Multidisciplinary management of primary tumors of the vertebral column

Current Treatment Options in Oncology

Volumn 10, Issue 1-2, 2009, Pages 107-125

  Hsu, Wesley ^a   Kosztowski, Thomas A ^a   Zaidi, Hasan A ^a   Dorsi, Michael ^a   Gokaslan, Ziya L ^a   Wolinsky, Jean Paul ^a  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BISPHOSPHONIC ACID DERIVATIVE; BORTEZOMIB; CALCITONIN; CETUXIMAB; CISPLATIN; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; DACTINOMYCIN; DASATINIB; DEXAMETHASONE; DOCETAXEL; DOXORUBICIN; ETOPOSIDE; GEFITINIB; GEMCITABINE; IFOSFAMIDE; IMATINIB; LENALIDOMIDE; MELPHALAN; METHOTREXATE; METHYLPREDNISOLONE; PAMIDRONIC ACID; PHOSPHORUS 32; PREDNISONE; RAZOXANE; SUNITINIB; THALIDOMIDE; UNINDEXED DRUG; VINCRISTINE; ZEIN; ZOLEDRONIC ACID;

ABSCESS; ADVANCED CANCER; ANEURYSMAL BONE CYST; ARTIFICIAL EMBOLISM; AUTOLOGOUS STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; BONE DEFECT; CHONDROMA; CHONDROSARCOMA; CHORDOMA; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG MECHANISM; EWING SARCOMA; GIANT CELL TUMOR; HEMANGIOMA; HUMAN; HYPOCALCEMIA; HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA; JAW OSTEONECROSIS; KIDNEY FAILURE; LUNG EMBOLISM; LUNG METASTASIS; MULTIMODALITY CANCER THERAPY; MULTIPLE MYELOMA; MUSCULOSKELETAL DISEASE; OSTEOBLASTOMA; OSTEOID OSTEOMA; OSTEOSARCOMA; PRIMARY TUMOR; RADIATION DOSE; RADIOSURGERY; REVIEW; SPINAL CORD COMPRESSION; SPINE TUMOR; SURGICAL APPROACH; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; THERMOCOAGULATION; TREATMENT RESPONSE; TUMOR LOCALIZATION; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; VERTEBRAL ARTERY STENOSIS;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; ANTINEOPLASTIC COMBINED CHEMOTHERAPY PROTOCOLS; BONE CYSTS, ANEURYSMAL; CHILD; CHORDOMA; COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY; DISEASE MANAGEMENT; EMBOLIZATION, THERAPEUTIC; GIANT CELL TUMORS; HEMANGIOMA; HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; HUMANS; INTERDISCIPLINARY COMMUNICATION; MIDDLE AGED; NEOPLASMS, BONE TISSUE; NEOPLASMS, PLASMA CELL; SPINAL NEOPLASMS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 70149114165     PISSN: 15272729     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11864-009-0102-8     Document Type: Review

References (164)

1. Malpas JS, Caroll JJ. (1995) Myeloma: clinical presentation and diagnosis. In: Malpas JS, Bergsagel DE, Kyle RA, (eds). Myeloma: Biology and Management. New York NY: Oxford University Press; 169-190.
2. Ries LAG, Eiser MP, Kosary CL, et al.: SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2000. National Cancer Institute. http://seer.cancer.gov//csf/ 1975_2001. Accessed on 7 September 2004
3. Kyle RA. Multiple Myeloma: Review of 869 cases. Mayo Clin Proc 1975; 50:29-40.
4. Wu S, Dahut WL, Gulley JL. The use of bisphosphonates in cancer patients. Acta Oncol 2007;46:581-91.
5. Sezer O, Heider U, Zavski I, et al. RANK ligand and osteoprotegerin in myeloma bone disease. Blood 2003;101:2094.
6. Simonet WS, Lacey DL, Dunstan CR, et al. Osteoprotegerin: A novel secreted protein involved in the regulation of bone density. Cell 1997;89:309-19.
7. Nakagawa N, Kinosaki M, Yaaguchi K, et al. Rank is the essential signaling receptor for osteoclast differentiation factor in osteoclastogenesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998;252:395-400.
