MDR-/XDR-TB management: What it was, current standards and what is ahead

Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine

Volumn 3, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 133-145

  Monedero, Ignacio ^a   Caminero, Jose A ^a,b  

^a INTERNATIONAL UNION AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS AND LUNG DISEASE   (France)

^b HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO DE GRAN CANARIA DR NEGRÍN   (Spain)

Author keywords

Diagnosis; Drug resistant TB; Future; MDR TB; TDR TB; Totally drug resistant; Treatment; Tuberculosis; XDR TB

Indexed keywords

1 (6 BROMO 2 METHOXY 3 QUINOLINYL) 4 DIMETHYLAMINO 2 (1 NAPHTHYL) 1 PHENYL 2 BUTANOL; 6,7 DIHYDRO 2 NITRO 6 (4 TRIFLUOROMETHOXYBENZYLOXY) 5H IMIDAZO[2,1 B][1,3]OXAZINE; AMIKACIN; AMINOSALICYLIC ACID; AMOXICILLIN PLUS CLAVULANIC ACID; CAPREOMYCIN; CILASTATIN PLUS IMIPENEM; CLARITHROMYCIN; CLOFAZIMINE; CORTICOSTEROID; CYCLOSERINE; ETHAMBUTOL; ETHIONAMIDE; GATIFLOXACIN; ISONIAZID; KANAMYCIN; LEVOFLOXACIN; MOXIFLOXACIN; OFLOXACIN; PYRAZINAMIDE; QUINOLONE DERIVATIVE; RIFALAZIL; RIFAMPICIN; RIFAMYCIN; RNA POLYMERASE BETA SUBUNIT; STREPTOMYCIN; TERIZIDONE; THIOACETAZONE;

ARTICLE; CLINICAL TRIAL; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; DRUG CHOICE; DRUG CONTRAINDICATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG INDICATION; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG RESPONSE; DRUG SAFETY; EPIDEMIC; EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE; EXTENSIVELY DRUG RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS; GENE MUTATION; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; INFECTION CONTROL; INFECTION RISK; MATHEMATICAL MODEL; MONOTHERAPY; MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE; MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PREVALENCE; PROGNOSIS; PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SPUTUM SMEAR; STANDARDIZATION; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; THORAX RADIOGRAPHY; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT INDICATION; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT;

