Regional reconstruction of subglacial hydrology and glaciodynamic behaviour along the southern margin of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet in British Columbia, Canada and northern Washington State, USA

Quaternary Science Reviews

Volumn 28, Issue 23-24, 2009, Pages 2420-2444

  Lesemann, Jerome Etienne ^a   Brennand, Tracy A ^a  

^a SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BRITISH COLUMBIA; BRITISH COLUMBIA , CANADA; CHANNELIZED FLOW; CONCEPTUAL MODEL; CORDILLERAN ICE SHEET; DEGLACIATIONS; EROSION AND DEPOSITION; FOCUSED-FLOW; GEOTHERMAL HEAT FLUX; GLACIAL SEDIMENTS; ICE FLOW DYNAMICS; ICE MASS; ICE SHEET; ICE VOLUMES; LANDSCAPE DEVELOPMENT; LANDSCAPE ELEMENTS; LONGITUDINAL PROFILE; MELTING ICE; REGIONAL RECONSTRUCTION; SEDIMENTARY SEQUENCE; SHEETFLOWS; SUBGLACIAL HYDROLOGY; SUBGLACIAL LAKES; SUBGLACIAL VOLCANIC ERUPTION; SURFACE ELEVATIONS; WASHINGTON STATE; WISCONSIN;

GEOTHERMAL SPRINGS; GLACIAL GEOLOGY; GLACIERS; GRAVEL; ICE; LAKES; OCEANOGRAPHY; PAPER SHEETING; SEDIMENTOLOGY; SEDIMENTS; SUBSTRATES; TUNNELS; VOLCANOES; WATER; WIND TUNNELS;

ICE CONTROL;

BEDROCK; CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK; FILL; GEOTHERMAL ENERGY; GLACIAL HISTORY; GLACIATION; GLACIER ADVANCE; HEAT FLUX; ICE SHEET; MELTWATER; RECONSTRUCTION; SEDIMENTARY SEQUENCE; SUBGLACIAL ENVIRONMENT; VALLEY; VOLCANIC ERUPTION;

BRITISH COLUMBIA; CANADA; NORTH AMERICA; OKANAGAN VALLEY; UNITED STATES; WASHINGTON [UNITED STATES];

EID: 70349122984     PISSN: 02773791     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.04.019     Document Type: Article

References (137)

1. Alley R.B. Continuity comes first: recent progress in understanding subglacial deformation. In: Maltman A.J., Hubbard B., and Hambrey M.J. (Eds). Deformation of Glacial Materials (2000), The Geological Society, London 171-179
2. Alley R.B., Blankenship D.D., Rooney S.T., and Bentley C.R. Till beneath Ice Stream B. 3. Till deformation-evidence and implications. Journal of Geophysical Research 92 B9 (1987) 8921-8929
3. Alley R.B., Dupont T.K., Parizek B.R., Anandakrishnan S., Lawson D.E., Larson G.J., and Evenson E.B. Outburst flooding and the initiation of ice-stream surges in response to climatic cooling: A hypothesis. Geomorphology 75 1-2 (2006) 76-89
4. Anderson J.B., Wellner J.S., Lowe A.L., Mosola A.B., and Shipp S.S. Footprint of the expanded west Antarctic ice sheet: ice stream history and behavior. GSA Today 11 (2001) 4-9
5. Bartholomaus T.C., Anderson R.S., and Anderson S.P. Response of glacier motion to transient water storage. Nature Geoscience 1 (2008) 33-37
6. Bell R.E., Studinger M., Shuman C.A., Fahnestock M.A., and Joughin I. Large subglacial lakes I East Antarctica at the onset of fast-flowing ice streams. Nature 445 (2007) 904-907
7. Bennett M.R. Ice streams as the arteries of an ice sheet: their mechanics, stability and significance. Earth Science Reviews 61 3-4 (2003) 309-339
8. Björnsson H. Subglacial water reservoirs, jökulhlaups and volcanic eruptions. Jökull 25 (1975) 1-12
9. Björnsson H. Scales and rates of glacial sediment removal: a 20 km long, 300 m deep trench created beneath Breidamerkurjökull during the Little Ice Age. Annals of Glaciology 22 (1996) 141-146
10. Björnsson H. Subglacial lakes and jökulhlaups in Iceland. Global Planetary Change 35 (2002) 255-271
11. Boulton G.S. A theory of drumlin formation by subglacial sediment deformation. In: Menzies J., and Rose J. (Eds). Drumlin Symposium (1987), Balkema, Rotterdam 25-80
12. Boulton G.S., and Hindmarsh R.C.A. Sediment deformation beneath glaciers: rheology and sedimentological consequences. Journal of Geophysical Research 92 B (1987) 9059-9082
13. Boyce J.I., and Eyles N. Drumlins carved by deforming till streams below the Laurentide ice sheet. Geology 19 8 (1991) 787-790
14. Bradwell T. Bedrock megagrooves in Assynt, NW Scotland. Geomorphology 65 (2005) 195-204
