Developments in neuropsychological assessment: Refining psychometric and clinical interpretive methods

Canadian Psychology

Volumn 50, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 196-209

  Brooks, Brian L ^a,d   Sherman, Elisabeth M S ^a   Strauss, Esther ^b   Iverson, Grant L ^c,e   Slick, Daniel J ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^d ALBERTA CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL   (Canada)

^e BC Mental Health & Addiction Services   (Canada)

Author keywords

Assessment; Interpretation; Neuropsychology; Psychometrics; Test selection

Indexed keywords

EID: 69949104573     PISSN: 07085591     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0016066     Document Type: Article

References (82)

1. Ardila, A. (1995). Directions of research in cross-cultural neuropsychology. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 17, 143-150.
2. Axelrod, B. N., & Wall, J. R. (2007). Expectancy of impaired neuropsychological test scores in a non-clinical sample. International Journal of Neuroscience, 117, 1591-1602.
3. Beatty, W. W., Mold, J. W., & Gontkovsky, S. T. (2003). RBANS performance: Influences of sex and education. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 25, 1065-1069.
4. Binder, L. M., Iverson, G. L., & Brooks, B. L. (in press). To err is human: "Abnormal" neuropsychological scores and variability are common in healthy adults. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology.
5. Bowman, M. L. (2002). The perfidy of percentiles. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 17, 295-303.
6. Brandt J. (2007). 2005 INS Presidential address: Neuropsychological crimes and misdemeanors. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 21, 553-568.
7. Brickman, A. M., Cabo, R., & Manly, J. J. (2006). Ethical issues in cross-cultural neuropsychology. Applied Neuropsychology, 13, 91-100.
8. Brooks, B. L., Iverson, G. L., Holdnack, J. A., & Feldman, H. H. (2008a). Potential for misclassification of mild cognitive impairment: A study of memory scores on the Wechsler Memory Scale-III in healthy older adults. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 14, 463-478.
9. Brooks, B. L., Iverson, G. L., Holdnack, J. A., & Feldman, H. H. (2008b). The potential for misclassification of mild cognitive impairment: A study of memory scores on the Wechsler Memory Scale-III in healthy older adults. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 14, 463-478.
10. Brooks, B. L., Iverson, G. L., Sherman, E. M. S., & Holdnack, J. A. (in press). Healthy children and adolescents obtain some low scores across a battery of memory tests. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society.
11. Brooks, B. L., Iverson, G. L., & White, T. (2007). Substantial risk of "Accidental MCT' in healthy older adults: Base rates of low memory scores in neuropsychological assessment Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 13, 490-500.
12. Brooks, B. L., Sherman, E. M. S., Iverson, G., Slick, D. J., & Strauss, E. (in press). Psychometric foundations for the interpretation of neuropsychological test results. In M. R. Schoenberg & J. G. Scott (Eds.), The black book of neuropsychology: A syndrome-based approach.
13. Chelune, G. J. (2003). Assessing reliable neuropsychological change In R. D. Franklin (Ed.), Prediction in forensic and neuropsychology: Sound statistical practices (pp. 65-88). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
14. Cohen, M. J. (1997). Children's Memory Scale, manual San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
15. Collaer, M. L., & Nelson, J. D. (2002). Large visuospatial sex difference in line judgment: Possible role of attentional factors. Brain and Cognition, 49, 1-12.
16. Crawford, J. R., & Garthwaite, P. H. (2007). Using regression equations built from summary data in the neuropsychological assessment of the individual case. Neuropsychology, 21, 611-620.
17. Crawford, J. R., & Garthwaite, P. H. (2009). Percentiles please: The case for expressing neuropsychological test scores and accompanying confidence limits as percentile ranks. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 23, 193-204.
18. Crawford, J. R., Garthwaite, P. H., & Gault, G B. (2007). Estimating the percentage of the population with abnormally low scores (or abnormally large score differences) on standardized neuropsychological test batteries: A generic method with applications. Neuropsychology, 21, 419-430.
