The quest for constitutionalism in UK public law discourse

Oxford Journal of Legal Studies

Volumn 29, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 427-455

  Murkens, Jo Eric Khushal ^a  

^a LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 69849086851     PISSN: 01436503     EISSN: 14643820     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/ojls/gqp020     Document Type: Article

References (334)

1. E Barendt, 'Is there a United Kingdom Constitution?' (1997) 17 OJLS 137-46, 145.
2. TC Grey, 'Constitutionalism: An Analytic Framework' in JR Pennock and JW Chapman (eds), Constitutionalism (NYUP, New York 1979) 189.
3. I Loveland, Constitutional Law, Administrative Law and Human Rights. A Critical Introduction (5th edn OUP, Oxford 2009)
4. D Pollard, N Parpworth and D Hughes, Constitutional and Administrative Law (4th edn OUP, Oxford 2007).
5. G Sartori, 'Constitutionalism: A Preliminary Discussion' (1962) 56 Am Pol Sci Rev 853-64.
6. G Orwell, Inside the Whale and Other Essays cited in D Feldman, 'Civil Liberties' in V Bogdanor (ed), The British Constitution in the Twentieth Century (OUP, Oxford 2003) 427.
7. B Fassbender, 'Sovereignty and Constitutionalism in International Law' in N Walker (ed), Sovereignty in Transition (Hart Publishing, Oxford 2003)
8. T Cottier and M Hertig, 'Prospects of 21st Century Constitutionalism' (2003) 7 Max Planck Yrbk UN L 261-328
9. A von Bogdandy, 'Constitutionalism in International Law: Comment on a Proposal from Germany' (2006) 47 Harvard Intl LJ 223-42.
10. B Ackerman, 'The Rise of World Constitutionalism' (1997) 83 Virginia L Rev 771-97
11. A Peters, 'Global Constitutionalism Revisited' (2005) 11 Intl Legal Theory 40-68
12. RStJ Macdonald and DM Johnston (eds), Towards World Constitutionalism: Issues in the Legal Ordering of the World Community (Martinus Nijhoff, Leiden 2005)
13. D Schneiderman, 'Investment Rules and the New Constitutionalism' (2000) 25 L & Soc Inquiry 757-87.
14. P Craig, 'Constitutions, Constitutionalism, and the European Union' (2001) 7 ELJ 125-50
15. JHH Weiler and M Wind (eds), European Constitutionalism Beyond the State (CUP, Cambridge 2003)
16. H Brunkhorst, 'A Polity Without A State? European Constitutionalism Between Evolution and Revolution' in E Eriksen and others (eds), Developing a Constitution for Europe (Routledge, London 2004)
17. D Halberstam, 'The Bride of Messina: Constitutionalism and Democracy in Europe' (2005) 30 ELRev 775-801
18. N Walker, 'EU Constitutionalism in the State Constitutional Tradition' (2006) 21 European University Institute Law Working Paper accessed 30 May 2009.
19. D Chalmers, 'Post-Nationalism and the Quest for Constitutional Substitutes' (2000) 27 JLS 178-217
20. N Walker, 'The Idea of Constitutional Pluralism' (2002) 65 MLR 317-59.
21. C Joerges, I-J Sand, and G Teubner, Transnational Governance and Constitutionalism (Hart Publishing, Oxford 2004)
22. N Tsagourias (ed), Transnational Constitutionalism: International and European Perspectives (CUP, Cambridge 2007)
23. N Walker, 'Taking Constitutionalism Beyond the State' (2008) 56 Pol Stud 519-43.
24. TRS Allan, Law, Liberty, and Justice: The Legal Foundations of British Constitutionalism (Clarendon Press, Oxford 1993)
25. I Holloway, Natural Justice and the High Court of Australia: A Study in Common Law Constitutionalism (Ashgate, Aldershot 2002)
26. T Poole, 'Back to the Future? Unearthing the Theory of Common Law Constitutionalism' (2003) 23 OJLS 435-54.
27. CH McIlwain, Constitutionalism: Ancient and Modern (Cornell UP, Ithaca 1947)
28. HA Lloyd, 'Constitutionalism' in JH Burns (ed), The Cambridge History of Political Thought 1450-1700 (CUP, Cambridge 1991)
29. M Loughlin, 'Constituent Power Subverted: From English Constitutional Argument to British Constitutional Practice' in M Loughlin and N Walker (eds), The Paradox of Constitutionalism (OUP, Oxford 2007).