15. Bradwell T. Glacial bedforms and the role of subglacial meltwater: Annandale, southern Scotland. In: Knight P. (Ed). Glacier Science and Environmental Change (2006), Blackwell 39-41
16. Brennand T.A., and Shaw J. Tunnel channels and associated landforms, south-central Ontario: their implications for ice-sheet hydrology. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 31 3 (1994) 505-522
17. Brunner C.A., Normark W.R., Zuffa G.G., and Serra F. Deep-sea sedimentary record of the late Wisconsin cataclysmic floods from the Columbia River. Geology 27 5 (1999) 463-466
18. Burke M.J., Woodward J., Russell A.J., Fleisher P.J., and Bailey P.K. Controls on the sedimentary architecture of a single event englacial esker: Skeidararjokull, Iceland. Quaternary Science Reviews 27 (2008) 1829-1847
19. Christoffersen P., Tulaczyk S., Wattrus N., Peterson J., Quintana-Krupinski N., Clark C., and Sjunneskog C. Large subglacial lake beneath the Laurentide Ice Sheet inferred from sedimentary sequences. Geology 36 (2008) 563-568
20. Chorley R.J. The shape of drumlins. Journal of Glaciology 3 25 (1959) 339-344
21. Clague J.J. Cordilleran ice sheet. In: Fulton R.J. (Ed). Quaternary Geology of Canada and Greenland vol. 1 (1989), Geological survey of Canada, Geology of Canada 40-42
22. Clarke G.K.C., Leverington D.W., Teller J.T., Dyke A.S., and Marshall S.J. Fresh arguments against the Shaw megaflood hypothesis. Quaternary Science Reviews 24 (2005) 1533-1541
23. Cutler P.M., Colgan P.M., and Mickelson D.M. Sedimentologic evidence for outburst floods from the Laurentide Ice Sheet margin in Wisconsin, USA: implications for tunnel-channel formation. Quaternary International 90 1 (2002) 23-40
24. Davis N.F.G., and Mathews W.H. Four phases of glaciation with illustrations from southwestern British Columbia. Journal of Geology 52 (1944) 403-413
25. De Angelis H., and Kleman J. Paleo-ice streams in the northern Keewatin sector of the Laurentide ice sheet. Annals of Glaciology 42 (2006) 135-144
26. Denton G.H., and Sugden D.E. Meltwater features that suggest Miocene ice-sheet overriding of the Transantarctic Mountains in Victoria Land, Antarctica. Geografiska. Annaler 87 A (2005) 67-85
27. Dowdeswell J.A., and Siegert M. The physiography of modern Antarctic subglacial lakes. Global and Planetary Change 35 3-4 (2003) 221-236
28. Engelhardt H.F., and Kamb B. Basal sliding of Ice Stream B, West Antarctica. Journal of Glaciology 44 147 (1998) 223-230
29. Erlingsson U. The 'captured ice shelf' hypothesis and its applicability to the Weichselian Glaciation. Geografiska Annaler 76 A (1994) 1-12
30. Evans I.S. Abraded rock landforms (whalebacks) developed under ice streams in mountain areas. Annals of Glaciology 22 (1996) 9-15
31. Evans D.J.A. Glacial Landsystems. In: Knight P. (Ed). Glacier Science and Environmental Change (2006), Blackwell 83-88
32. Evatt G.W., and Fowler A.C. Cauldron subsidence and subglacial floods. Annals of Glaciology 45 (2007) 163-168
33. Evatt G.W., Fowler A.C., Clark C.D., and Hulton N.R.J. Subglacial floods beneath ice sheets. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A 364 (2006) 1769-1794
34. Eyles N., and Clague J.J. Glaciolacustrine sedimentation during advance and retreat of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet in central British Columbia. Géographie Physique et Quaternaire 45 (1991) 317-331
35. Eyles N., and Mullins H.T. Seismic-stratigraphy of Shuswap Lake, British Columbia, Canada. Sedimentary Geology 109 3 (1997) 283-303
36. Eyles N., Mullins H.T., and Hine A.C. Thick and fast: sedimentation in a Pleistocene fjord lake of British Columbia, Canada. Geology 18 11 (1990) 1153-1157
37. Eyles N., Mullins H.T., and Hine A.C. The seismic stratigraphy of Okanagan lake: a record of rapid deglaciation in a deep 'fjord lake' basin. Sedimentary Geology 73 1-2 (1991) 13-41
38. Fairbank, B.D., Faulkner, R.L., 1992. Geothermal Resources of British Columbia, Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 2526, map 1:2 000 000 scale.