EID: 70049096691     PISSN: 17476348     EISSN: 17476356     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1586/ers.09.6     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. Gutierrez MC, Brisse S, Brosch R et al. Ancient origin and gene mosaicism of the progenitor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLoS Pathog. 1(e5), 1-7 (2005).
2. Caminero Luna JA. A tuberculosis guide for specialist physicians. Paris, France Imprimerie Chirat: International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (2004).
3. Lehmann J. Twenty years afterward historical notes on the discovery of the antituberculosis effect of paraaminosalicylic acid (PAS) and the first clinical trials. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 90, 953-956 (1964).
4. Caminero JA. Treatment of multidrugresistant tuberculosis: evidence and controversies. Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. 10(8), 829-837 (2006).
5. Zignol M, Hosseini MS, Wright A et al. Global incidence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. J. Infect. Dis. 15, 194(4), 479-485 (2006).
6. WHO. Anti-Tuberculosis Drug Resistance in the World. Fourth Global Report. WHO/HTM/TB/2008.394. Geneva, Switzerland WHO (2008).
7. CDC. Reported Tuberculosis in the United States 1999. Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA, USA (2000).
8. Raviglione MC, Smith IM. XDR tuberculosis - implications for global public health. N. Engl. J. Med. 356(7), 656-659 (2007).
9. Gandhi NR, Moll A, Sturm AW et al. Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis as a cause of death in patients co-infected with tuberculosis and HIV in a rural area of South Africa. Lancet 368, 1575-1580 (2006).
10. Billo NE. Conference Introduction. Presented at: 39th Union World Conference on Lung Health. Paris, France, 16-20 October 2008.
11. WHO. Guidelines of the programmatic management of drug-resistant tuberculosis. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO/HTM/TB/2006.361, 1-174. World Health Organization (2006).
12. British Medical Research Council. A Medical Research Council investigation: streptomycin treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. BMJ 769-783 (1948).
13. Long ER, Ferebee SH. A controlled investigation of streptomycin treatment in pulmonary tuberculosis. Public Health Rep. 65, 1421-1451 (1950).
14. British Medical Research Council. Treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis with streptomycin and para-aminosalicylic acid. A Medical Research Council investigation. BMJ 2, 1073-1085 (1950).
15. Crofton J. Sputum conversion and the metabolism of isoniazid. Am. Rev. Tuberc. 77, 869-871 (1958).
16. Mitchison DA, Dickinson JM. Bactericidal mechanisms in short-course chemotherapy. Bull. Int. Union Tuberc. 53, 254-259 (1978).
17. Pablos-Mendez A, Gowda DK, Frieden TR. Controlling multidrugresistant tuberculosis and access to expensive drugs: a rational framework. Bull. WHO 80(6), 489-495 (2002).
18. Doster B, Murray FJ, Newman R, Woolpert SF. Ethambutol in the initial treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 107, 177-190 (1973).
19. Newman R, Doster B, Murray FJ, Ferebee S. Rifampin in initial treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. A U.S. Public Health Service tuberculosis therapy trial. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 103(4), 461-476 (1971).
20. Brouet G Roussel G. Méthodologie globale et synthèse des résultats. Essai 6.9.12. Rev. Fr. Mal. Respir. 5(Suppl. 1), 5-13 (1977).
21. Fox W. Whither short-course chemotherapy? Br. J. Dis. Chest 75(4), 331-357 (1981).
22. Fox W, Ellard GA, Mitchison DA. Studies on the treatment of tuberculosis undertaken by the British Medical Research Council tuberculosis units, 1946-1986, with relevant subsequent publications. Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. (10 Suppl. 2), S231-S279 (1999).
23. WHO. Treatment of tuberculosis: guidelines for national programmes. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO/CDS/TB/2003.313, 1-108 (3rd Edition) (2003).
24. WHO. The global MDR-TB and XDR-TB response plan. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO/HTM/TB/2007.387 (2007).
25. Selwyn PA, Hartel D, Lewis VA et al. A prospective study of the risk of tuberculosis among intravenous drug users with human immunodeficiency virus infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 320(9), 545-550 (1989).
26. CDC. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in a hospital - Jersey City, New Jersey, 1990-1992. Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep. 43, 417-419 (1994).
27. Coronado VG, Beck-Sague CM, Hutton MD et al. Transmission of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis among persons with human immunodeficiency virus infection in an urban hospital: epidemiologic and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. J. Infect. Dis. 168(4), 1052-1055 (1993).
28. Samper S, Martin C, Pinedo A et al. Transmission between HIV-infected patients of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis. AIDS 11(10), 1237-1242 (1997).
29. Ziganshina LE, Vizel AA, Squire SB. Fluoroquinolones for treating tuberculosis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (3), CD004795 (2005).
30. Ziganshina LE, Squire SB. Fluoroquinolones for treating tuberculosis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (1), CD004795 (2008).
