T. et al. (2001). Permafrost degradation and ecological changes associated with a warming climate in central Alaska. Climatic Change, 48, 551-579.
76. Jorgenson, M. T., Shur, J. L. and Pullman, E. R. (2006). Abrupt increase in permafrost degradation in Arctic Alaska. Geophysical Research Letters, 33, L02503, doi: 10. 1029/2005GL024960.
77. Katamura, F. et al. (2006). Thermokarst formation and vegetation dynamics inferred from a palynological study in central Yakutia, eastern Siberia, Russia. Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine Research, 38, 561-570.
78. Kronik, Y. A. (2001). Accident rate and safety of naturalanthropogenic systems in the permafrost zone. In Proceedings of the 2nd Conference of Russian Geocryologists, Moscow, 4, pp. 138-146.
79. Laberge, M. J. and Payette, S. (1995). Long-term monitoring of permafrost change in a palsa peatland in northern Québec, Canada: 1983-1993. Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine Research, 27, 167-171.
80. Lachenbruch, A. H. and Marshall, B. V. (1986). Changing climate: geothermal evidence from permafrost in the Alaskan Arctic. Science, 234, 689-696.
81. Lantuit, H. and Pollard, W. H. (2005). Temporal stereophotogrammetric analysis of retrogressive thaw slumps on Herschel Island, Yukon Territory. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 5, 413-423.
82. Linell, K. A. (1973). Long-term effects of vegetative cover on permafrost stability in an area of discontinuous permafrost. In North American Contribution to the 2nd International Conference on Permafrost. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, pp. 688-93.
83. Lloyd, A. H. et al. (2003). Patterns and dynamics of treeline advance on the Seward Peninsula, Alaska. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108, D2, 8161, doi: 10. 1029/2001JD000852.
84. Luoto, M. and Seppälä, M. (2003). Thermokarst ponds as indicators of the former distribution of palsas in Finnish Lapland. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 14, 19-27.
85. Mackay, J. R. (1970). Disturbances to the tundra and forest tundra environment of the western Arctic. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 7, 420-432.
86. Mackay, J. R. (1971). The origin of massive icy beds in permafrost, western arctic coast, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 8, 397-422.
87. Mackay, J. R. (1972). The world of underground ice. Annals of the American Association of Geographers, 62, 1-22.
88. Malmer, N. et al. (2005). Vegetation, climatic changes and net carbon sequestration. Global Change Biology, 11, 1895-1909.
89. Mars, J. C. and Houseknecht, D. W. (2007). Quantitative remote sensing study indicates doubling of coastal erosion rate in the past 50 years along a segment of the Arctic coast of Alaska. Geology, 35, 583-586.
90. Maslin, M. (2004). Gas Hydrates: A Hazard for the Twenty-First Century. London: Benfield Hazard Research Centre.
91. McBean, G. et al. (2005). Arctic climate: past and present. In C. Symon, L. Arris and B. Heal, eds., Arctic Climate Impacts Assessment (ACIA). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 21-60.
92. Murton, J. B. (2001). Thermokarst sediments and sedimentary structures, Tuktoyaktuk coastlands, western Arctic Canada. Global and Planetary Change, 28, 175-192.
93. Nelson, F. E. (2003). Geocryology: (un)frozen in time. Science, 299, 1673-1675.
94. Nelson, F. E. and Brown, J. (1997). Global change and permafrost. Frozen Ground, 21, 21-24.
95. Nelson, F. E. and Outcalt, S. I. (1982). Anthropogenic geomorphology in northern Alaska. Physical Geography, 3, 17-48.
96. Nelson, F. E., Anisimov, O. A. and Shiklomanov, N. I. (2001). Subsidence risk fromthawing permafrost. Nature, 410, 889-890.
97. Nelson, F. E., Anisimov, O. A. and Shiklomanov, N. I. (2002). Climate change and hazard zonation in the circum-arctic permafrost regions. Natural Hazards, 26, 203-225.
98. Oberman, N. G. and Mazhitova, G. G. (2001). Permafrost dynamics in the north-east of European Russia at the end of the twentieth century. Norwegian Journal of Geography, 55, 241-244.
99. Oelke, C. and Zhang, T. (2004). A model study of circum-arctic soil temperatures. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 15, 103-121.
100. Ogorodov, S. A. (2004). Human impacts on coastal stability in the Pechora Sea. Geo-Marine Letters, 25, 190-195.
101. Osterkamp, T. E. (2003). A thermal history of permafrost in Alaska. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Permafrost, Zurich, pp. 863-868.