30. AS Rosenbaum (ed), Constitutionalism: The Philosophical Dimension (Greenwood Press, New York 1988)
31. L Alexander (ed), Constitutionalism: Philosophical Foundations (CUP Cambridge 1998)
32. A Brudner, Constitutional Goods (OUP, Oxford 2004).
33. Grey (n 2).
34. R Dreier, 'Konstitutionalismus und Legalismus: Zwei Arten Demokratischen Denkens im demokratischen Verfassungsstaat' in EE Dais and others, Constitutionalism versus Legalism? The Bases of Legal Validity in the Democratic Constitutional State (Franz Steiner, Stuttgart 1991)
35. M La Torre, Constitutionalism and Legal Reasoning: A New Paradigm for the Concept of Law (Springer, Dordrecht 2007).
36. M Loughlin a nd N Walker, The Paradox of Constitutionalism (OUP, Oxford 2007)
37. see also the review article by DJ Galligan, 'The Paradox of Constitutionalism or the Potential of Constitutional Theory' (2008) 28 OJLS 343-67.
38. GJ Schochet, 'Introduction: Constitutionalism, Liberalism, and the Study of Politics' in JR Pennock and JW Chapman (eds), Constitutionalism (NYUP, New York 1979) 11-2
39. SS Wolin, The Presence of the Past: Essays on the State and the Constitution (John Hopkins UP, Baltimore, MD 1989) ch 1.
40. FA Hayek, Law, Legislation and Liberty (Routledge, London 1982) ii, 61.
41. M Vile, Constitutionalism and the Separation of Powers (2nd edn Liberty Fund, Indianapolis 1998) 352.
42. Lord Steyn in R (Jackson) v Attorney General [2005] UKHL 56, [2006] 1 AC 262, [102]
43. although in another case the 'principles of constitutionality' were mentioned synonymously by Lord Hoffmann, which are 'little different from those which exist in countries where the power of the legislature is expressly limited by a constitutional document': R v Secretary of State for the Home Department ex parte Simms [2000] 2 AC 115, 131.
44. The Crown Office was renamed the Administrative Court (which is a sub-division of the Queen's Bench Division) on 2 October 2000 to bring about a specialist court that deals with public and administrative law cases.
45. C Turpin and A Tomkins, British Government and the Constitution (6th edn CUP, Cambridge 2007).
46. HA Barnett, Constitutional and Administrative Law (7th edn Routledge Cavendish, London 2008).
47. Both counts include footnotes and entries in the bibliography.
48. AW Bradley and KD Ewing, Constitutional and Administrative Law (14th edn Pearson Longman, Harlow 2007).
49. This was the first edition which was prepared by Anthony Bradley, and the section has been retained in later editions. For a fuller, but far from comprehensive, discussion of constitutionalism see AW Bradley, KS Ziegler, and D Baranger, 'Constitutionalism and the Role of Parliaments' in AW Bradley, KS Ziegler, and D Baranger (eds), Constitutionalism and the Role of Parliaments (Hart Publishing, Oxford 2007).
50. S de Smith and R Brazier, Constitutional and Administrative Law (8th edn Penguin, Harmondsworth 1998) 16-7.
51. Pollard and others (n 3) 132.
52. Loveland (n 3) 306, 333.
53. Ibid 394.
54. CR Munro, Studies in Constitutional Law (2nd edn OUP, Oxford 2005) 295.
55. See Turpin and Tomkins (n 22) 34
56. see also D Oliver, 'Constitutionalism and the Abolition of the Office of Lord Chancellor' (2004) 57 Parl Aff 754-66, 756
57. P Leyland, The Constitution of the United Kingdom (Hart Publishing, Oxford 2007) 6-8.
58. Bradley and Ewing (n 25) 8
59. See also S Gordon, Controlling the State: Constitutionalism from Ancient Athens to Today (Harvard UP, Cambridge MA 1999) 5: '...constitutionalism has little to do with the existence of a written constitution'.
60. A Le Sueur, 'Courts, Tribunals, Ombudsmen, ADR: Administrative Justice, Constitutionalism and Informality' in J Jowell and D Oliver, The Changing Constitution (6th edn OUP, Oxford 2007) 324-5
61. See generally Constitution Committee, 'Relations Between the Executive, the Judiciary and Parliament' HL (26 July 2007) 6.
