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Volumn 74, Issue 16, 2009, Pages 5909-5919

Exploring symmetry-based logic for a synthesis of Palau'amine

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMINES; SYNTHESIS (CHEMICAL);

EID: 70349088599     PISSN: 00223263     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/jo900755r     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (35)

References (66)
  • 36
    • 84924271857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The yield of dimeric products in nondeoxygenated solvents is lowered due to competing formation of angularly hydroxylated monomer 45. Compound 45 also forms (75% yield) when 11 is treated with KHMDS alone (1.1 equiv, -78°C, 0.2M, 1 h) in nondeoxygenated THF. Compound 45 presumably derives from a corresponding hydroperoxide which is either reduced in situ or hydrolyzed during isolation. (Chemical Equation Presented)
  • 38
    • 33847055482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent evidence suggests Scheuer and Kinnel's assignment of palau'amine relative stereochemistry (ref 1) is likely incorrect. Characterization of newly isolated relatives implies natural palau'amine is configured as drawn in 1b. For details, see: (a)
    • Recent evidence suggests Scheuer and Kinnel's assignment of palau'amine relative stereochemistry (ref 1) is likely incorrect. Characterization of newly isolated relatives implies natural palau'amine is configured as drawn in 1b. For details, see: (a) Kobayashi, H.; Kitamura, K.; Nagai, K.; Nakao, Y.; Fusetani, N.; van Soest, R. W. M.; Matsunaga, S. Tetrahedron Lett. 2007, 48, 2127-2129.
    • (2007) Tetrahedron Lett. , vol.48 , pp. 2127-2129
    • Kobayashi, H.1    Kitamura, K.2    Nagai, K.3    Nakao, Y.4    Fusetani, N.5    Van Soest, R.W.M.6    Matsunaga, S.7
  • 40
    • 34247481744 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Overman's (ref 7) and Baran's (ref 8) synthetic studies further support these arguments
    • (c) Grube, A.; Köck, M. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 2320-2324. Overman's (ref 7) and Baran's (ref 8) synthetic studies further support these arguments.
    • (2007) Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. , vol.46 , pp. 2320-2324
    • Grube, A.1    Köck, M.2
  • 41
    • 84924225493 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • A single diasteromer of 12, the dl form of 13, 21-meso, polycycle 29, and reduction products 33b have been characterized by X-ray crystallography. See the Supporting Information for details.
  • 42
    • 84924262595 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • 1H NMR and HPLC analyses (Chiralcel-OD-H, isocratic: 80% i-PrOH/hexanes).
  • 43
    • 84924231423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • a ∼ 27 kcal/mol).
  • 44
    • 84924264050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Attempts to establish equilibrium between 12 and 14, which would presumably favor 14 for steric reasons, failed. Such experiments included thermolyses, acid (Lewis and Bronstead) treatments, and exposure to catalysts intended to generate ion-paired metal π-allyl intermediates.
  • 46
    • 84924247403 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • 4.
  • 47
    • 84924239171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • This statement reflects a corollary to the Hammond postulate. However, available data do not confirm kinetic control nor have we determined that "homocoupling" is, in fact, mechanistically accurate. The heterogeneous nature of the reactions complicates in situ observations. We speculate only to convey reasoning as our experiments progressed.
  • 50
    • 84924235356 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • 4, wherein significant amounts of α,γ-regioisomeric dimers are consistently observed (Schemes 2 and 5).
  • 51
    • 84924240245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The hydrohexafluorophosphate salt of 11 could be deallylated using the two-step sequence shown below. Unfortunately, these methods proved neither an efficient nor selective means to deprotect 14. (Chemical Equation Presented)
  • 53
    • 84924246732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • 3CN, 70°C). (Chemical Equation Presented)
  • 58
    • 84986382556 scopus 로고
    • CH couplings were inconclusive. Z stereochemistry was thus inferred by analogy; see
    • CH couplings were inconclusive. Z stereochemistry was thus inferred by analogy; see: Guella, G.; Mancini, I.; Zibrowius, H.; Pietra, F. Helv. Chim. Acta 1989, 72, 1444-1450.
    • (1989) Helv. Chim. Acta , vol.72 , pp. 1444-1450
    • Guella, G.1    Mancini, I.2    Zibrowius, H.3    Pietra, F.4
  • 59
    • 84924249734 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • We have yet to observe products consistent with N5 trapping of the iminium species in B (Scheme 8). However, it is possible that 35 is a ring-opened product derivative of such a pathway.
  • 60
    • 84924273131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • 2 to generate Br-Cl in situ is one rationale for this result.
  • 61
    • 84924237954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • 4-mediated SEM group removal. Conventional methods were ineffective in this case.
  • 63
    • 84924265456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • 2) to diastereomers 40 can also be accomplished using Zn dust in refluxing AcOH/THF. This provides 40 (40% yield) along with mono reduced material (20% yield, analogous to 27) after 30 min in the presence of 4 equiv of Zn. Extended reaction times or a larger excess of Zn leads to partial debromination.
  • 64
    • 84924281092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • In future iterations of the route (see ref 41), one path forward could entail transforming a structure of type 44 into an aminoimidazole of type 50. Installation of the dipyrrolopyrazinone motif required to complete palau'amine would then parallel Büchi's phakellin synthesis (ref 40). Presuming that process would involve 51 as an intermediate, an equilibrium established with 52 (analogous to the species thought generated from 43 en route to 44) prior to C10-N2 bond formation would render mute C16 stereochemistry in 44. We look forward to exploring these issues in detail. (Chemical Equation Presented)
  • 66
    • 84924264726 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The 1,3-benzodiazepine ring system used to mask guanidine functions in this work was intended to facilitate oxidative spirocyclization, wherein substrates 34/43 might adopt compact globular forms in high dielectric solvents, juxtaposing the tethered alkylidenes. To date, we see no evidence for such behavior nor have we succeeded in degrading the benzodiazepine units to the corresponding free glycocyamidines in various intermediate settings. Alternatives are being pursued.


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