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Volumn 315, Issue 5818, 2007, Pages 1544-1548

An active subglacial water system in West Antarctica mapped from space

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ICE; WATER;

EID: 33947416043     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: 10959203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.1136897     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (388)

References (47)
  • 10
    • 33947422650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The three-dimensional InSAR technique requires ascending and descending passes, which only exist in a few areas of Antarctica. InSAR data for Antarctica are mainly derived from the tandem mission of European Remote-sensing Satellite-1 (ERS-1) and ERS-2 (18 months in 1995-1996). RADARSAT provided InSAR data as far as the South Pole, but only for 3 months in 1997 (9).
    • The three-dimensional InSAR technique requires ascending and descending passes, which only exist in a few areas of Antarctica. InSAR data for Antarctica are mainly derived from the tandem mission of European Remote-sensing Satellite-1 (ERS-1) and ERS-2 (18 months in 1995-1996). RADARSAT provided InSAR data as far as the South Pole, but only for 3 months in 1997 (9).
  • 12
    • 33947398994 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U.S. Navy's GEOSAT operated to 72°S during 1985 to 1989 in a 17-day orbit; the European Space Agency has flown three radar altimeters (RAs) in a 35-day orbit to 81.5°S: ERS-1 (1991 to 2000); ERS-2 (1995 to 2003); and Envisat (2002 to present). All four of these satellites miss much of the dynamic West Antarctic ice streams. The RA has a large footprint (∼2 to 3 km over flat ice for ERS). Steep slopes on the ice streams cause tracking problems for the RA, limiting its vertical accuracy.
    • U.S. Navy's GEOSAT operated to 72°S during 1985 to 1989 in a 17-day orbit; the European Space Agency has flown three radar altimeters (RAs) in a 35-day orbit to 81.5°S: ERS-1 (1991 to 2000); ERS-2 (1995 to 2003); and Envisat (2002 to present). All four of these satellites miss much of the dynamic West Antarctic ice streams. The RA has a large footprint (∼2 to 3 km over flat ice for ERS). Steep slopes on the ice streams cause tracking problems for the RA, limiting its vertical accuracy.
  • 15
    • 33947382798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ICESat data were filtered for clouds by use of the gain and energy parameters. Elevation anomalies for each segment were calculated by resampling the remaining repeat-track data onto common latitude values and calculating the difference between each elevation profile and the mean. At each point, the elevation range was also calculated
    • ICESat data were filtered for clouds by use of the gain and energy parameters. Elevation anomalies for each segment were calculated by resampling the remaining repeat-track data onto common latitude values and calculating the difference between each elevation profile and the mean. At each point, the elevation range was also calculated.
  • 19
    • 33947420587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Materials and methods are available as supporting material on Science Online.
    • Materials and methods are available as supporting material on Science Online.
  • 20
    • 33846950406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A. M. Smith et al., Geology 35, 127 (2007).
    • (2007) Geology , vol.35 , pp. 127
    • Smith, A.M.1
  • 27
    • 33947422240 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In satellite altimetry data, crossover analysis is a powerful means to validate elevation along any single track (45) and is the method previously used to detect subglacial water movement in ERS RA data (3).
    • In satellite altimetry data, crossover analysis is a powerful means to validate elevation along any single track (45) and is the method previously used to detect subglacial water movement in ERS RA data (3).
  • 29
    • 33947409705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The latest ICESat data shown in Fig. 4 (Laser 3f data; May to June 2006) suggest that minor uplift occurred, but at levels close to the ICESat detection limit. Initial examination of data from the most recent operations period (Laser 3g, November to December 2006) suggests that this filling has continued, but since those data are still uncalibrated for precise pointing, we cannot yet confidently assert that the signal is real.
    • The latest ICESat data shown in Fig. 4 (Laser 3f data; May to June 2006) suggest that minor uplift occurred, but at levels close to the ICESat detection limit. Initial examination of data from the most recent operations period (Laser 3g, November to December 2006) suggests that this filling has continued, but since those data are still uncalibrated for precise pointing, we cannot yet confidently assert that the signal is real.