19. Crawford, J. R., Garthwaite, P. H., & Slick, D. J. (in press). On percentile norms in neuropsychology: Proposed reporting standards and methods for quantifying the uncertainty over the percentile ranks of test scores. The Clinical Neuropsychologist.
20. Crawford, J. R., & Howell, D. C. (1998). Regression equations in clinical neuropsychology: An evaluation of statistical methods for comparing predicted and obtained scores. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 20, 755-762.
21. Delis, D. C., Kramer, J. H., Kaplan, E., & Ober, B. A. (1987). California Verbal Learning Test. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
22. Delis, D. C., Kramer, J. H., Kaplan, E., & Ober, B. A. (2000). the California Verbal Learning Test manual (2nd ed.). San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
23. Dikmen, S. S., Heaton, R. K., Grant I., & Temkin, N. R. (1999). Test-retest reliability and practice effects of expanded Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 5, 346-356. (Pubitemid 29292201)
24. Donders,J.,Zhu,J.,&Tulsky,D.(2001).FactorindexscorepatternsintheWAIS- IIIstandardizationsample.Assessment,8,193-203.(Pubitemid33594615)
25. Fuerst K. B., & Rourke, B. P. (1995). Human neuropsychology in Canada: The 1980s. Canadian Psychology, 36, 12-45.
26. Geary, D. C., Saults, S. J., Liu, F., & Hoard, M. K. (2000). Sex differences in spatial cognition, computational fluency, and arithmetical reasoning. Journal of Experimental and Child Psychology, 77, 337-353.
27. Goodglass, H., & Kaplan, E. (1983). Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination. Philadelphia: Williams & Wilkins.
28. Hayman-Abello, B. A., Hayman-Abello, S. E., & Rourke, B. P. (2003). Human neuropsychology in Canada: The 1990s (a review of research by Canadian neuropsychologists conducted over the past decade). Canadian Psychology, 44, 100-138.
29. Heaton, R. K., Grant I., & Matthews, G G. (1991). Comprehensive norms for an extended Halstead-Reitan Battery: Demographic corrections, research findings, and clinical applications. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.
30. Heaton, R. K., Miller, S. W., Taylor, M. J., & Grant I. (2004). Revised comprehensive norms for an expanded Halstead-Reitan Battery: Demographically adjusted neuropsychological norms for African American and Caucasian adults professional manual. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
31. Heaton, R. K., Taylor, M. J., & Manly, J. (2003). Demographic effects and use of demographically corrected norms with the WAIS-III and WMSIII. In D. S. Tulsky, D. H. Saklofske, G. J. Chelune, R. K. Heaton, R. J. Ivnik, R. Bornstein, et al. (Eds.), Clinical interpretation of the WAIS-III and WMS-III (pp. 183-210). San thego, CA: Academic Press.
32. Herlitz, A., Nilsson, L. G., & Backman, L. (1997). Gender differences in episodic memory. Memory & Cognition, 25, 801-811.
33. Hermann, B. P., Wyler, A. R. V., R., LeBailey, R. K., Whitman, S., Somes, G., & Ward, J. (1991). Predictors of neuropsychological change following anterior temporal lobectomy: Role of regression toward the mean. Journal of Epilepsy, 4, 139-148.
34. Horton, A. M., Jr. (1999). Above-average intelligence and neuropsychological test score performance. International Journal of Neuroscience, 99(1-4), 221-231.
35. Ingraham, L. J., & Aiken, C. B. (1996). An empirical approach to determining criteria for abnormality in test batteries with multiple measures. Neuropsychology, 10, 120-124.
36. Iverson, G. L., & Brooks, B. L. (in press). Improving accuracy for identifying cognitive impairment In M. R. Schoenberg & J. G. Scott (Eds.), The black book of neuropsychology: A syndrome-based approach.
37. Iverson, G. L., Brooks, B. L., & Holdnack, J. A. (2008a). Misdiagnosis of cognitive impairment in forensic neuropsychology. In R. L. Heilbrunner (Ed.), Neuropsychology in the courtroom: Expert analysis of reports and testimony (pp. 243-266). New York: Guilford Press.
38. Iverson, G. L., Brooks, B. L., White, T., & Stern, R. A. (2008b). Neuropsychological Assessment Battery (NAB): Introduction and advanced interpretation. In A. M. Horton, Jr. & D. Wedding (Eds.), The neuropsychology handbook (3rd ed., pp. 279-343). New York: Springer Publishing Inc.
