Body size as a primary determinant of ecomorphological diversification and the evolution of mimicry in the lampropeltinine snakes (Serpentes: Colubridae)

Journal of Evolutionary Biology

Volumn 22, Issue 10, 2009, Pages 2057-2067

  Alexander Pyron, R ^a,b   Burbrink, F T ^b  

^a University Center   (United States)

^b CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

Author keywords

Batesian mimicry; Body size evolution; Ecomorphological diversification; Feeding specialization; Interspecific interactions; Predator avoidance

Indexed keywords

ADAPTATION; AVOIDANCE REACTION; BODY SIZE; DIET; EVOLUTION; FOOD PREFERENCE; INTERSPECIFIC INTERACTION; MIMICRY; MORPHOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; SNAKE; SPECIALIZATION;

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; BODY SIZE; CLASSIFICATION; DIET; ECOLOGY; GENETICS; HISTOLOGY; PHYLOGENY; SKIN PIGMENTATION; SNAKE;

ANIMALS; BODY SIZE; COLUBRIDAE; DIET; ECOLOGY; PHYLOGENY; SKIN PIGMENTATION;

ANTHOZOA; COLUBRIDAE; MICRURUS; SERPENTES;

EID: 70349196802     PISSN: 1010061X     EISSN: 14209101     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01820.x     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. Ashton, K.G. Feldman, C.R. 2003. Bergmann's Rule in nonavian reptiles: turtles follow it, lizards and snakes reverse it. Evolution 57 : 1151 1163.
2. Bergmann, P.J., Meyers, J.J. Irschick, D.J. 2009. Directional evolution of stockiness coevolves with ecology and locomotion in lizards. Evolution 63 : 215 227.
3. Bickel, R. Losos, J.B. 2002. Patterns of morphological variation and correlates of habitat use in chameleons. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 76 : 91 103.
4. Blanchard, F.N. 1921. A revision of the kingsnakes: genus Lampropeltis. Bull. US Natl Mus. 114 : 1 260.
5. Boback, S.M. Guyer, C. 2003. Empirical evidence for an optimal body size in snakes. Evolution 57 : 345 351.
6. Brakefield, P.M. French, V. 1999. Butterfly wings: the evolution of development of colour patterns. BioEssays 21 : 391 401.
7. Brodie, E.D., III. 1992. Correlational selection for colour pattern and antipredator behavior in the garter snake Thamnophis ordinoides. Evolution 46 : 1284 1298.
8. Brown, E.E. 1979. Stray food records from New York and Michigan snakes. Am. Midl. Nat. 102 : 200 203.
9. Brown, J.H., Marquet, P.A. Taper, M.L. 1993. Evolution of body size: consequences of an energetic definition of fitness. Am. Nat. 142 : 573 584.
10. Bryson, R.W., Pastorini, J., Burbrink, F.T. Forstner, M.R.J. 2007. A phylogeny of the Lampropeltis mexicana complex (Serpentes: Colubridae) based on mitochondrial DNA sequences suggests evidence for species-level polyphyly within Lampropeltis. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 43 : 674 684.
11. Burbrink, F.T. 2001. Systematics of the North American rat snake complex (Elaphe obsoleta). Herpetol. Monogr. 15 : 1 53.
12. Burbrink, F.T. Lawson, R. 2007. How and when did Old World rat snakes disperse into the New World? Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 43 : 173 189.
13. Campbell, J.A. Lamar, W.M. 2004. The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY.
14. Conant, R. Collins, J.T. 1998. Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, 3rd edn. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, MA.
15. Cooper, W.E., Jr. 2007. Foraging modes as suites of coadapted suites of movement traits. J. Zool. 272 : 45 56.
16. Devitt, T., Crother, B.I., Meier, A., Burbrink, F.T. Boundy, J.J. 2007. Pituophis catenifer (Bullsnake): Maximum Length. Herpetol. Rev. 38 : 209.
17. Drummond, A.J. Rambaut, A. 2007. BEAST: Bayesian evolutionary analysis by sampling trees. BMC Evol. Biol. 7 : 214.
18. Felsenstein, J. 1985. Phylogenies and the comparative method. Am. Nat. 125 : 1 15.
19. Fitch, H.S. 1999. A Kansas Snake Community: Composition and Changes over 50 years. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL.
20. Garstka, W.R. 1982. Systematics of the Mexicana species group of the colubrid genus Lampropeltis, with an hypothesis [of] mimicry. Breviora 466 : 1 35.
21. Gehlbach, F. Baker, J. 1962. Kingsnakes allied with Lampropeltis mexicana: taxonomy and natural history. Copeia 1962 : 291 300.