62. Tomkins and Turpin (n 22) 34
63. Barnett (n 23) 6.
64. Bradley and others (n 26) 6-7.
65. On 'historic' constitution see V Bogdanor, Politics and the Constitution: Essays on British Government (Dartmouth, Aldershot 1996) xii-xiii, 4-5.
66. JAG Griffith, 'The Political Constitution' (1979) 42 MLR 1-21
67. 'The Common Law and the Political Constitution' (2001) 117 LQR 42-67
68. KD Ewing, 'The Unbalanced Constitution' in T Campbell, KD Ewing, and A Tomkins (eds), Sceptical Essays on Human Rights (OUP, Oxford 2001)
69. A Tomkins, 'In Defence of the Political Constitution' (2002) 22 OJLS 157-75, Our Republican Constitution (Hart, Oxford 2005)
70. M Loughlin, The Idea of Public Law (OUP Oxford 2003)
71. and critically T Poole, 'Tilting at Windmills? Truth and Illusion in "The Political Constitution"' (2007) 70 MLR 250-77.
72. FW Maitland, The Constitutional History of England (CUP, Cambridge 1908) 536.
73. Sartori (n 4) 861.
74. HLA Hart, The Concept of Law (2nd edn Clarendon Press, Oxford 1994) 149.
75. AV Dicey, Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution (10th edn Macmillan, London 1959) 72.
76. Observation by PP Craig, 'Public Law, Political Theory and Legal Theory' (2000] PL 211-39.
77. CH McIlwain, The High Court of Parliament and its Supremacy (Arno Press, New York 1910) 384-5.
78. D Marquand, The Unprincipled Society: New Demands and Old Politics (Fontana, London 1988)
79. see also D Sugarman, 'Legal Theory, the Common Law Mind and the Making of the Textbook Tradition' in W Twining (ed), Legal Theory and the Common Law (Basil Blackwell, Oxford 1986) 28, who traces the lack of sound theoretical legal principles to 'the lack of an adequate intellectual history of modern legal education and thought in England'.
80. N Johnson, In Search of the Constitution: Reflections on State and Society in Britain (Pergamon Press, Oxford 1977) 29
81. See also M Foley, The Silence of Constitutions: Gaps, 'Abeyances' and Political Temperament in the Maintenance of Government (Routledge, London 1989) 96.
82. JDB Mitchell, 'The Flexible Constitution' [1960] PL 332-50, 349.
83. Ibid.
84. Johnson (n 46) 33
85. D Dyzenhaus, The Constitution of Law: Legality in a Time of Emergency (CUP, Cambridge 2006).
86. JDB Mitchell, 'The Causes and Effects of the Absence of a System of Public Law in the United Kingdom' [1965] PL 95-118, 96.
87. A King, Does the United Kingdom Still Have a Constitution? (Sweet & Maxwell, London 2001) 101.
88. M Foley, The Politics of the British Constitution (Manchester UP, Manchester 1999) 3.
89. Johnson (n 46) 41.
90. K Loewenstein, Political Power and the Governmental Process (University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1957) 149
91. Sartori (n 4) 853-64.
92. The idea of a garantiste constitution in the UK context is controversial. Morris-Jones criticises the garantiste meaning as 'not sufficiently specific' [WH Morris-Jones, 'On Constitutionalism' (1965) 59 Am Pol Sci Rev 439-40],
93. to which Sartori replies that this is because 'previous thinkers have blurred it, or [because] nobody has yet specified it' [G Sartori, 'A Rejoinder' (1965) 59 Am Pol Sci Rev 441-4].
94. Bogdanor claims that the United Kingdom knows 'a form of garantisme but it is extra-s tatutory' [see Bogdanor (n 37) xiii].
95. Johnson (n 46)
96. Marquand (n 45).
97. T Prosser, 'Understanding the British Constitution' in R Bellamy and D Castiglione, Constitutionalism in Transformation: European and Theoretical Perspectives (Blackwell, Oxford 1996)
98. M Loughlin, Sword and Scales: An Examination of the Relationship Between Law and Politics (Hart Publishing, Oxford 2000), 136-40, 193
99. The Idea of Public Law (n 38) 3.
100. See also Foley (n 52) 39: '...the British constitution has become closely associated not only with a political system that tends to restrict access to constitutional questions and to pre-empt constitutional debate, but with a political culture that condones and even encourages such self-imposed analytical limitation'.