8. Moulopoulos LA, Dimopoulos MA, Weber D, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging in the staging of solitary plasmacytoma of bone. J Clin Oncol 1993;11:1311-1315.
9. Soutar R, Lucraft H, Reece A, et al. Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of solitary plasmacytoma of bone and solitary extramedullary plasmacytoma. Clin Oncol 2004;16:405-413.
10. Liebross RH, Ha CS, Cox JD, et al. Solitary bone plasmacytoma: Outcome and prognostic factors following radiotherapy. Int J Radiation Oncology Biol Phys 1988;41:1063-1067.
11. Chak LY, Cox RS, Bostwick DG, Hoppe RT. Solitary plasmacytoma of bone: treatment, progression, and survival. J Clin Oncol 1987;5:1911-5.
12. Bolek TW, Marcus RB, Mendenhall NP. Solitary plasmacytoma of bone and soft tissue. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1996;36:329-333.
13. Singhal S, Mehta J, Desikan R, et al. Antitumor activity of thalidomide in refractory multiple Myeloma. NEJM 1999;341:1565-71.
14. Palumbo A, Rajkumar SV: Treatment of newly diagnosed myeloma. Leukemia 2009, 23:449-456
15. Von Metzler I, Krebbel H, Hecht M, et al. Bortezomib inhibits human osteoclastogenesis. Leukemia 2007;21:2025-34.
16. Hentschel SJ, Burton AW, Fourney DR, et al. Percutaneous vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty performed at a cancer center: Refuting proposed contraindications. J Neurosurg Spine 2005;2:436-440.
17. Campanacci M, Capanna R, Picci P: Unicameral and aneurysmal bone cysts. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1986, 204:25-36
18. Vergel De Dios AM, Bond JR, Shives TC, et al. Aneurysmal bone cyst. A clinicopathologic study of 238 cases. Cancer 1992;69:2921-2931.
19. Cottalorda J, Bourelle S. Modern concepts of primary aneurysmal bone cyst. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2007;127:105-114.
20. Liu JK, Brockmeyer DL, Dailey AT, Schmidt MH. Surgical management of aneurysmal bone cysts of the spine. Neurosurg Focus 2003;15;E4.
21. Boriani S, De Iure F, Campanacci L, et al. Aneurysmal bone cyst of the mobile spine: Report on 41 cases. Spine 2001;26:27-35.
22. Marcove RC, Sheth DS, Takemoto S, Healey JH: The treatment of aneurysmal bone cyst. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1995, 311:157-163
23. Szendroi M, Cser I, Konya A, et al. Aneurysmal bone cyst. A review of 52 primary and 16 secondary cases. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 1992;111:318-322.
24. Gladden ML, Jr., Gillingham BL, Hennrikus W, Vaughan LM. Aneurysmal bone cyst of the first cervical vertebrae in a child treated with percutaneous intralesional injection of calcitonin and methylprednisolone. A case report. Spine 2000;25:527-530.
25. Ohashi M, Ito T, Hirano T, Endo N. Percutaneous intralesional injection of calcitonin and methylprednisolone for treatment of an aneurysmal bone cyst at C-2. J Neurosurg Pediatrics 2008;2:365-369.
26. Szendroi M, Antal I, Liszka G, et al. Calcitonin therapy of aneurysmal bone cysts. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1992;119:61-65.
27. Koci TM, Mehringer CM, Yamagata N, Chiang F. Aneurysmal bone cyst of the thoracic spine: Evolution after particulate embolization. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1995;16:857-860.
28. Guibaud L, Herbreteau D, Dubois J, et al. Aneurysmal bone cysts: percutaneous embolization with an alcoholic solution of zein-series of 18 cases. Radiology 1998;208:369-373.
29. Nobler MP, Higinbotham NL, Phillips RF. The cure of aneurysmal bone cyst. Irradiation superior to surgery in an analysis of 33 cases. Radiology 1968;90:1185-1192.