31. Chan ED, Laurel V, Strand MJ et al. Treatment and outcome analysis of 205 patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 169(10), 1103-1109 (2004).
32. Chiang CY, Enarson DA, Yu MC et al. Outcome of pulmonary multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: a 6-yr follow-up study. Eur. Respir. J. 28(5), 980-985 (2006).
33. Emergence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with extensive resistance to second-line drugs - worldwide, 2000-2004. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep. 55(11), 301-305 (2006).
34. Raviglione MC. Facing extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis - a hope and a challenge. N. Engl. J. Med. 359(6), 636-638 (2008).
35. WHO. Anti-Tuberculosis Drug Resistance in the World. Third Global Report. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO/HTM/TB/2004.343 (2004).
36. Faustini A, Hall AJ, Perucci CA. Risk factors for multidrug resistant tuberculosis in Europe: a systematic review. Thorax 61(2), 158-163 (2006).
37. Caminero JA. Likelihood of generating MDR-TB and XDR-TB under adequate National Tuberculosis Control Programme implementation. Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. 12(8), 869-877 (2008).
38. Bayona J, Chavez-Pachas AM, Palacios E, Llaro K, Sapag R, Becerra MC. Contact investigations as a means of detection and timely treatment of persons with infectious multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. 7(12, Suppl. 3), S501-S509 (2003).
39. Schaaf HS, Vermeulen HA, Gie RP, Beyers N, Donald PR. Evaluation of young children in household contact with adult multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis cases. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 18(6), 494-500 (1999).
40. Uplekar M, Juvekar S, Morankar S, Rangan S, Nunn P. Tuberculosis patients and practitioners in private clinics in India. Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. 2(4), 324-329 (1998).
41. Olle-Goig JE, Cullity JE, Vargas R. A survey of prescribing patterns for tuberculosis treatment amongst doctors in a Bolivian city. Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. 3(1), 74-78 (1999).
42. Wells CD, Cegielski JP, Nelson LJ et al. HIV infection and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: the perfect storm. J. Infect. Dis. 196(Suppl. 1), S86-S107 (2007).
43. Janssens JP, Rieder HL. An ecological analysis of incidence of tuberculosis and per capita gross domestic product. Eur. Respir. J. 32(5), 1415-1416 (2008).
44. Kim SJ, Espinal MA, Abe C et al. Is second-line anti-tuberculosis drug susceptibility testing reliable? Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. 8(9), 1157-1158 (2004).
45. Caminero JA. Management of multidrugresistant tuberculosis and patients in retreatment. Eur. Respir. J. 25(5), 928-936 (2005).
46. Kim SJ. Drug-susceptibility testing in tuberculosis: methods and reliability of results. Eur. Respir. J. 25(3), 564-569 (2005).
47. WHO. Guidelines for the programmatic management of drug-resistant tuberculosis. Geneva. Switzerland: WHO/HTM/TB/2008.402 (2008).
48. Yagui M, Perales MT, Asencios L et al. Timely diagnosis of MDR-TB under program conditions: is rapid drug susceptibility testing sufficient? Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. 10(8), 838-843 (2006).
49. Telenti A, Imboden P, Marchesi F, Schmidheini T, Bodmer T. Direct, automated detection of rifampin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis by polymerase chain reaction and single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 37(10), 2054-2058 (1993).
50. Skenders G, Fry AM, Prokopovica I et al. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis detection, Latvia. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 11(9), 1461-1463 (2005).
51. Aziz MA, Wright A, Laszlo A et al. Epidemiology of antituberculosis drug resistance (the Global Project on Antituberculosis Drug Resistance Surveillance): an updated analysis. Lancet 368, 2142-2154 (2006).
52. Barnard M, Albert H, Coetzee G, O'Brien R, Bosman ME. Rapid molecular screening for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in a high-volume public health laboratory in South Africa. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 177(7), 787-792 (2008).
53. Miotto P, Piana F, Cirillo DM, Migliori GB. Genotype MTBDR-plus: a further step toward rapid identification of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 46(1), 393-394 (2008).
54. Caminero JA. Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis: is its definition correct? Eur. Respir. J. 32(5), 1413-1415 (2008).
55. Leimane V, Riekstina V, Holtz TH et al. Clinical outcome of individualised treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Latvia: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet 365, 318-326 (2005).
56. Tsukamura M, Mizuno S. Studies on the cross-resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, strain H37Rv, to aminoglycoside- and peptide-antibiotics. Microbiol. Immunol. 24(9), 777-787 (1980).
57. Somocurcio JG, Sotomayor A, Shin S et al. Surgery for patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis: report of 121 cases receiving community-based treatment in Lima, Peru. Thorax 62(5), 416-421 (2007).
58. Mitnick CD, Shin SS, Seung KJ et al. Comprehensive treatment of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 7, 359(6), 563-574 (2008).