  • 31
    • 33947418235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This estimate is in part affected by some surface lowering that had already taken place at the epoch of ICESat's Laser 2a data, which were used to create the digital elevation model
    • This estimate is in part affected by some surface lowering that had already taken place at the epoch of ICESat's Laser 2a data, which were used to create the digital elevation model
  • 33
    • 33947391058 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A pressure of 100 kPa corresponds to a 10-m vertical difference in water-column height.
    • A pressure of 100 kPa corresponds to a 10-m vertical difference in water-column height.
  • 34
    • 33947400369 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From the MODIS imagery (Figs. 2 and 4), we observe that the shortest length for a channel connecting the lake to the ocean is ∼7 km long. ICESat data along Track 221 show a depression ∼2 km wide, which gives an upper bound to the width of the outlet channel.
    • From the MODIS imagery (Figs. 2 and 4), we observe that the shortest length for a channel connecting the lake to the ocean is ∼7 km long. ICESat data along Track 221 show a depression ∼2 km wide, which gives an upper bound to the width of the outlet channel.
  • 37
    • 33947395834 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The discharge curve we observe is similar to that for Lake L1 in (3). The drop in elevation is ∼9 m for Lake Engelhardt compared to ∼3.5 m for Lake L1, and the time scale is 26 months for Lake Engelhardt compared to 16 months for Lake L1.
    • The discharge curve we observe is similar to that for Lake L1 in (3). The drop in elevation is ∼9 m for Lake Engelhardt compared to ∼3.5 m for Lake L1, and the time scale is 26 months for Lake Engelhardt compared to 16 months for Lake L1.
  • 38
    • 33947388967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The dimensions of Subglacial Lake Engelhardt are ∼30 km by ∼10 km, i.e., 14 to 40 times the ice thickness (∼700 m), so the central ice cannot be supported at the lake margins. The flat surface profiles in the center of the lake confirm this.
    • The dimensions of Subglacial Lake Engelhardt are ∼30 km by ∼10 km, i.e., 14 to 40 times the ice thickness (∼700 m), so the central ice cannot be supported at the lake margins. The flat surface profiles in the center of the lake confirm this.
  • 40
    • 33947401199 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Errors in the surface-elevation and ice-thickness fields used for subglacial pressure mapping could modify the subglacial water catchments and allow some exchange of water between them. These issues were examined by adding ±5-m and ±50-m random errors to the surface and bed elevations, respectively. The major features discussed here did not change
    • Errors in the surface-elevation and ice-thickness fields used for subglacial pressure mapping could modify the subglacial water catchments and allow some exchange of water between them. These issues were examined by adding ±5-m and ±50-m random errors to the surface and bed elevations, respectively. The major features discussed here did not change.
  • 46
    • 33947415476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ICESat data release numbers are of the form YXX. Y refers to the amount of orbit and attitude calibration applied (a good indicator of quality), where 1 is the lowest and 4 is the highest XX refers to the software version used to process the data.
    • ICESat data release numbers are of the form YXX. Y refers to the amount of orbit and attitude calibration applied (a good indicator of quality), where 1 is the lowest and 4 is the highest XX refers to the software version used to process the data.
  • 47
    • 33947430731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • We thank K. Yanagimachi, C. Bentley, D. Blankenship, J. Bohlander, G. Clarke, N. Lord, B. Smith, and D. Young for their contributions to this work. Thanks to J. Zwally, B. Schutz, and NASA's ICESat project. Thanks also to two anonymous referees for helpful comments on this manuscript. This work was supported by NASA. This is ESR contribution number 86.
    • We thank K. Yanagimachi, C. Bentley, D. Blankenship, J. Bohlander, G. Clarke, N. Lord, B. Smith, and D. Young for their contributions to this work. Thanks to J. Zwally, B. Schutz, and NASA's ICESat project. Thanks also to two anonymous referees for helpful comments on this manuscript. This work was supported by NASA. This is ESR contribution number 86.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.