30. Papagelopoulos PJ, Currier BL, Shaughnessy WJ, et al. Aneurysmal bone cyst of the spine. Management and outcome. Spine 1998;23:621-628.
31. Bush CH, Drane WE. Treatment of an aneurysmal bone cyst of the spine by radionuclide ablation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2000;21:592-594.
32. De Cristofaro R, Biagini R, Boriani S, et al. Selective arterial embolization in the treatment of aneurysmal bone cyst and angioma of bone. Skeletal Radiol 1992; 21:523-527.
33. Meyer S, Reinhard H, Graf N, et al. Arterial embolization of a secondary aneurysmal bone cyst of the thoracic spine prior to surgical excision in a 15-year-old girl. Eur J Radiol 2002;43:79-81
34. de Gauzy JS, Abid A, Accadbled F, et al. Percutaneous Ethibloc injection in the treatment of primary aneurysmal bone cysts. J Pediatr Orthop 2005;14:367-370.
35. Dubois J, Chigot V, Grimard G, et al. Sclerotherapy in aneurysmal bone cysts in children: A review of 17 cases. Pediatr Radiol 2003;33:365-372.
36. Topouchian V, Mazda K, Hamze B, et al. Aneurysmal bone cysts in children: Complications of fibrosing agent injection. Radiology 2004;232:522-526.
37. Peraud A, Drake JM, Armstrong D, et al. Fatal ethibloc embolization of vertebrobasilar system following percutaneous injection into aneurysmal bone cyst of the second cervical vertebra. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2004;25:1116-1120.
38. Feigenberg SJ, Marcus RB, Jr., Zlotecki RA, et al. Megavoltage radiotherapy for aneurysmal bone cysts. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2001;49:1243-1247.
39. Biesecker JL, Marcove RC, Huvos AG, Mike V. Aneurysmal bone cysts. A clinicopathologic study of 66 cases. Cancer 1970;26:615-625.
40. Cruz M, Coley BL. Aneurysmal bone cyst. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1956;103:67-77.
41. Dabska M, Buraczewski J. Aneurysmal bone cyst. Pathology, clinical course and radiologic appearances. Cancer 1969;23:371-389.
42. Enneking WF. (1983) Musculoskeletal tumor surgery. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1-741.
43. Tillman BP, Dahlin DC, Lipscomb PR, Stewart JR. Aneurysmal bone cyst: An analysis of ninety-five cases. Mayo Clin Proc 1968;43:478-495.
44. Kyriakos M, Hardy D. Malignant transformation of aneurysmal bone cyst, with an analysis of the literature. Cancer 1991;68:1770-1780.
45. Fountain EM, Burge CH. Osteoid osteoma of the cervical spine. A review and case report. J Neurosurg 1961;18:380-383.
46. Jackson RP, Reckling FW, Mants FA. Osteoid osteoma and osteoblastoma. Similar histologic lesions with different natural histories. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1977;128:303-313.
47. Marsh BW, Bonfiglio M, Brady LP, Enneking WF. Benign osteoblastoma: range of manifestations. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1975;57:1-9.
48. Lundeen MA, Herring JA. Osteoid-osteoma of the spine: Sclerosis in two levels. A case report. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1980;62:476-478.
49. Kan P, Schmidt MH. Osteoid osteoma and osteoblastoma of the spine. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2008;19:65-70.
50. Berberoglu S, Oguz A, Aribal E, Ataoglu O. Osteoblastoma response to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Med Pediatr Oncol 1997;28:305-309.
51. Camitta B, Wells R, Segura A, et al. Osteoblastoma response to chemotherapy. Cancer 1991;68:999-1003.
52. Ozaki T, Liljenqvist U, Hillmann A, et al. Osteoid osteoma and osteoblastoma of the spine: Experiences with 22 patients. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2002;397:394-402.
53. Zileli M, Cagli S, Basdemir G, Ersahin Y. Osteoid osteomas and osteoblastomas of the spine. Neurosurg Focus 2003;15:E5.