101. Loughlin, Sword and Scales (n 57) 193.
102. M Elliott, 'Parliamentary Sovereignty and the New Constitutional Order: Legislative Freedom, Political Reality and Convention' (2002) 22 L S 340-76, 341.
103. A King, The British Constitution (OUP, Oxford 2007) 23.
104. Noted by Allan (n 11) 16
105. Bogdanor (n 37) xiii
106. E Barendt, An Introduction to Constitutional Law (Clarendon Press, Oxford 1998), 6.
107. See also Hayek who observes that the very notion of 'administrative law' in the United Kingdom came to be regarded as 'the denial of the rule of law': FA Hayek, The Constitution of Liberty (Routledge, London 1960) 178-9.
108. A Tomkins, Public Law (OUP, Oxford 2003) 23.
109. Associated Provincial Picture Houses v Wednesbury Corporation [1948] 1 KB 223.
110. Grey (n 2) 196.
111. D Oliver, Constitutional Reform in the UK (OUP, Oxford 2003) 89.
112. Allan (n 11) 283.
113. Lord Steyn in R (Jackson) v Attorney General [2005] UKHL 56, [2006] 1 AC 262, [102]: The first emphasis is original, the second is added.
114. See Laws LJ in Thoburn v Sunderland City Council [2002] EWHC 195 (Admin), [2003] QB 151, [62].
115. D Oliver, Constitutional Reform in the UK (OUP, Oxford 2003), especially chs 3 and 5.
116. Ibid 100, 103.
117. D Nicol, EC Membership and the Judicialization of British Politics (OUP, Oxford 2001)
118. Oliver (n 70) 18.
119. Lord Steyn, The Constitutionalisation of Public Law (The Constitution Unit, London 1999)
120. Oliver (n 70) 103.
121. King (n 60) 357.
122. See also the analysis by M Glover and R Hazell, 'Introduction: Forecasting Constitutional Futures' in R Hazell (ed), Constitutional Futures Revisited: Britain's Constitution to 2020 (Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke 2008) 14-6.
123. N MacCormick, Questioning Sovereignty (OUP, Oxford 1999) 62
124. Ibid.
125. See, for instance, K Ewing and Joo-Cheong Tham, 'The Continuing Futility of the Human Rights Act' [2008] PL 668-93 who refer to 'the hyperbole about the emergence of legal constitutionalism'.
126. TRS Allan, 'The Common Law as Constitution: Fundamental Rights and First Principles' in C Saunders (ed), Courts of Final Jurisdiction: The Mason Court in Australia (Federation Press, Sydney 1996) 161.
127. Oliver (n 70) 103. This statement, as Oliver notes in ch 4, is not true in relation to European Community law which is subject to judicial control.
128. Lord Hailsham, The Dilemma of Democracy: Diagnosis and Prescription (Collins, London 1978) 135, and further 219-21; 226.
129. See also M Hunt, 'Constitutionalism and the Contractualisation of Government in the United Kingdom, in M Taggart, The Province of Administrative Law (Hart Publishing, Oxford 1997)
130. Oliver (n 32) 757.
131. A Tomkins, Public Law (OUP, Oxford 2003) 23.
132. A Tomkins, 'Of Constitutional Spectres' [1999] PL 525-40, 525.
133. Ibid 534-5.
134. Eg 'republican constitutionalism' by D Castiglione, 'The Political Theory of the Constitution' in R Bellamy and D Castiglione, Constitutionalism in Transformation: European and Theoretical Perspectives (Blackwell, Oxford 1996)
135. A Tomkins, Our Republican Constitution (Hart Publishing, Oxford 2005) ch 2
136. 'social democratic constitutionalism' by GW Anderson, 'Social Democracy and the Limits of Rights Constitutionalism' (2004) 17 Can J L Juris 31-59.