59. Caminero JA. Predictors of good and poor outcome in the treatment of MDR-TB: surgery and other factors. Presented at: 39th Union World Conference on Lung Health. Paris, France, 16-20 October 2008.
60. Migliori GB, Ortmann J, Girardi E et al. Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis, Italy and Germany. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 13(5), 780-782 (2007).
61. Jeon CY, Hwang SH, Min JH et al. Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in South Korea: risk factors and treatment outcomes among patients at a tertiary referral hospital. Clin. Infect. Dis. 46(1), 42-49 (2008).
62. Katiyar SK, Bihari S, Prakash S, Mamtani M, Kulkarni H. A randomised controlled trial of high-dose isoniazid adjuvant therapy for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. 12(2), 139-145 (2008).
63. Migliori GB, Lange C, Girardi E et al. Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis is worse than multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: different methodology and settings, same results. Clin. Infect. Dis. 46(6), 958-959 (2008).
64. Suarez PG, Floyd K, Portocarrero J et al. Feasibility and cost-effectiveness of standardised second-line drug treatment for chronic tuberculosis patients: a national cohort study in Peru. Lancet 359, 1980-1989 (2002).
65. Van Deun A, Salim MA, Das AP, Bastian I, Portaels F. Results of a standardised regimen for multidrugresistant tuberculosis in Bangladesh. Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. 8(5), 560-567 (2004).
66. Keshavjee S, Gelmanova IY, Pasechnikov AD et al. Treating multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Tomsk, Russia: developing programs that address the linkage between poverty and disease. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1136, 1-11 (2008).
67. Mariam DH, Mengistu Y, Hoffner SE, Andersson DI. Effect of rpoB mutations conferring rifampin resistance on fitness of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48(4), 1289-1294 (2004).
68. Gagneux S, Long CD, Small PM, Van T, Schoolnik GK, Bohannan BJ. The competitive cost of antibiotic resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Science 312, 1944-1946 (2006).
69. Blower SM, Chou T. Modeling the emergence of the 'hot zones': tuberculosis and the amplification dynamics of drug resistance. Nat. Med. 10(10), 1111-1116 (2004).
70. Cohen T, Murray M. Modeling epidemics of multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis of heterogeneous fitness. Nat. Med. 10(10), 1117-1121 (2004).
71. Blower S, Supervie V. Predicting the future of XDR tuberculosis. Lancet Infect. Dis. 7(7), 443 (2007).
72. Coker RJ. Review: multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: public health challenges. Trop. Med. Int. Health 9(1), 25-40 (2004).
73. Ormerod LP. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB): epidemiology, prevention and treatment. Br. Med. Bull. 73-74, 17-24 (2005).
74. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis - United States, 1993-2006. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep. 56(11), 250-253 (2007).
75. Sterling TR, Lehmann HP, Frieden TR. Impact of DOTS compared with DOTS-plus on multidrug resistant tuberculosis and tuberculosis deaths: decision analysis. BMJ 326, 574 (2003).
76. Baltussen R, Floyd K, Dye C. Cost effectiveness analysis of strategies for tuberculosis control in developing countries. BMJ 331, 1364 (2005).
77. Dye C, Williams BG. Criteria for the control of drug-resistant tuberculosis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 97(14), 8180-8185 (2000).
78. Johnson JL, Hadad DJ, Boom WH et al. Early and extended early bactericidal activity of levofloxacin, gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin in pulmonary tuberculosis. Int. J. Tuberc. Lung. Dis. 10(6), 605-612 (2006).
79. Global Alliance for TB Drug Development. Handbook of antituberculosis agents. Clofazimine. Tuberculosis (Edinburgh, Scotland) 88(2), 96-99 (2008).
80. Ntziora F, Falagas ME. Linezolid for the treatment of patients with central nervous system infection. Ann. Pharmacother. 41(2), 296-308 (2007).
81. Condos R, Hadgiangelis N, Leibert E, Jacquette G, Harkin T, Rom WN. Case series report of a linezolid-containing regimen for extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. Chest 134(1), 187-192 (2008).
82. Park IN, Hong SB, Oh YM et al. Efficacy and tolerability of daily-half dose linezolid in patients with intractable multidrugresistant tuberculosis. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 58(3), 701-704 (2006).
83. van den Boogaard J, Kibiki GS, Kisanga ER, Boeree MJ, Aarnoutse RE. New drugs against tuberculosis: problems, progress and evaluation of agents in clinical development. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2008).
84. Van Rie A, Enarson D. XDR tuberculosis: an indicator of public-health negligence. Lancet 368, 1554-1556 (2006).
85. Lienhardt C. Investigation of the safety and efficacy of a 4-FDC for the treatment of Tuberculosis (Study C): methods and preliminary results of the 12 month follow-up of patients. Presented at: 39th Union World Conference on Lung Health. Paris, France, 16-20 October 2008.
86. Blomberg B, Fourie B. Fixed-dose combination drugs for tuberculosis: application in standardised treatment regimens. Drugs 63(6), 535-553 (2003).