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33947422650
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The three-dimensional InSAR technique requires ascending and descending passes, which only exist in a few areas of Antarctica. InSAR data for Antarctica are mainly derived from the tandem mission of European Remote-sensing Satellite-1 (ERS-1) and ERS-2 (18 months in 1995-1996). RADARSAT provided InSAR data as far as the South Pole, but only for 3 months in 1997 (9).
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The three-dimensional InSAR technique requires ascending and descending passes, which only exist in a few areas of Antarctica. InSAR data for Antarctica are mainly derived from the tandem mission of European Remote-sensing Satellite-1 (ERS-1) and ERS-2 (18 months in 1995-1996). RADARSAT provided InSAR data as far as the South Pole, but only for 3 months in 1997 (9).
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12
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33947398994
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U.S. Navy's GEOSAT operated to 72°S during 1985 to 1989 in a 17-day orbit; the European Space Agency has flown three radar altimeters (RAs) in a 35-day orbit to 81.5°S: ERS-1 (1991 to 2000); ERS-2 (1995 to 2003); and Envisat (2002 to present). All four of these satellites miss much of the dynamic West Antarctic ice streams. The RA has a large footprint (∼2 to 3 km over flat ice for ERS). Steep slopes on the ice streams cause tracking problems for the RA, limiting its vertical accuracy.
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U.S. Navy's GEOSAT operated to 72°S during 1985 to 1989 in a 17-day orbit; the European Space Agency has flown three radar altimeters (RAs) in a 35-day orbit to 81.5°S: ERS-1 (1991 to 2000); ERS-2 (1995 to 2003); and Envisat (2002 to present). All four of these satellites miss much of the dynamic West Antarctic ice streams. The RA has a large footprint (∼2 to 3 km over flat ice for ERS). Steep slopes on the ice streams cause tracking problems for the RA, limiting its vertical accuracy.
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15
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33947382798
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ICESat data were filtered for clouds by use of the gain and energy parameters. Elevation anomalies for each segment were calculated by resampling the remaining repeat-track data onto common latitude values and calculating the difference between each elevation profile and the mean. At each point, the elevation range was also calculated
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ICESat data were filtered for clouds by use of the gain and energy parameters. Elevation anomalies for each segment were calculated by resampling the remaining repeat-track data onto common latitude values and calculating the difference between each elevation profile and the mean. At each point, the elevation range was also calculated.
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Materials and methods are available as supporting material on Science Online.
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Materials and methods are available as supporting material on Science Online.
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Digital media
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C. R. Bentley, R. Retzlaff, N. Lord, A. N. Novick, Antarct. J. U.S. 26, 62 (1991).
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33947422240
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In satellite altimetry data, crossover analysis is a powerful means to validate elevation along any single track (45) and is the method previously used to detect subglacial water movement in ERS RA data (3).
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In satellite altimetry data, crossover analysis is a powerful means to validate elevation along any single track (45) and is the method previously used to detect subglacial water movement in ERS RA data (3).
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33746311983
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G. W. Evatt, A. C. Fowler, C. D. Clark, N. R. J. Hulton, Philos. Trans. R. Soc A 364, 1769 (2006).
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33947409705
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The latest ICESat data shown in Fig. 4 (Laser 3f data; May to June 2006) suggest that minor uplift occurred, but at levels close to the ICESat detection limit. Initial examination of data from the most recent operations period (Laser 3g, November to December 2006) suggests that this filling has continued, but since those data are still uncalibrated for precise pointing, we cannot yet confidently assert that the signal is real.
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The latest ICESat data shown in Fig. 4 (Laser 3f data; May to June 2006) suggest that minor uplift occurred, but at levels close to the ICESat detection limit. Initial examination of data from the most recent operations period (Laser 3g, November to December 2006) suggests that this filling has continued, but since those data are still uncalibrated for precise pointing, we cannot yet confidently assert that the signal is real.
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33947426873
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in press
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T. A. Scambos, T. Haran, M. A. Fahnestock, T. Painter, J. Bohlander, Remote Sens. Inviron., in press.