54. Bloem JL, Kroon HM. Osseous lesions. Radiol Clin North Am 1993;31:261-278.
55. Cerase A, Priolo F. Skeletal benign bone-forming lesions. Eur J Radiol 1998;27 Suppl 1:S91-97.
56. Lucas DR, Unni KK, McLeod RA, et al. Osteoblastoma: Clinicopathologic study of 306 cases. Hum Pathol 1994;25:117-134.
57. Mitchell ML, Ackerman LV. Metastatic and pseudomalignant osteoblastoma: a report of two unusual cases. Skeletal Radiol 1986;15:213-218.
58. Rajasekaran S, Kamath V, Shetty AP. Intraoperative Iso-C three-dimensional navigation in excision of spinal osteoid osteomas. Spine 2008;33:25-29.
59. Van Royen BJ, Baayen JC, Pijpers R, et al. Osteoid osteoma of the spine: a novel technique using combined computer-assisted and gamma probe-guided high-speed intralesional drill excision. Spine 2005;30:369-373.
60. Silva ML, Brunelle F. Embolisation of vascular lesions of the spinal column in childhood: A report of three cases. Neuroradiology 1996;38:809-811.
61. Denaro V, Denaro L, Papalia R, et al. Surgical management of cervical spine osteoblastomas. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2007;455:190-195.
62. Adam G, Neuerburg J, Vorwerk D, et al. Percutaneous Treatment of Osteoid Osteomas: Combination of Drill Biopsy and Subsequent Ethanol Injection. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 1997;1:281-284.
63. Assoun J, Railhac JJ, Bonnevialle P, et al. Osteoid osteoma: percutaneous resection with CT guidance. Radiology 1993;188:541-547.
64. Sans N, Galy-Fourcade D, Assoun J, et al. Osteoid osteoma: CT-guided percutaneous resection and follow-up in 38 patients. Radiology 1999;212:687-692.
65. Barei DP, Moreau G, Scarborough MT, Neel MD. Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of osteoid osteoma. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2000;373:115-124.
66. Osti OL, Sebben R. High-frequency radio-wave ablation of osteoid osteoma in the lumbar spine. Eur Spine J 1998;7:422-425.
67. Gangi A, Alizadeh H, Wong L, et al. Osteoid osteoma: Percutaneous laser ablation and follow-up in 114 patients. Radiology 2007;242:293-301.
68. Gangi A, Dietemann JL, Guth S, et al. Percutaneous laser photocoagulation of spinal osteoid osteomas under CT guidance. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1998;19:1955-1958.
69. Cove JA, Taminiau AH, Obermann WR, Vanderschueren GM. Osteoid osteoma of the spine treated with percutaneous computed tomography-guided thermocoagulation. Spine 2000;25:1283-1286.
70. Hadjipavlou AG, Lander PH, Marchesi D, et al. Minimally invasive surgery for ablation of osteoid osteoma of the spine. Spine 2003:28:E472-477.
71. Sierre S, Innocenti S, Lipsich J, et al. Percutaneous treatment of osteoid osteoma by CT-guided drilling resection in pediatric patients. Pediatr Radiol 2006;36:115-118.
72. Aschero A, Gorincour G, Glard Y, et al.: Percutaneous treatment of osteoid osteoma by laser thermocoagulation under computed tomography guidance in pediatric patients. Eur Radiol 2009, 19: 679-686
73. Ghanem I, Collet LM, Kharrat K, et al. Percutaneous radiofrequency coagulation of osteoid osteoma in children and adolescents. J Pediatr Orthop B 2003;12:244-252.
74. Pinto CH, Taminiau AH, Vanderschueren GM, et al. Technical considerations in CT-guided radiofrequency thermal ablation of osteoid osteoma: Tricks of the trade. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2002;179:1633-1642.
75. Laus M, Albisinni U, Alfonso C, Zappoli FA. Osteoid osteoma of the cervical spine: Surgical treatment or percutaneous radiofrequency coagulation? Eur Spine J 2007;16:2078-2082.
76. Samaha EI, Ghanem IB, Moussa RF, et al. Percutaneous radiofrequency coagulation of osteoid osteoma of the "Neural Spinal Ring". Eur Spine J 2005;14:702-705.