39. Fisher T.G., and Taylor L.D. Sedimentary and stratigraphic evidence for subglacial Flooding, south-central Michigan, USA. Quaternary International 90 (2002) 87-115
40. Fisher T.G., Jol H.M., and Boudreau A.M. Saginaw Lobe tunnel channels (Laurentide Ice Sheet) and their significance in south-central Michigan, USA. Quaternary Science Reviews 24 22 (2005) 2375-2391
41. Flint R.F. Glacial features of the southern Okanogan region. Geological Society of America Bulletin 46 2 (1935) 169-194
42. Flowers G.E., Bjornsson H., and Palsson F. A coupled sheet-conduit mechanism for jökulhlaup propagation. Geophysical Research Letters 31 (2004) L05401
43. Fricker H.A., Scambos T., Bindschadler R., and Padman L. An active subglacial water system in west Antarctica mapped from space. Science 315 5818 (2007) 1544-1548
44. Fulton R.J. Deglaciation studies in Kamloops region, an area of moderate relief, British Columbia. Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin 154 (1967) 36
45. Fulton R.J. Quaternary geology and geomorphology, Nicola-Vernon area, British Columbia. Geological survey of Canada, Memoir 380 (1975) 45
46. Fulton R.J. A conceptual model for the growth and decay of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet. Géographie Physique et Quaternaire 45 (1991) 281-286
47. Grasby S.E., and Hutcheon I. Controls on the distribution of thermal springs in the southern Canadian Cordillera. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 38 (2001) 427-440
48. Gray L., Joughin I., Tulaczyk S., Spikes V.B., Bindschadler R., and Jezek K. Evidence for subglacial water transport in the West Antarctic Ice Sheet through three-dimensional satellite radar interferometry. Geophysical Research Letters 32 3 (2005) L03501
49. Hart J.K. Recent drumlins, flutes and lineations at Vestari-Hagafellsjokull, Iceland. Journal of Glaciology 41 139 (1995) 596-606
50. Hart J.K. The relationship between drumlins and other forms of subglacial glaciotectonic deformation. Quaternary Science Reviews 16 (1997) 93-107
51. Hart J.K. Athabasca Glacier, Canada-a field example of subglacial ice and till erosion?. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 31 1 (2006) 65-80
52. Herget J. Reconstruction of Pleistocene Ice-Dammed Lake Outburst floods in the Altai Mountains, Siberia. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 386 (2005) 118
53. Hickson, C.J., 1987. Quaternary volcanism in the Wells Gray-Clearwater area, east central British Columbia, Ph.D. thesis, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.