39. Iverson, G. L., & Green, P. (2001). Measuring improvement or decline on the WAIS-R in inpatient psychiatry. Psychological Reports, 89, 457-462.
40. Iverson, G. L., Sawyer, D. C., McCracken, L. M., & Kozora, E. (2001). Assessing depression in systemic lupus erytfiematosus: Determining reliable change. Lupus, 10, 266-271.
41. Ivnik, R. J., Makec, J. F., Smith, G. E., Tangolos, E. G., & Peterson, R. C. (1996). Neuropsychological tests' norms above age 55: COWAT, BNT, M. A. E. Token, WRAT-R Reading, AMNART, STROOP, TMT, and JLO. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 10, 262-278.
42. Jacobson, N. S., Roberts, L. J., Berns, S. B., & McGlinchey, J. B. (1999). Methods for defining and determining the clinical significance of treatment effects: Description, application, and alternatives. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 300-307.
43. Jacobson, N. S., & Truax, P. (1991). Clinical significance: A statistical approach to defining meaningful change in psychotherapy research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 12-19.
44. Lezak, M. D., Howieson, D. B., & Loring, D. W. (2004). Neuropsychological Assessment (4th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
45. Manly, J. J., & Echemendia, R. J. (2007). Race-specific norms: Using the model of hypertension to understand issues of race, culture, and education in neuropsychology. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 22, 319-325.
46. McCleary,R.,Dick,M.B.,Buckwalter,G.,Henderson,V.,&Shankle,W.R.(1996). Full-informationmodelsformultiplepsychometrictests: Annualizedratesofchangeinnormalaginganddementia. Alzheimer'sDiseaseandAssociatedDisorders,10,216-223.(Pubitemid26401919)
47. Mitrushina, M. N., Boone, K. B., Razani, J., & D'Elia, L. F. (2005). Handbook of normative data for neuropsychological assessment. New York: Oxford University Press.
48. Morgan, E. E., Woods, S. P., Scott, J. C., Childers, M., Beck, J. M., Ellis, R. J., et al. (2008). Predictive validity of demographically adjusted normative standards for the HIV Dementia Scale. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 30(1), 83-90.
49. Norman,M.A.,Evans,J.D.,Miller,W.S.,&Heaton,R.K.(2000). Demographicallycorrectednormsforthe CaliforniaVerbalLearningTestJournalofClinicalandExperimentalNeuropsychology,22, 80-94.(Pubitemid30114645)
50. O'Bryant S. E., O'Jile, J. R., & McCaffrey, R. J. (2004). Reporting of demographic variables in neuropsychological research: Trends in the current literature. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 18, 229-233.
51. Palmer, B. W., Boone, K. B., Lesser, I. M., & Wohl, M. A. (1998). Base rates of "impaired" neuropsychological test performance among healthy older adults. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 13, 503-511.
52. Patton, D. E., Duff, K., Schoenberg, M. R., Mold, J., Scott, J. G., & Adams, R. L. (2003). Performance of cognitively normal African Americans on the RBANS in community dwelling older adults. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 17, 515-530. (Pubitemid 38221774)
53. Pedhazur, E. (1997). Multiple regression in behavioral research. New York: Harcourt Brace.
54. Petersen,R.C.,&Negash,S.(2008).Mildcognitiveimpairment:Anoverview. CNSSpectrums,13,45-53.(Pubitemid351224282)
55. Petersen,R.C.,Smith,G.E.,Ivnik,R.J.,Kokmen,E.,&Tangalos,E.G.(1994). MemoryfunctioninveryearlyAlzheimer'sdisease.Neurology,44,867-872. (Pubitemid24158802)
56. Randolph, C. (1998). Repeatable battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status manual San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
57. Rapport,L.J.,Brines,D.B.,Theisen,M.E.,&Axelrod,B.N.(1997). FullscaleIQasamediatorofpracticeeffects:Therichgetricher. TheClinicalNeuropsychologist,11,375-380.(Pubitemid28015254)
58. Rosselli, M., & Ardila, A. (2003). The impact of culture and education on non-verbal neuropsychological measurements: A critical review. Brain and Cognition, 52, 326-333. (Pubitemid 36945415)
59. Rourke, B. P., Fisk, J. L., Strang, J. D., & Gates, R. D. (1981). Human neuropsychology in Canada: The 1970s. Canadian Psychology, 22, 85-99.