137. CH McIlwain, Constitutionalism and the Changing World (Macmillan, New York 1939) 286
138. M Loughlin, Public Law and Political Theory (Clarendon Press, Oxford 1992) 91-2
139. G Ionescu, 'The Theory of Liberal Constitutionalism' in V Bogdanor (ed), Constitutions in Democratic Politics (Ashgate, Aldershot 1988)
140. RS Kay, 'American Constitutionalism' in L Alexander, Constitutionalism (CUP, Cambridge 1998) 18
141. TRS Allan, Constitutional Justice: A Liberal Theory of the Rule of Law (OUP, Oxford 2001)
142. A Brudner, Constitutional Goods (OUP, Oxford 2004)
143. N Johnson, Reshaping the British Constitution: Essays in Political Interpretation (Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke 2004) 15-7
144. M Tushnet, 'Comparative Constitutional Law' in M Reiman and R Zimmermann (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Law (OUP, Oxford 2006) 1230
145. H Schweber, The Language of Liberal Constitutionalism (CUP, Cambridge 2007)
146. KE Whittington, 'Constitutionalism' in KE Whittington, RD Kelemen, and GA Caldeira (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Law and Politics (OUP, Oxford 2008). But see criticism by J Tully, Strange Multiplicity: Constitutionalism in an Age of Diversity (CUP, Cambridge 1995).
147. D Oliver, Constitutional Reform in the UK (OUP, Oxford 2003) 3.
148. Ibid 4
149. see generally M Foley, The Silence of Constitutions: Gaps, 'Abeyances' and Political Temperament in the Maintenance of Government (Routledge, London 1989).
150. McIlwain (n 12)
151. Gordon (n 33).
152. Lloyd (n 12) 254.
153. JW Gough, Fundamental Law in English Constitutional History (Clarendon Press, Oxford 1955)
154. D Grimm, Die Zukunft der Verfassung (Suhrkamp, Frankfurt 1991) 104-5
155. Gordon (n 33) ch 7.
156. Above Grimm 106-9
157. CM Kenyon, 'Constitutionalism in Revolutionary America' in JR Pennock and JW Chapman, Constitutionalism (NYUP, New York 1979)
158. RS Kay, 'American Constitutionalism' in L Alexander, Constitutionalism (CUP, Cambridge 1998)
159. Vile (n 19) chs 6 and 7.
160. J Lorimer, Constitutionalism of the Future or Parliament the Mirror of the Nation (A and C Black, Edinburgh 1865); Lorimer was a Scottish jurist who read law in Berlin and Bonn in the early 1840s which may explain why he anticipated the use of the word 'constitutionalism' in the context of constitutional reform. The next book with 'constitutionalism' in the title that pertains to the United Kingdom is Conservatism and Constitutionalism by Algernon Sydney Thelwall, a Church of England clergyman, which appears 45 years later in 1910, and only three books stand between this one and the first monograph by CH McIlwain, Constitutionalism and the Changing World (CUP, Cambridge 1939).
161. D Grimm, 'The Constitution in the Process of Denationalization' (2005) 12 Constellations 447-63, 448.
162. J Habermas, Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy (MIT Press, Cambridge MA 1996) 188-9
163. (William Rehg translates 'Herrschaft der Gesetze' as 'a "rule of law"', although it would be more accurate to render the original as 'a rule of positive laws')
164. RS Kay, 'American Constitutionalism' in L Alexander, Constitutionalism (CUP, Cambridge 1998) 18-9; 22-3
165. D Fellman, 'Constitutionalism' in PP Wiener, Dictionary of the History of Ideas Volume I (Charles Scribner's Sons, New York 1973).
166. J Raz, 'On the Authority and Interpretation of Constitutions: Some Preliminaries' in L Alexander, Constitutionalism (CUP, Cambridge 1998) 153-4.
167. Lloyd (n 12) 254.
168. Grimm (n 90) 16-7.
169. McIlwain (n 12) 21.
170. S Holmes, 'Gag Rules or the Politics of Omission' and 'Precommitment and the Paradox of Democracy' in J Elster and R Slagstad (eds), Constitutionalism and Democracy (CUP, Cambridge 1988).
171. Grey (n 2) 194.
172. See also T. Daintith, 'Constitutionalism' in P Cane and J Conaghan (eds), The New Oxford Companion to Law (OUP, Oxford 2008) 209-10:
173. 'Constitutionalism... places law above politics and makes judges, not legislators or governments, the custodians of the fundamental values of society'.
174. Johnson (n 46) vii; 31-2.
175. Grimm (n 90) 16
176. see criticism by Loughlin (n 38) 47.