22. Glor, R.E., Kolbe, J.J., Powell, R., Larson, A. Losos, J.B. 2003. Phylogenetic analysis of ecological and morphological diversification in Hispaniolan trunk-ground anoles (Anolis cybotes group). Evolution 57 : 2383 2397.
23. Goodman, B.A., Hudson, S.C., Isaac, J.L. Schwarzkopf, L. 2009. The evolution of body shape in repsonse to habitat: is reproductive output reduced in flat lizards? Evolution 63 : 1279 1291.
24. Greene, H.W. McDiarmid, R.W. 1981. Coral snake mimicry: does it occur? Science 213 : 1207 1212.
25. Greene, H.W. Rodríguez-Robles, J.A. 2003. Feeding ecology of the California Mountain Kingsnake, Lampropeltis zonata (Colubridae). Copeia 2003 : 308 314.
26. Hijmans, R.J., Cameron, S.E., Parra, J.L., Jones, P.G. Jarvis, A. 2005. Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas. Int. J. Clim. 25 : 1965 1978.
27. Huey, R.B. Pianka, E.R. 1981. Ecological consequences of foraging mode. Ecology 62 : 991 999.
28. King, R.B. 2002. Predicted and observed maximum prey size - snake size allometry. Funct. Ecol. 16 : 766 772.
29. Kozak, K.H., Mendyk, R.W. Wiens, J.J. 2009. Can parallel diversification occur in sympatry? Repeated patterns of body-size evolution in co-existing clades of North American salamanders. Evolution 63 : 1769 1784.
30. LaBarbera, M. 1989. Analyzing body size as a factor in ecology and evolution. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 20 : 97 117.
31. Losos, J.B. 1994. Integrative approaches to evolutionary ecology: Anolis lizards as model systems. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 25 : 467 493.
32. Losos, J.B. 1996. Phylogenies and comparative biology, Stage II: Testing causal hypotheses derived from phylogenies with data from extant taxa. Syst. Biol. 45 : 259 260.
33. Losos, J.B. 2000. Ecological character displacement and the study of adaptation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 97 : 5693 5695.
34. Losos, J.B., Irschick, D.J. Schoener, T.W. 1994. Adaptation and constraint in the evolution of specialization of Bahamian Anolis lizards. Evolution 48 : 1786 1798.
35. Luiselli, L., Capula, M. Shine, R. 1996. Reproductive output, costs of reproduction and ecology of the smooth snake, Coronella austriaca, in the eastern Italian Alps. Oecologia 106 : 100 110.
36. Maddison, W.P. Maddison, D.R. 2008. Mesquite: A Modular System for Evolutionary Analysis, version 2.5. Available at: http://mesquiteproject.org.
37. Martin, A.P. Palumbi, S.R. 1993. Body size, metabolic rate, generation time, and the molecular clock. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 90 : 4087 4091.
38. Martins, E.P. 2004. compare, version 4.6b. Computer Programs for the Statistical Analysis of Comparative Data. Indiana University, Bloomington, IN. Distributed by the author at: http://compare.bio.indiana.edu/.
39. Martins, E.P. Hansen, T.F. 1997. Phylogenies and the comparative method: a general approach to incorporating phylogenetic information into the analysis of interspecific data. Am. Nat. 149 : 646 667.
40. Moen, D.S. Wiens, J.J. 2009. Phylogenetic evidence for competitively-driven divergence: body-size evolution in Caribbean treefrogs (Hylidae: Osteopilus). Evolution 63 : 195 214.
41. Nagel, L. Schluter, D. 1998. Body size, natural selection, and speciation in sticklebacks. Evolution 52 : 209 218.
42. Ord, T.J. Martins, E.P. 2006. Tracing the origins of signal diversity in anole lizards: phylogenetic approaches to inferring the evolution of complex behaviour. Anim. Behav. 71 : 1411 1429.
43. Pagel, M. 1994. Detecting correlated evolution on phylogenies: a general method for the comparative analysis of discrete characters. Proc. Roy. Soc. B 255 : 37 35.
44. Palmer, W.M. Braswell, A.P. 1995. Reptiles of North Carolina. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, NC.
45. Pfennig, D.W., Harcombe, W.R. Pfennig, K.S. 2001. Frequency-dependent Batesian mimicry. Nature 410 : 323.
46. Pleguezuelos, J.M., Fernández-Cardenete, J.R., Honrubia, S., Feriche, M. Villafranca, C. 2007. Correlates between morphology, diet and foraging mode in the Ladder Snake Rhinechis scalaris (Schinz, 1822). Contrib. Zool. 76 : 179 186.