54. Hickson C.J., Moore J.G., Calk L., and Metcalfe P. Intraglacial volcanism in the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field, east-central British Columbia, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 32 (1995) 838-851
55. Holland S.S. Landforms of British Columbia, a physiographic outline. British Columbia Department of Mines and Petroleum Resources, Bulletin 48 (1964) 138
56. Hoskuldsson A., and Sparks R.S.J. Thermodynamics and fluid dynamics of effusive subglacial eruptions. Bulletin of Volcanology 59 3 (1997) 219-230
57. Iverson N.R., and Iverson R.M. Distributed shear of subglacial till due to Coulomb slip. Journal of Glaciology 47 158 (2001) 481-488
58. Kamb B. Basal zone of the West Antarctic ice streams and its role in lubrication of their rapid motion. In: Alley R.B., and Bindschadler R.A. (Eds). The West Antarctic Ice Sheet: Behavior and Environment. Antarctic Research Series vol. 77 (2001), American Geophysical Union 157-199
59. Kamb B., and Engelhardt E.H. Antarctic ice stream B: conditions controlling its motion and interactions with the climate system. In: Kotlyakov V.M. (Ed). Glaciers-Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions 208 (1991), IAHS Publication 145-154
60. Kleman J. Preservation of landforms under ice sheets and ice caps. Geomorphology 9 1 (1994) 19-32
61. Kleman J., and Bergstrom I. Glacial landforms indicative of partly frozen bed. Journal of Glaciology 40 135 (1994) 255-264
62. Kleman J., and Glasser N.F. Subglacial Thermal Organization (STO) of Ice Sheets. Quaternary Science Reviews 26 (2007) 585-597
63. Kleman J., and Stroeven A.P. Subglacial landform patterns of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet: implications for ice dynamics and glacial history, Geophysical Research Abstracts, 8, 09748 (2006), European Geosciences Union, Vienna, Austria
64. Kleman J., Hätterstrand C., Borgström I., and Stroeven A. Fennoscandian palaeoglaciology reconstructed using a glacial inversion model. Journal of Glaciology 43 144 (1997) 283-299
65. Komatsu G., Miyamoto H., Ito K., Tosaka H., and Tokunaga T. Comment on Shaw et al., 1999, The Channeled Scabland: Back to Bretz?. Geology 28 6 (2000) 573-574
66. Kor P.S.G., Shaw J., and Sharpe D.R. Erosion of bedrock by subglacial meltwater, Georgian Bay, Ontario: a regional view. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 35 (1991) 1180-1202
67. Kovanen D.J., and Slaymaker O. Glacial imprints of the Okanogan Lobe, Southern Margin of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet. Journal of Quaternary Science 19 6 (2004) 547-565
68. Lesemann, J.-E., Brennand, T.A., 2005. Subglacial bed conditions and glaciodynamic behaviour of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet along portions of its southern margin (British Columbia, Canada). International Conference on Glacial Sedimentary Processes and Products University of Wales, Aberystwyth, UK.
69. Lesemann, J.-E., Shaw, J., 2000. An additional water source for the formation of the Channeled Scabland in British Columbia, Canada. Geological Society of America Annual Meeting, Abstracts with Programs, Paper 23-10, Reno, Nevada.
70. Leventer J.P., Williams D., and Kennet J.P. Dynamics of the laurentide Ice Sheet during the last glaciation: evidence from the Gulf of Mexico. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 59 1 (1982) 11-17
71. Lewis A.R., Marchant D.R., Kowalewski D.E., Baldwin S.L., and Webb L.E. The age and origin of the Labyrinth, western Dry Valleys, Antarctica: Evidence for extensive middle Miocene subglacial floods and freshwater discharge to the Southern Ocean. Geology 34 7 (2006) 513-516
72. Lowe A.L., and Anderson J.B. Reconstruction of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet in Pine Island Bay during the last glacial maximum and its subsequent retreat history. Quaternary Science Reviews 21 16 (2002) 1879-1897
73. Lüthi M., Funk M., Iken A., Gogineni S., and Truffer M. Mechanisms of fast flow in Jakobshavn Isbrae, West Greenland: Part III. Measurement of ice deformation, temperature and cross-borehole conductivity in boreholes to the bedrock. Journal of Glaciology 48 162 (2002) 369-385