177. Holmes (n 99)
178. J Waldron, 'Precommitment and Disagreement' in L Alexander, Constitutionalism (CUP, Cambridge 1998).
179. On the Platonic origins of constitutionalism as a benchmark see McIlwain (n 12) esp 28-36.
180. Schochet (n 17) 2.
181. MacCormick (n 75) 63.
182. R Hirschl, 'The Political Origins of the New Constitutionalism' (2004) 11 Ind J Global LS 71-108, 73. The argument that the sovereign cannot deny the basic principles according to which it exists is a self-referential argument that can be traced back to Bodin (S Holmes, 'Jean Bodin: The Paradox of Sovereignty and the Privatization of Religion' in JR Pennock and JW Chapman (eds), Religion, Morality, and the Law (NYUP, New York 1988)
183. In the United Kingdom the sentiment is echoed by Johnson (n 46) 147-8: 'A constitution is indeed a corset for those who seek power: That is its rationale. But constitutional principles are not corsets for the political discourse of a free society: They are the necessary condition for having any discourse at all about how purposes are to be fulfilled in that society'.
184. See generally Lord Hewart, The New Despotism (Ernest Benn Limited, London 1929) ch II
185. AL Goodhart, 'The Rule of Law and Absolute Sovereignty' (1958) 106 U Pennsylvania L Rev 943-63
186. J Raz, 'The Rule of Law and Its Virtue' (1977) 93 LQR 195-211
187. P Craig 'Formal and Substantive Conceptions of the Rule of Law: An Analytical Framework' [1997] PL 467-87
188. N MacCormick, 'Rhetoric and the Rule of Law' in D Dyzenhaus, Recrafting the Rule of Law: The Limits of Legal Order (Hart Publishing, Oxford 1999)
189. J Jowell, 'The Rule of Law and its Underlying Values' in J Jowell and D Oliver, The Changing Constitution (6th edn OUP, Oxford 2007).
190. Entick and Carrington (1765) 19 St Tr 1029.
191. 'For private persons, the rule is that you may do anything you choose which the law does not prohibit.... But for public bodies the rule is opposite, and so of another character altogether. It is that any action to be taken must be justified by positive law'; Laws J in R v Somerset County Council, ex parte Fewings [1995] 1 All ER 513, 523.
192. Raz (n 108) 198-202
193. Jowell (n 108) 9-13
194. J Elster, Introduction in J Elster and R Slagstad (eds), Constitutionalism and Democracy (CUP, Cambridge 1988) 3.
195. Lloyd (n 12) 254
196. King (n 60) 12.
197. Lord Hewart claims that the rule of law was a leading feature of the constitution from the eleventh century onwards: (n 108) 23.
198. See generally Vile (n 19) 388
199. Johnson (n 46) 34
200. Loughlin (n 57) 191
201. G Marshall, 'The Constitution: Theory and Interpretation' in V Bogdanor (ed), The British Constitution in the Twentieth Century (OUP, Oxford 2003) 58-9.
202. McIlwain (n 12) 21-2.
203. For many US scholars 'the hallmark of modern constitutionalism is its reliance upon formal limitations on political power that are directly tied to popular sovereignty': Schochet (n 17) 4 (emphasis added)
204. See also Hayek (n 62) 174
205. DP Franklin and MJ Baun, 'Introduction: Political Culture and Constitutionalism' in DP Franklin and MJ Baun (eds), Political Culture and Constitutionalism: A Comparative Approach (M.E. Sharpe, London 1995) 2
206. J Roland Pennock, 'Epilogue' in JR Pennock and JW Chapman (eds), Constitutionalism (NYUP, New York 1979) 379.
207. J Steyn, 'The Weakest and Least Dangerous Department of Government' [1997] PL 84-95, 88.
208. De Smith and Brazier (n 27) 17.
209. I Ward, 'Mythologies of English Constitutionalism' (2004) 15 King's College L J 132-44, 136.
210. Allan (n 85) 31.
211. TRS. Allan, 'The Rule of Law as the Rule of Reason: Consent and Constitutionalism' (1999) 115 LQR 221-44, 223.
212. Allan (n 85) 32.
213. McIlwain (n 12) 21-2.
214. Allan (n 121) 223-4.
215. Two further pieces of 'evidence' will be submitted in support of the claim that Allan is more concerned with stressing the rule of law than with developing constitutionalism. In 'The Rule of Law as the Rule of Reason: Consent and Constitutionalism' (n 121), the word 'constitutionalism' appears six times in the text, whereas the term 'rule of law' appears 119 times. Also, whereas Allan's earlier book Law, Liberty, and Justice: The Legal Foundations of British Constitutionalism (n 11) mentions constitutionalism in the title, his later book Constitutional Justice: A Liberal Theory of the Rule of Law (n 85) has shifted the emphasis onto the rule of law.