60. Ryan, E. L., Baird, R., Mindt, M. R., Byrd, D., Monzones, J., & Bank, S. M. (2005). Neuropsychological impairment in racial/ethnic minorities with HIV infection and low literacy levels: Effects of education and reading level in participant characterization. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 11, 889-898. (Pubitemid 43379940)
61. Sattler, J. M. (2001). Assessment of children: Cognitive applications (4th ed.). San thego, CA: Jerome M. Sattler Publisher, Inc.
62. Schmidt, S. L., Oliveira, R. M., Rocha, F. R., & Abreu-Villaca, Y. (2000). Influences of handedness and gender on the grooved pegboard test. Brain and Cognition, 44, 445-454.
63. Schretlen, D. J., Testa, S. M., Winicki, J. M., Pearlson, G. D., & Gordon, B. (2008). Frequency and bases of abnormal performance by healthy adults on neuropsychological testing. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 14, 436-445.
64. Silverberg, N. D., & Millis, S. (2009). Impairment versus deficiency in neuropsychological assessment: Implications for ecological validity. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 15, 94-102.
65. Speer, D. C. (1993). Clinically significant change: Jacobson and Traax (1991). revisited. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60, 402-408.
66. Speer, D. C., & Greenbaum, P. E. (1995). Five mediods for computing significant individual client change and improvement rates: Support for an individual growth curve approach. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 1044-1048.
67. Steinberg, B. A., Bieliauskas, L. A., Smith, G. E., & Ivnik, R. J. (2005). Mayo's older Americans normative studies: Age- and IQ-adjusted norms for the Trail-Making Test the Stroop Test and MAE Controlled Oral Word Association Test. the Clinical Neuropsychologist, 19, 329-377. (Pubitemid 41153287)
68. Steinberg, B. A., Bieliauskas, L. A., Smith, G. E., Ivnik, R. J., & Malec, J. F. (2005). Mayo's older Americans normative studies: Age- and IQ-adjusted norms for the Auditory Verbal Learning Test and the Visual Spatial Learning Test The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 19, 464-523. (Pubitemid 41153289)
69. Stern, R. A., & White, T. (2003). Neuropsychological assessment battery. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
70. Strauss, E., Sherman, E. M. S., & Spreen, O. (2006). A compendium of neuropsychological tests: Administration, norms, and commentary (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
71. The Psychological Corporation. (1997). WAIS-III/WMS-III technical manual. San Antonio, TX: Author.
72. Tremont G., Hoffman, R. G., Scott J. G., & Adams, R. L. (1998). Effect of intellectual level on neuropsychological test performance: A response to Dodrill (1997). The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 12, 560-567. (Pubitemid 29267978)
73. Urbina, S. (2004). Essentials of psychological testing. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
74. Voyer, D., Voyer, S., & Bryden, M. P. (1995). Magnitude of sex differences in spatial abilities: A meta-analysis and consideration of critical variables. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 250-270.
75. Warner, M. H., Ernst, J., Townes, B. D., Peel, J., & Preston, M. (1987). Relationships between IQ and neuropsychological measures in neuropsychiatrie populations: Within-laboratory and cross-cultural replications using WAIS and WAIS-R. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 9, 545-562.
76. Wechsler, D. (1997a). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-third edition. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
77. Wechsler, D. (1997b). Wechsler Memory Scale-third edition. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
78. Wechsler, D. (2008). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-fourth edition. San Antonio, TX: Pearson Assessment.
79. Wechsler, D. (2009). Wechsler Memory Scale-fourth edition. San Antonio, TX: Pearson Assessment.
80. Wechsler, D., Coalson, D. L., & Raiford, S. E. (2008). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, fourth edition, technical and interpretive manual San Antonio, TX: NCS Pearson, Inc.
81. Wechsler, D., Holdnack, J. A., & Drozdick, L. W. (2009). Wechsler memory scale, fourth edition, technical and interpretive manual San Antonio, TX: NCS Pearson, Inc.
82. White, T., & Stern, R. A. (2003). Neuropsychological Assessment Battery (NAB): Demographically corrected norms manual Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.