74. Mathews W.H. Ice sheets and ice streams: thoughts on the Cordilleran Ice Sheet Symposium. Géographie Physique et Quaternaire 45 (1991) 263-267
75. McCarroll D., and Matthews J.A. "Striations" produced by catastrophic subglacial drainage of a glacier-dammed lake, Mjølkedalsbreen, southern Norway. Journal of Glaciology 35 120 (1989) 193-196
76. Montgomery D.H., Hallet B., Yuping L., Finnegan N., Anders A., Gillespie A., and Greenberg H.M. Evidence for Holocene megafloods down the Tsangpo River gorge, southeastern Tibet. Quaternary Research 62 (2004) 201-207
77. Mooers H.D. On the formation of the tunnel valleys of the Superior Lobe, Central Minnesota. Quaternary Research 32 (1989) 24-35
78. Munro-Stasiuk M.J., Fisher T.G., and Nitsche C.R. The origin of the western Lake Erie grooves, Ohio: Implications for reconstructing the subglacial hydrology of the Great Lakes sector of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. Quaternary Science Reviews 24 22 (2005) 2392-2409
79. Nasmith H. Late glacial history and surficial deposits of the Okanagan Valley, British Columbia. British Columbia Department of Mines and Petroleum Resources, Bulletin 46 (1962)
80. Neuffer D.P., Schultz R.A., and Watters R.J. Mechanisms of slope failure on Pyramid Mountain, a subglacial volcano in Wells Gray Provincial Park, British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 43 (2006) 147-155
81. Normark W.R., and Reid J.A. Extensive deposits on the Pacific Plate from Late Pleistocene North American glacial lake outbursts. Journal of Geology 111 (2003) 617-637
82. O'Cofaigh C. Tunnel valley genesis. Progress in Physical Geography 20 1 (1996) 1-19
83. Patterson C.J. Tunnel-valley fans of the St Croix moraine, east-central Minnesota, USA. In: Croot W.P., and Warren D.G. (Eds). Formation and Deformation of Glacial Deposits (1994), Balkema, Rotterdam 69-87
84. Pattyn F. Investigating the stability of subglacial lakes with a full Stokes ice sheet model. Journal of Glaciology 54 185 (2008) 353-361
85. Pattyn F. A new three-dimensional higher-order thermomechanical ice sheet model: Basic sensitivity, ice stream development, and ice flow across subglacial lakes. Journal of Geophysical Research 108 B8 (2003) 2382 10.1029/2002JB002329
86. Pattyn F., De Smedt B., and Souchez R. Influence of subglacial Lake Vostok on the regional ice dynamics of the Antarctic ice sheet: A model study. Journal of Glaciology 50 171 (2004) 583-589
87. Piotrowski J.A., Mickelson D.M., Tulaczyk S., Krzyszkowski D., and Junge F. Were subglacial deforming beds beneath past ice sheets really widespread?. Quaternary International 86 1 (2001) 139-150
88. Piotrowski J.A., Mickelson D.M., Tulaczyk S., Krzyszkowski D., and Junge F. Reply to the comments by G.S. Boulton, K.E. Dobbie, S. Zatsepin on: Deforming soft beds under ice sheets: how extensive were they?. Quaternary International 97-98 (2002) 173-177
89. Pollard A., Wakarini N., and Shaw J. Genesis and morphology of erosional shapes associated with turbulent flow over a forward-facing step. In: Ashworth P.J., Bennett S.J., Best J.L., and McClelland S.J. (Eds). Coherent Flow Structures in Open Channels (1996), Wiley, Chichester 249-265
90. Prytulak J., Vervoort J.D., Plank T., and Yu C. Astoria Fan sediments, DSDP Site 174, Cascadia Basin: Hf-Nd-Pb constraints on provenance and outburst flooding. Chemical Geology 233 (2006) 276-292
91. Rampton V.R. Large-scale effects of subglacial meltwater flow in the southern Slave Province, Northwest Territories, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37 (2000) 81-93
92. Regis, R.S., Patterson, C.J., Wattrus, N., Rausch, D., (2003). Relationship of deep troughs in the eastern Lake Superior basin and largescale glaciofluvial landforms in the central Upper Peninsula of Michigan. North Central Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, Paper 19-10.
93. Richardson K., and Carling P.A. A Typology of Sculpted Forms in Open Bedrock Channels. Geological Society of America Special Paper 392 (2005) 108
94. Richmond, G.R., 1986. Tentative correlation of deposits of the Cordilleran Ice-Sheet in the Northern Rocky Mountains, In: Quaternary Glaciations in the United States of America, G.M. Richmond, D.S. Fullerton, (Eds). Quaternary Science Reviews, 5: 129-144.