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Remote Sens. Inviron
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Bohlander, J.5
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This estimate is in part affected by some surface lowering that had already taken place at the epoch of ICESat's Laser 2a data, which were used to create the digital elevation model
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This estimate is in part affected by some surface lowering that had already taken place at the epoch of ICESat's Laser 2a data, which were used to create the digital elevation model
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33
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33947391058
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A pressure of 100 kPa corresponds to a 10-m vertical difference in water-column height.
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A pressure of 100 kPa corresponds to a 10-m vertical difference in water-column height.
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34
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33947400369
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From the MODIS imagery (Figs. 2 and 4), we observe that the shortest length for a channel connecting the lake to the ocean is ∼7 km long. ICESat data along Track 221 show a depression ∼2 km wide, which gives an upper bound to the width of the outlet channel.
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From the MODIS imagery (Figs. 2 and 4), we observe that the shortest length for a channel connecting the lake to the ocean is ∼7 km long. ICESat data along Track 221 show a depression ∼2 km wide, which gives an upper bound to the width of the outlet channel.
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36
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18344411568
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G. E. Flowers, H. Bjornsson, F. Palsson, G. K. C. Clarke, Geophys. Res. Lett. 31, L05401 (2004).
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Flowers, G.E.1
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33947395834
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The discharge curve we observe is similar to that for Lake L1 in (3). The drop in elevation is ∼9 m for Lake Engelhardt compared to ∼3.5 m for Lake L1, and the time scale is 26 months for Lake Engelhardt compared to 16 months for Lake L1.
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The discharge curve we observe is similar to that for Lake L1 in (3). The drop in elevation is ∼9 m for Lake Engelhardt compared to ∼3.5 m for Lake L1, and the time scale is 26 months for Lake Engelhardt compared to 16 months for Lake L1.
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33947388967
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The dimensions of Subglacial Lake Engelhardt are ∼30 km by ∼10 km, i.e., 14 to 40 times the ice thickness (∼700 m), so the central ice cannot be supported at the lake margins. The flat surface profiles in the center of the lake confirm this.
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The dimensions of Subglacial Lake Engelhardt are ∼30 km by ∼10 km, i.e., 14 to 40 times the ice thickness (∼700 m), so the central ice cannot be supported at the lake margins. The flat surface profiles in the center of the lake confirm this.
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40
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33947401199
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Errors in the surface-elevation and ice-thickness fields used for subglacial pressure mapping could modify the subglacial water catchments and allow some exchange of water between them. These issues were examined by adding ±5-m and ±50-m random errors to the surface and bed elevations, respectively. The major features discussed here did not change
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Errors in the surface-elevation and ice-thickness fields used for subglacial pressure mapping could modify the subglacial water catchments and allow some exchange of water between them. These issues were examined by adding ±5-m and ±50-m random errors to the surface and bed elevations, respectively. The major features discussed here did not change.
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41
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Joughin, I.1
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46
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33947415476
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ICESat data release numbers are of the form YXX. Y refers to the amount of orbit and attitude calibration applied (a good indicator of quality), where 1 is the lowest and 4 is the highest XX refers to the software version used to process the data.
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ICESat data release numbers are of the form YXX. Y refers to the amount of orbit and attitude calibration applied (a good indicator of quality), where 1 is the lowest and 4 is the highest XX refers to the software version used to process the data.
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47
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33947430731
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We thank K. Yanagimachi, C. Bentley, D. Blankenship, J. Bohlander, G. Clarke, N. Lord, B. Smith, and D. Young for their contributions to this work. Thanks to J. Zwally, B. Schutz, and NASA's ICESat project. Thanks also to two anonymous referees for helpful comments on this manuscript. This work was supported by NASA. This is ESR contribution number 86.
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We thank K. Yanagimachi, C. Bentley, D. Blankenship, J. Bohlander, G. Clarke, N. Lord, B. Smith, and D. Young for their contributions to this work. Thanks to J. Zwally, B. Schutz, and NASA's ICESat project. Thanks also to two anonymous referees for helpful comments on this manuscript. This work was supported by NASA. This is ESR contribution number 86.
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