102. Osterkamp, T. E. (2007). Characteristics of the recent warming of permafrost in Alaska. Journal of Geophysical Research, 112, F02S02, doi: 10. 1029/2006JF000578.
103. Osterkamp, T. E. and Romanovsky, V. E. (1999). Evidence for warming and thawing of discontinuous permafrost in Alaska. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 10, 17-37.
104. Osterkamp, T. E., Esch, D. C. and Romanovsky, V. E. (1997). Infrastructure: effects of climatic warming on planning, construction and maintenance. In Proceedings of the BESIS Workshop: Implications of Global Change in Alaska and the Bering Sea Region, Center for Global Change and Arctic System Research, Fairbanks, Alaska, pp. 115-127.
105. Osterkamp, T. E. et al. (2000). Observations of thermokarst and its impact on boreal forests in Alaska, USA. Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine Research, 32, 303-315.
106. Pavlov, A. V. (1994). Current changes of climate and permafrost in the Arctic and Sub-Arctic of Russia. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 5, 101-110.
107. Pavlov, A. V. and Moskalenko, N. G. (2002). The thermal regime of soils in the north of western Siberia. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 13, 43-51.
108. Payette, S. et al. (2004). Accelerated thawing of subarctic peatland permafrost over the last 50 years. Geophysical Research Letters, 31, L18208, doi: 10. 1029/2004GL020358.
109. Péwé, T. L. (1954). Effect of Permafrost upon Cultivated Fields, US Geological Survey Bulletin No. 989F. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
110. Pissart, A. (2002). Palsas, lithalsas and remnants of these periglacial mounds: a progress report. Progress in Physical Geography, 26, 605-621.
111. Rachold, V. et al. (2000). Coastal erosion vs. riverine sediment discharge in the Arctic shelf seas. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 89, 450-460.
112. Rachold, V. et al. (2003). Modern terrigenous organic carbon input to the Arctic Ocean. In R. Stein and R. W. Macdonald, eds., Organic Carbon Cycle in the Arctic Ocean: Present and Past. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 33-55.
113. Rachold, V. et al. (2005). Arctic Coastal Dynamics (ACD): an introduction. Geo-Marine Letters, 25, 63-68.
114. Randriamazaoro, R. et al. (2007). Fluvial thermal erosion: heat balance integral method. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 32, 1828-1840.
115. Reimnitz, E., Graves, S. M. and Barnes, P. W. (1985). Beaufort Sea Coastal Erosion, Shoreline Evolution, and Sediment Flux, US Geological Survey Open-File Report No. 85-380. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
116. Reimnitz, Z. E., Graves, S. M. and Barnes, P. W. (1988). Beaufort Sea Coastal Erosion, Sediment Flux, Shoreline Evolution and the Erosional Shelf Profile, US Geological Survey Map No. I-1182-G and text. Available at www. awipotsdam. de/acd (accessed July 2008).
117. Romanovsky, V. E. et al. (2002). Permafrost temperature records: indicators of climate change. EOS, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, 83, 589-594.
118. Schirrmeister, L. et al. (2002). Paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic records from permafrost deposits in the Arctic region of Northern Siberia. Quaternary International, 89, 97-118.
119. Schuur, E. A. G. et al. (2008). Vulnerability of permafrost carbon to climate change: implications for the global carbon cycle. BioScience, 58, 701-714. Seppälä, M., 1988. Palsas and related forms. In M. J. Clark, ed., Advances in Periglacial Geomorphology. Chichester: John Wiley, pp. 247-278.
120. Seppälä, M., 1988. Palsas and related forms. In M. J. Clark, ed., Advances in Periglacial Geomorphology. Chichester: John Wiley, pp. 247-278.
121. Seppälä, M. (1994). Snow depth controls palsa growth. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 5, 283-288.
122. Serreze, M. C. et al. (2000). Observational evidence of recent change in the northern high-latitude environment. Climatic Change, 46, 159-207.
123. Shur, Y. L. and Jorgenson, M. T. (2007). Patterns of permafrost formation and degradation in relation to climate and ecosystems. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 18, 7-19.
124. Shur, Y. L., Hinkel, K. M. and Nelson, F. E. (2005). The transient layer: implications for geocryology and climate-change science. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 16, 5-17.
125. Sloan, E. D. Jr (2003). Fundamental principles and applications of natural gas hydrates. Nature, 426, 353-359.
126. Smith, L. C., Sheng, Y. and McDonald, G. M. (2007). A first pan-Arctic assessment of the influence of glaciation, permafrost, topography and peatlands on northern hemisphere lake distribution. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 18, 201-208.