47. Podos, J. 2001. Correlated evolution of morphology and vocal signal structure in Darwin's finches. Nature 409 : 185 188.
48. Pyron, R.A. Burbrink, F.T. 2009a. Neogene diversification and taxonomic stability in the snake tribe Lampropeltini (Serpentes: Colubridae). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 52 : 524 529.
49. Pyron, R.A. Burbrink, F.T. 2009b. Can the Tropical Conservatism Hypothesis explain temperate species richness patterns? An inverse latitudinal biodiversity gradient in the New World snake tribe Lampropeltini. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 18 : 406 415.
50. Ree, R.H. Smith, S.A. 2008. Maximum-likelihood inference of geographic range evolution by dispersal, local extinction, and cladogenesis. Syst. Biol. 57 : 4 14.
51. Robertson, D.R. 1998. Implications of body size for interspecific interactions and assemblage organization among coral-reef fishes. Aust. Ecol. 23 : 252 257.
52. Rodríguez-Robles, J.A. 2002. Feeding ecology of North American Gopher Snakes (Pituophis catenifer, Colubridae). Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 77 : 165 183.
53. Rodríguez-Robles, J.A. de Jesús-Escobar, J.M. 1999. Molecular systematics of New World lampropeltinine snakes (Colubridae): implications for biogeography and evolution of food habits. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 68 : 355 385.
54. Rodríguez-Robles, J.A. Greene, H.W. 1999. Food habits of the Long-nosed Snake (Rhinocheilus lecontei), a "specialist" predator? J. Zool. 248 : 489 499.
55. Rodríguez-Robles, J.A., Bell, C.J. Greene, H.W. 1999a. Food habits of the Glossy Snake, Arizona elegans, with comparisons to the diet of sympatric Long-nosed Snakes, Rhinocheilus lecontei. J. Herpetol. 33 : 87 92.
56. Rodríguez-Robles, J.A., Bell, C.J. Greene, H.W. 1999b. Gape size and evolution of diet in snakes: feeding ecology of erycine boas. J. Zool. 248 : 49 58.
57. Roy, K. 2008. Dynamics of body size evolution. Science 321 : 1451 1452.
58. Rudolph, D.C., Burgdorf, S.J., Conner, R.N., Collins, C.S., Saenz, D., Schaefer, R.R., Trees, T., Duran, C.M., Ealy, M. Himes, J.G. 2002. Prey handling and diet of Louisiana Pine snakes (Pituophis ruthveni) and Black Pine snakes (P. melanoleucus lodingi), with comparisons to other selected colubrid snakes. Herpetol. Nat. Hist. 9 : 57 62.
59. Savage, J.M. Slowinski, J.B. 1992. The colouration of the venomous coral snakes (family Elapidae) and their mimics (families Colubridae and Aniliidae). Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 45 : 235 254.
60. Schluter, D. 2000. The Ecology of Adaptive Radiation. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
61. Schulz, K.D. 1996. A Monograph of the Colubrid Snakes of the Genus Elaphe Fitzinger. Koeltz Scientifc Books, Havlickuv Brod, Czech Republic.
62. Smith, H.M. 1944. Snakes of the Hoogstraal Expeditions to northern Mexico. Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Zool. Ser. 29 : 135 152.
63. Smith, F.A., Betancourt, J.L. Brown, J.H. 1995. Evolution of body size in the Woodrat over the past 25,000 years of climate change. Science 270 : 2012 2014.
64. Stamatakis, A. 2006. RaxML-VI-HPC: Maximum likelihood-based phylogenetic analyses with thousands of taxa and mixed models. Bioinformatics 22 : 2688 2690.
65. Stebbins, R.C. 2003. A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians, 3rd edn. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, MA.
66. Stephens, P.R. Wiens, J.J. 2009. Evolution of sexual size dimorphisms in emydid turtles: ecological dimorphism, Rensch's rule, and sympatric divergence. Evolution 63 : 910 925.
67. Stull, O.G. 1940. Variations and relationships in the snakes of the genus Pituophis. Bull. US Natl Mus. 175 : 1 225.
68. Taper, M.L. Case, T.J. 1985. Quantitative genetic models for the coevolution of character displacement. Ecology 66 : 355 371.
69. Vitt, L.J. Caldwell, J.P. 2009. Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles, 3rd edn. Elsevier, San Diego, CA.
70. Werler, J.E. Dixon, J.R. 2000. Texas Snakes. University of Texas Press, Austin, TX.
71. Williams, K.L. 1978. Systematics and Natural History of the American Milk Snake, Lampropeltis triangulum. Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, WI.