95. Roberts D.H., and Long A.J. Streamlined bedrock terrain and fast ice flow, Jakobshavns Isbrae, West Greenland: implications for ice stream and ice sheet dynamics. Boreas 34 1 (2005) 25-42
96. Roberts M.J., Russell A.J., Tweed F.S., and Knudsen O. Ice fracturing during jökulhlaups: implications for englacial floodwater routing and outlet development. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 25 13 (2000) 1429-1446
97. Rudoy A.N. Mountain ice-dammed lakes of southern Siberia and their influence on the development and regime of the runoff systems of North Asia in the late Pleistocene. In: Benito G., Baker V.R., and Gregory K.J. (Eds). Palaeohydrology and Environmental Change (1998), Wiley, New York, Chichester 215-234
98. Russell H.A.J., Arnott R.W.C., and Sharpe D.R. Evidence for rapid sedimentation in a tunnel channel, Oak Ridges Moraine, southern Ontario, Canada. Sedimentary Geology 160 1-3 (2003) 33-55
99. Russell A.J., Gregory A.R., Large A.R.G., Fleisher P.J., and Harris T.D. Tunnel channel formation during the November 1996 jökulhlaup, Skei{eth}arárjökull, Iceland. Annals of Glaciology 45 (2007) 95-103
100. Ryder J.M., Fulton R.J., and Clague J.J. The Cordilleran Ice Sheet and the glacial geomorphology of southern and central British Columbia. Géographie Physique et Quaternaire 45 (1991) 365-377
101. Sharpe D.R., and Shaw J. Erosion of bedrock by subglacial meltwater, Cantley, Quebec. Geological Society of America Bulletin 101 8 (1989) 1011-1020
102. Sharpe D.R., Pugin A., Pullan S., and Shaw J. Regional unconformities and the sedimentary architecture of the Oak Ridges Moraine area, southern Ontario. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 41 (2004) 183-198
103. Shaw J. A qualitative view of sub-ice-sheet landscape evolution. Progress in Physical Geography 18 22 (1994) 159-184
104. Shaw J. Hairpin erosional marks, horseshoe vortices and subglacial erosion. Sedimentary Geology 91 1-4 (1994) 269-283
105. Shaw J. A meltwater model for Laurentide subglacial landscapes. In: McCann S.B., and Ford D.C. (Eds). Geomorphology Sans Frontières (1996), Wiley, Chichester 182-226
106. Shaw J. The meltwater hypothesis for subglacial bedforms. Quaternary International 90 (2002) 5-22
107. Shaw J., and Kvill D.R. A glaciofluvial origin for drumlins of the Livingstone Lake Area, Saskatchewan. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 12 (1984) 1426-1440
108. Shaw J., and Sharpe D.R. Drumlin formation by subglacial meltwater erosion. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 24 (1987) 2316-2322
109. Shaw J., Munro-Stasiuk M., Sawyer B., Beaney C., Lesemann J.-E., Musacchio A., Rains B., and Young R.R. The Channeled Scabland: back to Bretz?. Geology 27 7 (1999) 605-608
110. Shoemaker E.M. Water sheet outburst floods from the Laurentide Ice Sheet. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 29 (1992) 1250-1264
111. Shoemaker E.M. Reply to comments on 'subglacial floods and the origins of low-relief ice-sheet lobes' by J.S. Walder. Journal of Glaciology 40 (1994) 201-202
112. Siegert M.J., and Bamber J.L. Subglacial water at the heads of Antarctic ice stream tributaries. Journal of Glaciology 46 155 (2000) 702-703
113. Siegert M.J., Carter S., Tabacco I., Popov S., and Blankenship D.D. A revised inventory of Antarctic subglacial lakes. Antarctic Science 17 3 (2005) 453-460
114. Smellie J.L. Subglacial eruptions. In: Sigurdsson H. (Ed). Encyclopaedia of Volcanoes (1999), Academic Press 403-418
115. Smellie J.L. The relative importance of supraglacial versus subglacial meltwater escape in basaltic subglacial tuya eruptions: An important unresolved conundrum. Earth Science Reviews 74 3-4 (2006) 241-268
116. Stokes C.R., Clark C.D., Lian O., and Tulaczyk S. Geomorphological map of ribbed moraine on the Dubawnt Lake Ice Stream bed: a signature of ice stream shut-down?. Journal of Maps (2006) 1-9