216. R Dworkin, A Matter of Principle (Harvard UP, Cambridge MA 1985).
217. King (n 60) 12-3 (emphasis added).
218. See also MacCormick (n 75) 45.
219. Barendt (n 1) 141.
220. Allan (n 11) 3
221. Barendt (n 61) 14-7
222. Vile (n 19)
223. Munro (n 31) 295.
224. Observation by Allan (n 11) 1
225. for an illustration see W Bagehot, The English Constitution (Henry S. King, London 1972) 10, 23: 'The efficient secret of the English Constitution may be described as the close union, the nearly complete fusion, of the executive and legislative powers [...] [The separation of powers] weakens the whole aggregate force of government [...]'
226. O Hood Phillips, 'A Constitutional Myth: Separation of Powers' (1977) 93 LQR 11-3
227. Tomkins (n 82) 532-3.
228. See generally JWF Allison, The English Historical Constitution: Continuity, Change and European Effects (CUP, Cambridge 2007) ch 4.
229. R Hazell, 'The Continuing Dynamism of Constitutional Reform' (2007) 60 Parl Aff 3-25.
230. Lloyd (n 12) 254.
231. For a detailed discussion see A Le Sueur, 'Courts, Tribunals, Ombudsmen, ADR: Administrative Justice, Constitutionalism and Informality' in J Jowell and D Oliver, The Changing Constitution (6th edn OUP, Oxford 2007).
232. Raz (n 108) 204-5.
233. Allan (n 121) 236.
234. See generally P Craig 'Formal and Substantive Conceptions of the Rule of Law: An Analytical Framework' [1997] PL 467-87.
235. Vile (n 19) 8-9 (original emphasis).
236. See also N MacCormick, Institutions of Law: An Essay in Legal Theory (OUP, Oxford 2007) 60: Constitutionalism 'depends on a conventional norm according to which all persons holding public office ought to observe and uphold the constitution and the laws validly made under it'
237. H Kelsen, Hauptprobleme der Staatsrechtslehre (2nd edn JCB Mohr, Tübingen 1923) 51-7, who argues that the purpose of legal norms is to induce certain behaviour in people.
238. Barnett (n 23) 5.
239. P McAuslan and JF McEldowney (eds), Law, Legitimacy, and the Constitution: Essays Marking the Centenary of Dicey's Law of the Constitution (Sweet & Maxwell, London 1985) 11.
240. Jowell (n 108) 17.
241. Hayek (n 62) 158.
242. See eg Jowell (n 108) 17, 21.
243. See also Johnson (n 85) 16, 17 who refers to 'the supporting values of liberal constitutionalism' as a 'a set of ideas about how to maintain a liberal order' without, however, specifying what they are.
244. Loughlin (n 57) 220-3
245. R Bellamy, Political Constitutionalism: A Republican Defence of the Constitutionality of Democracy (CUP, Cambridge 2007) ch 3.
246. See G Marshall, Constitutional Conventions: The Rules and Forms of Political Accountability (Clarendon Press, Oxford 1984) 9
247. Tomkins (n 84) 3, 10: 'Politics really can stop governments from abusing their authority'.
248. Foley (n 52) 2.
249. McAuslan and McEldowney (n 140) 8
250. see also (critically) P Goodrich and Y Hachamovitch, 'Time Out Of Mind: An Introduction to the Semiotics of Common Law' in P Fitzpatrick (ed), Dangerous Supplements: Resistance and Renewal in Jurisprudence (Pluto, London 1991) 167: 'It is the manners of "good form", chivalry or a sense of fair play, that have traditionally been supposed to act as the bulwark protecting the subject of law from the tyranny of judgement'.
251. McIlwain (n 92) 279-80.
252. Tomkins (n 84) 51.
253. Leyland (n 32) 8.
254. R v Secretary of State for the Home Department; ex p Daly [2001] UKHL 26, [2001] 2 AC 532.
255. WI Jennings, The Law and the Constitution (3rd edn U of London P, London 1943) 56, 64.
256. See also R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex p Simms [2000] 2 AC 115 (HL) 131 (Lord Hoffmann): 'Parliamentary sovereignty means that Parliament can...legislate contrary to fundamental principles of human rights.