77. Doppman JL, Oldfield EH, Heiss JD. Symptomatic vertebral hemangiomas: treatment by means of direct intralesional injection of ethanol. Radiology 2000;214:341-348.
78. Burger P, Scheithauer B, Vogel F. Surgical pathology of the nervous system and its coverings. Philadelphia, Churchill Livingstone, 2002.
79. Acosta FL, Sanai N, Chi JH, et al. Comprehensive management of symptomatic and aggressive vertebral hemangiomas. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2008;19:17-29.
80. Peh WC, Gilula LA. Percutaneous vertebroplasty: Indications, contraindications, and technique. Br J Radiol 2003;76,69-75.
81. Faria SL, Schlupp WR, Chiminazzo H Jr. Radiotherapy in the treatment of vertebral hemangiomas. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1985;11,387-90.
82. Munk PL, Marotta TR. Intralesional injection of absolute alcohol into vertebral hemangiomas: A new treatment option? AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1999;20:959-60.
83. Zapalowicz K, Skora P, Myslinski R et al. Balloon kyphoplasty for painful C-7 vertebral hemangioma. J Neurosurg Spine 2008;9:458-61.
84. Yang ZY, Zhang LJ, Chen ZX, et al. Hemangioma of the vertebral column. A report on twenty-three patients with special reference to functional recovery after radiation therapy. Acta Radiol Oncol 1985;24:129-32.
85. Diel J, Ortiz O, Losada RA, et al. The sacrum: Pathologic spectrum, multimodality imaging, and subspecialty approach. Radiographics 2001;21:83-104.
86. Boriani S, Weinstein J. Differential diagnosis and surgical treatment of primary benign and malignant neoplasms. in Frymoyer J (ed) The adult spine: Principles and practice. Philadelphia, Lippincott-Raven, 1997, pp 951-987.
87. Bell GR. Surgical treatment of spinal tumors. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1997;97:54-63.
88. Leggon RE, Zlotecki R, Reith J, et al. Giant cell tumor of the pelvis and sacrum. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 2004:423,196-207.
89. Gille O, Soderlund C, Berge J, et al. Triple total cervical vertebrectomy for giant cell tumor: Case report. Spine 2005;30:E272-5.
90. Abdelwahab IF, Camins MB, Hermann G, et al. Giant cell tumour of the seventh cervical vertebra. Can Assoc Radiol J 1995;46:454-7.
91. Shirakuni T, Tamaki N, Matsumoto S, et al. Giant cell tumor in cervical spine. Surg Neurol 1985;23:148-52.
92. Hosalkar HS, Jones KJ, King JJ et al. Serial arterial embolization for large sacral giant-cell tumors. Spine 2007;32:1107-1115.
93. Sanjay BK, Sim FH, Unni KK, et al. Giant-cell tumours of the spine. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1993;75:148-54.
94. Bertoni F, Bacchini P, Stalls EL. Malignancy in giant cell tumor of bone. Cancer 2003;97:2520-9.
95. Caudell JJ, Ballo MT, Zagars GK, et al. Radiotherapy in the management of giant cell tumor of bone. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2003;57:158-65.
96. Rock J, Kole M, Yin FF, et al. Radiosurgical treatment for Ewing's sarcoma of the lumbar spine: Case report. Spine 2002;27:E471-5.
97. McMaster ML, Goldstein AM, Bromley CM, et al. Chordoma: Incidence and survival patterns in the United States, 1973-1995. Cancer Causes Control 2001;12:1-11.
98. McMaster ML, Boriani S, Chevalley F, Weinstein JN, et al.: Chordoma of the spine above the sacrum. Treatment and outcome in 21 cases. Spine 1996; 21:1569-77.
99. York JE, Kaczaraj A, Abi-Said D, et al. Sacral chordoma: 40-year experience at a major cancer center. Neurosurgery 1999;44:74-9.
100. Cummings BJ, Hodson DI, Bush RS. Chordoma: The results of megavoltage radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1983;9:633-42.
101. Bjornsson J, Wold LE, Ebersold MJ, et al. Chordoma of the mobile spine. A clinicopathologic analysis of 40 patients. Cancer 1993;71:735-40.