117. Stokes C.R., Clark C.D., Lian O.B., and Tulaczyk S. Ice stream sticky-spots: a review of their identification and influence beneath contemporary and paleo-ice streams. Earth Science Reviews 81 (2007) 217-249
118. Studinger M., Bell R.E., Karner G.D., Tikku A.A., Holt J.W., Morse D.L., Richter T.G., Kempf S.D., Peters M.E., Blankenship D.D., Sweeney R.E., and Rystrom V.L. Ice cover, landscape setting, and geological framework of Lake Vostok, East Antarctica. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 205 3 (2003) 195-210
119. Sugden D.E., Denton G.H., and Marchant D.R. Subglacial meltwater channel systems and ice sheet overriding, Asgard Range, Antarctica. Geografiska Annaler 73 A (1991) 109-121
120. Sugden D.E., Denton G.H., and Marchant D.R. Landscape evolution of the Dry Valleys, Transantarctic Mountains: tectonic implications. Journal of Geophysical Research 100 B6 (1995) 9949-9968
121. Thorarinsson S. Glacier surges in Iceland, with special reference to the surges of Bruarjokull. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 6 (1969) 875-882
122. Tipper H. Multiple Glaciation in Central British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 8 (1971) 743-752
123. Tribe S. Eocene paleo-physiography and drainage directions, southern Interior Plateau, British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 42 (2005) 215-230
124. Truffer M., and Echelmeyer K.A. Of isbrae and ice streams. Annals of Glaciology 36 1 (2003) 66-72
125. Truffer M., Harrison W.D., and March R.S. Record negative glacier balances and low velocities during the 2004 heatwave in Alaska, USA: implications for the interpretation of observations by Zwally and others in Greenland. Journal of Glaciology 51 175 (2005) 663-664
126. Tuffen H., Gilbert J.S., and McGarvie D.W. Products of an effusive subglacial rhyolite eruption: Bláhnúkur, Torfajökull, Iceland. Bulletin of Volcanology 63 2-3 (2001) 179-190
127. Tulaczyk S. Ice sliding over weak, fine-grained tills: dependence of ice-till interactions on till granulometry. Geological Society of America Special Paper 337 (1999) 159-177
128. Vanderburgh S., and Roberts M.C. Depositional systems and seismic stratigraphy of a Quaternary Basin: north Okanagan Valley, British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 33 (1996) 917-927
129. Van der Veen C.J. Fundamentals of Glacier Dynamics (1999), A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam 462
130. Walder J.S. Comments on 'Subglacial floods and the origin of low-relief ice-sheet lobes' by E.M. Shoemaker. Journal of Glaciology 40 134 (1994) 199-200
131. Walder J.S., and Fowler A. Channelized subglacial drainage over a deformable bed. Journal of Glaciology 40 134 (1994) 3-15
132. Whipple K.X., Hancock G.S., and Anderson R.S. River incision into bedrock: Mechanics and relative efficacy of plucking, abrasion, and cavitation. Geological Society of America Bulletin 112 3 (2000) 490-503
133. Wingfield R.T.R. The origin of major incisions within the Pleistocene deposits of the North Sea. Marine Geology 91 (1990) 31-52
134. Wingham D.J., Siegert M.J., Shepherd A., and Muir A.S. Rapid discharge connects Antarctic subglacial lakes. Nature 440 7087 (2006) 1033-1036
135. Wright H.E. Tunnel valleys, glacial surges and subglacial hydrology of the Superior Lobe, Minnesota. In: Black R.F., Goldtwaith R.P., and Williams H.B. (Eds). The Wisconsinan Stage 36 (1973), Geological Society of America, Memoir 251-276
136. Zuffa G.G., Normark W.R., Serra F., and Brunner C.A. Turbidite megabeds in an oceanic rift valley recording jökulhlaups of late Pleistocene glacial lakes of the Western United States. Journal of Geology 108 3 (2000) 253-274
137. Zwally H.J., Abdalati W., Herring T., Larson K., Saba J., and Steffen K. Surface Melt-Induced Acceleration of Greenland Ice-Sheet Flow. Science 297 (2002) 218-222