127. Smith, S. L., Burgess, M. M. and Taylor, A. E. (2003). High Arctic permafrost observatory at Alert, Nunavut: analysis of a 23-year data set. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Permafrost, Zurich, pp. 1073-1078.
128. Soja, A. J. et al. (2007). Climate-induced boreal forest change: predictions versus observations. In Conference Program and Abstracts, Climate Change Impacts on Boreal Forest Disturbance Regimes, Fairbanks, Alaska, p. 39.
129. Sollid, J. L. and Sorbel, L. (1998). Palsa bogs as a climate indicator: examples from Dovrefjell, southern Norway. Ambio, 27, 287-291.
130. Solomon, S. M. (2005). Spatial and temporal variability of shoreline change in the Beaufort-Mackenzie region, North-West Territories, Canada. Geo-Marine Letters, 25, 127-137.
131. Soloviev, P. A. (1973). Alas of thermokarst relief of Central Yakutia, Guidebook, 2nd International Permafrost Conference, Yakutsk, USSR.
132. Stieglitz, M. et al. (2003). The role of snow cover in the warming of Arctic permafrost. Geophysical Research Letters, 30, 1721.
133. Sturm, M., Racine, C. and Tape, K. (2001). Increasing shrub abundance in the Arctic. Nature, 411, 546-547.
134. Tape, K., Sturm, M. and Racine, C. (2006). The evidence for shrub expansion in Northern Alaska and the Pan-Arctic. Global Change Biology, 12, 686-702.
135. Tchebakova, N. M., Parfenova, E. I. and Soja, A. J. (2007). Potential climate induced vegetation change in central Siberia in the century 1960-2050. In Conference Program and Abstracts, Climate Change Impacts on Boreal Forest Disturbance Regimes, Fairbanks, Alaska, p. 26.
136. Truong, G., Palmé, A. E. and F. F. (2006). Recent invasion of the mountain birch Betula pubescens ssp. tortuosa above the treeline due to climate change: genetic and ecological study in northern Sweden. European Society for Evolutionary Biology, 20, 369-380.
137. Vallée, S. and Payette, S. (2007). Collapse of permafrost mounds along a subarctic river over the last 100 years (northern Québec). Geomorphology, 90, 162-170.
138. Van Everdingen, R. O. (2002). Multi-Language Glossary of Permafrost and Related Ground Ice Terms. Boulder: National Snow and Ice Data Center/World Data Center for Glaciology.
139. VanWijk, M. T. et al. (2003). Long-term ecosystem level experiments at Toolik Lake, Alaska and at Abisko, Northern Sweden: generalizations and differences in ecosystem and plant type responses to global change. Global Change Biology, 10, 105-123.
140. Vasiliev, A. et al. (2005). Coastal dynamics at the Barents and Kara Sea key sites. Geo-Marine Letters, 25, 110-120.
141. Viereck, L. A. (1982). Effects of fire and firelines on active layer thickness and soil temperatures in interior Alaska. In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Permafrost, Ottawa, pp. 123-135.
142. Walsh, J. E. et al. (2005). Cryosphere and hydrology. In C. Symon, L. Arris and B. Heal, eds., Arctic Climate Impacts Assessment (ACIA). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 183-242.
143. Walter, K. M. et al. (2006). Methane bubbling from Siberian thaw lakes as a positive feedback to climate warming. Nature, 443, 71-75.
144. Walter, K. M., Smith, L. C. and Chapin, F. S. III (2007). Methane bubbling from northern lakes: present and future contributions to the global methane budget. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A, 365, 1657-1676.
145. Weller, G. and Lange, M. (1999). Impacts of Global Climate Change in the Arctic Regions. Fairbanks: Center for Global Change and Arctic System Research, University of Alaska.
146. Zhang, T. et al. (2000). Further statistics on the distribution of permafrost and ground ice in the Northern Hemisphere. Polar Geography, 24, 126-131.
147. Zimov, S. A., Schuur, E. A. G. and Chapin, E. S., III. (2006). Permafrost and the global carbon budget. Science, 312, 1612-1613.
148. Zimov, S. A. et al. (1997). North Siberian lakes: a methane source fuelled by Pleistocene carbon. Science, 277, 800-802.
149. Zuidhoff, F. S. (2002). Recent decay of a single palsa in relation to weather conditions between 1996 and 2000 in Laivadalen, northern Sweden. Geografiska Annaler, 84A, 103-111.
150. Zuidhoff, F. S. and Kolstrup, E. (2000). Changes in palsa distribution in relation to climate change in Laivadalen, northern Sweden, especially 1960-1997. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 11, 55-69.