102. Yonemoto T, Tatezaki S, Takenouchi T, et al. The surgical management of sacrococcygeal chordoma. Cancer 1999;85:878-83.
103. Baratti D, Gronchi A, Pennacchioli E, et al. Chordoma: Natural history and results in 28 patients treated at a single institution. Ann Surg Oncol 2003; 10:291-296.
104. Fuchs B, Dickey ID, Yaszemski MJ, et al. Operative management of sacral chordoma. J Bone Joint Surg 2005; 87:2211-2216.
105. Osaka S, Kodoh O, Sugita H, et al. Clinical significance of a wide excision policy for sacrococcygeal chordoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2006; 132:213-218.
106. Boriani S, Bandiera S, Biagini R, et al. Chordoma of the mobile spine: fifty years of experience. Spine 2006;31:493-503.
107. Fourney DR, Rhines LD, Hentschel SJ, et al. En bloc resection of primary sacral tumors: Classification of surgical approaches and outcome. J Neurosurg Spine 2005;3:111-122.
108. Sundaresan N, Huvos AG, Krol G, et al. Surgical treatment of spinal chordomas. Arch Surg 1987;122:1479-82.
109. Fuller DB, Bloom JG. Radiotherapy for chordoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1988;15:331-9.
110. Catton C, O'Sullivan B, Bell R, et al. Chordoma:lOng-term follow-up after radical photon irradiation. Radiother Oncol 1996;41:67-72.
111. Noel G, Feuvret L, Calugaru V, et al. Chordomas of the base of the skull and upper cervical spine. One hundred patients irradiated by a 3D conformal technique combining photon and proton beams. Acta Oncologica 2005; 44:700-708.
112. Rhomberg W, Eiter H, Bohler F, et al. Combined radiotherapy and razoxane in the treatment of chordosarcomas and chordomas. Anticancer Res 2006; 26:2407-11.
113. Casali PG, Messina A, Stachiotti S, et al. Imatinib mesylate in chordoma. Cancer 2004;101,2086-97.
114. Casali PG, Stacchiotti S, Messina A, et al. Imatinib mesylate in 18 advanced chondroma patients [abstract]. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:9012.
115. Weinberger PM, Yu Z, Kowalski D, et al. Differential expression of epidermal growth factor receptor, c-Met, and HER2/neu in chordoma compared with 17 other malignancies. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2005;131:707-711.
116. Hof H, Elzel T, Debus J (2006) Effectiveness of cetuximab/gefitinib in the therapy of a sacral chordoma. Onkologie 29:572-574.
117. Schonegger K, Gelpi E, Prayer D, et al. Recurrent and metastatic clivus chordoma: Systemic palliative therapy retards disease progression. Anticancer Drugs 2005;16:1139-1143.
118. Palaoglu S, Akkas O, Sav A. Chondroma of the cervical spine. Clin Neurolo Neurosurg 1988;90:253-5.
119. Mordard M, DeTribolet N, Janzer R. Chondromas of the spine: Report of two cases and review of the literature. Br J Neurosurg 1993;7:551-6.
120. Schajowicz F, Gallardo H. Chondromyxoid fibroma (fibromyxoid chondroma) of bone. A clinico-pathological study of 33 cases. J Bone Jt Surg 1971;53:198-216.
121. York J, Berk R, Fuller G, et al. Chondrosarcoma of the spine: 1954-1997. J Neurosurg 1999; 90:73-8.
122. Chow W. Update on chodrosarcomas. Curr Opin Oncol 2007;19:371-6.
123. Marmor E, Mandelli C, Bernucci C, et al. Chondrosarcoma of the thoracic spine: Total en bloc sagittal resection. Case report. J Neurosurg Sci 2001;45:114-9.
124. Hasegawa K, Homma T, Hirano T, et al. Margin-free spondylectomy for extended malignant spine tumors: Surgical technique and outcome of 13 cases. Spine 2007;31:142.
125. Tomita K, Kawahara N, Baba H, et al. Total en bloc spondylectomy. A new surgical technique for primary malignant vertebral tumors. Spine 1997;22:324-33.
126. Jacobs W, Fehlings M. Primary vertebral column tumors. In: Dickman C, Fehlings M, Gokaslan Z, editors. Spinal cord and spinal column tumors: principles and practice. New York: Thieme; 2006. pp. 369-86.
127. Weber K, Pring M, Sim FH. Treatment and outcome of recurrent pelvic chondrosarcoma. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2002;397,19-28.
128. Normand AN, Ballo MT, Yasko AW. Palliative radiation therapy for advanced chondrosarcoma. Proc Conn Tiss Oncol Soc 2006; 12:745a.
129. Gelderblom H, Hogendoorn PCW, Dijkstra SD, et al. The clinical approach towards chondrosarcoma. The Oncologist 2008; 13:320-329.
130. Wyman JJ, Hornstein AM, Meitner PA, et al.: Multidrug resistance-1 and p-glycoprotein in human chondrosarcoma cell lines: Expression correlates with decreased intracellular doxorubicin and in vitro chemoresistance. J Orthop Res 1999; 17:935-940.
131. Huvos AG, Rosen G, Dabska M, et al. Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma. A clinicopathologic analysis of 35 patients with emphasis on treatment. Cancer 1983;51:1230-1237.
132. Nooij MA, Whelan J, Bramwell VH, et al. Doxorubicin and cisplatin chemotherapy in high-grade spindle cell sarcomas of the bone, other than osteosarcoma or malignant fibrous histiocytoma: A European Osteosarcoma Intergroup Study. Eur J Cancer 2005;41,225-230.
133. Staals EL, Bacchini P, Mercuri M, et al. Dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas arising in preexisting osteochondromas. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2007;89:987-93.
134. http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct/results?term=chondrosarcoma, searched December 10, 2008
135. Tirode F, Laud-Duval K, Prieur A, et al. Mesenchymal stem cell features of Ewing tumors. Cancer Cell 2007;11:421-9.
136. Granowetter L, Womer R, Devidas M, et al. Comparison of dose intensified and standard dose chemotherapy for the treatment of non-metastatic Ewing's sarcoma (ES) and primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) of bone and soft tissue: A Paediatric Oncology Group Children's Cancer Group Phase II trial [abstract]. Med Pediatr Oncol 2001;37:172.
137. Grier HE, Krailo MD, Tarbell NJ, et al. Addition of ifosfamide and etoposide to standard chemotherapy for Ewing's sarcoma and primitive neuroectodermal tumor of bone. N Engl J Med 2003; 348:694-701.
138. Paulussen M, Ahrens S, Braun-Munzinger G, et al. EICESS 92 (European Intergroup Cooperative Ewing's Sarcoma Study): Preliminary results. Klin Padiatr 1999;211:276-83.
139. Bernstein M, Kovar H, Paulussen M, et al. Ewing's sarcoma family of tumors: Current management. Oncologist 2006;11:503-19.
140. Paulussen M, Craft AW, Lewis A, et al. Results of the EICESS-92 study: Two randomized trials of Ewing's sarcoma treatment-cylophosphamide compared with ifosfamide in standard-risk patients and assessment of benefit of etoposide added to standard treatment in high-risk patients. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:4385-93.
141. Wagner LM, McAllister N, Goldsby RE, et al. Temozolomide and intravenous irinotecan for treatment of advanced Ewing sarcoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;48:132-9.
142. Chawla SP, Tolcher AW, Staddon AP, et al. Survival results with AP23573, a novel mTOR inhibitor, in patients (pts) with advanced soft tissue or bone sarcomas: Update of phase II trial [abstract]. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2007;25:10076.
143. Scotlandi K, Benini S, Nanni P, et al. Blockage of insulin-like growth factor-I receptor inhibits the growth of Ewing's sarcoma in athymic mice. Cancer Res 1998;58:4127-31.
144. Tolcher AW, Rothenberg ML, Rodon J, et al. A phase I pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of AMG 479, a fully human monoclonal antibody against insulin-like growth factor type I receptor (IGF-1R), in advanced solid tumors [abstract]. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2007;25:3002.
145. Ozaki T, Hillmann A, Hoffmann C, et al. Significance of surgical margin on the prognosis of patients with Ewing's sarcoma. A report from the Cooperative Ewing's Sarcoma Study. Cancer 1996;78:892-900.
146. Bacci G, Longhi A, Briccoli A, et al. The role of surgical margins in treatment of Ewing's sarcoma family tumors: Experience of a single institution with 512 patients treated with adjuvant and neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006;65:766-772.
147. Schuck A, Ahrens S, von Schorlemer I, et al. Radiotherapy in Ewing tumors of the vertebrae: Treatment results and local relapse analysis of the CESS 81/86 and EICESS 92 trials. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2005;63:1562-7.
148. Schuck A, Aherens S, Paulussen M, et al. Local therapy in localized Ewing tumors: Results of 1058 patients treated in the CESS 81, CESS 86, and EICESS 92 trials. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2003;55:168-77.
149. Rock JP, Ryu S, Shukairy MS, et al. Postoperative radiosurgery for malignant spinal tumors. Neurosurgery 2006;58:891-8.
150. Kelley SP, Ashford RU, Rao AS, et al. Primary bone tumours of the spine: a 42-year survey from the Leeds Regional Bone Tumour Registry. Eur Spine J 2007,16:405-9.
151. Ozaki T, Flege S, Liljenqvist U, et al. Osteosarcoma of the spine: experience of the Cooperative Osteosarcoma Study Group. Cancer 2002; 94:1069-77.
152. Tasdemiroglu E, Bagatur E, Ayan I, et al.: Primary spinal column sarcomas. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1996; 138:1261-6.
153. Sharma H, Mehdi SA, MacDuff E, et al.: Paget sarcoma of the spine: Scottish Bone Tumor Registry experience. Spine 2006; 31:1344-50.
154. Klein MJ, Siegal GP. Osteosarcoma: Anatomic and histologic variants. Am J Clin Pathol 2006; 125:555-81.
155. Rao G, Suki D, Chakrabarti I. Surgical management of primary and metastatic sarcoma of the mobile spine. J Neurosurg Spine 2008; 9:120-128.
156. Marina N, Gebhardt M, Teot L, et al. Biology and therapeutic advances for pediatric osteosarcoma. Oncologist 2004; 9:422-41.
157. Ozaki T, DeLaney TF, Park L, et al. Radiotherapy for local control of osteosarcoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2005; 61:492-8.
158. Meyers PA, Schwartz CL, Krailo M, et al. Osteosarcoma: A randomized, prospective trial of the addition of ifosfamide and/or muramyl tripeptide to cisplatin, doxorubicin, and high-dose methotrexate. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23:2004-11.
159. Navid F, Willert JR, McCarville MB, et al. Combination of gemcitabine and docetaxel in the treatment of children and young adults with refractory bone sarcoma. Cancer 2008;113:419-425.
160. Reid JM, Qu W, Safgren SL, et al.: Phase I trial and pharmacokinetics of gemcitabine in children with advanced solid tumors. J Clin Oncol 2004;22:2445-2451.
161. Wagner-Bohn A, Henze G, von Stackelberg A, Boos J. Phase II study of gemcitabine in children with relapsed leukemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2006; 46:262.
162. Blaney SM, Seibel NL, O'Brien M, et al. Phase I trial of docetaxel administered as a 1-hour infusion in children with refractory solid tumors: A collaborative pediatric branch, National Cancer Institute and Children's Cancer Group trial. J Clin Oncol 1997; 15:1538-1543.
163. Seibel NL, Blaney SM, O'Brien M, et al. Phase I trial of docetaxel with filgrastim support in pediatric patients with refractory solid tumors: A collaborative Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute and Children's Cancer Group trial. Clin Cancer Res 1999; 5:733-737.
164. Zwerdling T, Krailo M, Monteleone P, et al. Phase II investigation of docetaxel in pediatric patients with recurrent solid tumors: A report from the Children's Oncology Group. Cancer 2006; 106:1821-1828.