257. The Human Rights Act 1998 will not detract from this power. The constraints upon its exercise are ultimately political, not legal'. There is a more moderate perspective which argues that the Human Rights Act has politically entrenched the interpretative power of the courts, meaning that Parliament is de facto bound by the use of ss 3 and 4 HRA: See T Campbell, 'Incorporation Through Interpretation' in T Campbell, K Ewing, and A Tomkins (eds), Sceptical Essays on Human Rights (OUP, Oxford 2001); This view is, to some extent, discussed in the ensuing paragraphs.
258. Turpin and Tomkins (n 22) 9.
259. M Philp (ed) and T Paine, Rights of Man (OUP, Oxford [1791] 1995) 122.
260. Bogdanor (n 37) xii-xiii.
261. Foley (n 52) 1.
262. Ibid 13.
263. See also Goodrich and Hachamovitch (n 147) 168: A constitutional document is not required 'because gentlemen do not need to put their word in writing, it is enough simply to give one's word'
264. Kingston v Preston (1773) 99 Eng Rep 437
265. Lord Hewart (n 108) 26: '...under the system which we know it is far more difficult'.
266. Anonymous, Touching the Fundamental Laws, or Politique Constitution of this Kingdom (1643) cited in Gough (n 90) 100: Fundamental laws are 'things of constitution, creating such a relation, and giving such an existence and being...to king and subjects, as head and members, which constitution in the very being of it is a law...written in the very heart of the Republique, far firmlyer than can be by pen and paper.'
267. See McIlwain (n 12) 15: 'limitations on arbitrary rule have become so firmly fixed in the national tradition that no threats against them have seemed serious enough to warrant the adoption of a formal code'.
268. Dicey (n 42) 89-90
269. I Jennings, 'In Praise of Dicey (1885-1935)' (1935) 13 Pub Admin 123-34, 132: 'English law [Dicey assumes] better protects the individual because it does not give him worthless paper guarantees which can be torn up like any other scrap of paper, but provides him with substantive remedies enforced by the Courts'.
270. Griffith (n 38) 19.
271. Loughlin (n 38) 30.
272. Foley (n 52) 13.
273. Oliver (n 32) 756.
274. See also Leyland (n 32) 6-8.
275. 'Constitutionalism is the governmental component of a democratic culture': Franklin and Baun (n 116) 4-5
276. and for an account of political culture in the UK see WB Gwyn, Political Culture and Constitutionalism in DP Franklin and MJ Baun (eds), Political Culture and Constitutionalism: A Comparative Approach (M.E. Sharpe, London 1995).
277. See Loughlin (n 38) esp. ch 9.
278. Tomkins (n 84) 10.
279. CJ Friedrich, Constitutional Government and Democracy: Theory and Practice in Europe and America (Little, Brown, Boston 1941) 21 (emphasis added).
280. N MacCormick, 'The Concept of Law and "The Concept of Law"' (1994) 14 OJLS 1-23, 16.
281. TC Daintith, 'Political Programmes and the Content of the Constitution' in W Finnie, CMG Himsworth, and N Walker (eds), Edinburgh Essays in Public Law (Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh 1991) 46
282. I Harden, 'The Constitution and its Discontents' (1991) 21 Brit J Pol Sci 489-510, 503.
283. Ibid 495.
284. Schochet (n 17) 2-3.
285. Harden (n 171) 495.
286. Tomkins (n 84) 3
287. for a perpetuation of the myth that there is in the United Kingdom no deep-rooted ethos of distrust in Parliament or government see AL Bendor and Z Segal, 'Constitutionalism and Trust in Britain: An Ancient Constitutional Culture, A New Judicial Review Model' (2001-2002) 17 Am U Intl L Rev 683-722.
288. Oliver (n 32) 764-5.
289. Ibid 766
290. cf the assessment by Leyland (n 32) 8: '...there is generally a high degree of compliance by the main political actors'.
291. J Morison, 'The Case Against Constitutional Reform?' (1998) 25(4) J Law Soc 510-35, 528.
292. See Vile (n 19) 408: 'Constitutionalism... is a belief in the need to establish and support those values in the political system which provide for stability and to maintain the procedures which protect the liberty of the individual in a democratic society'.
293. See also Hayek (n 62) 158.
294. C Harvey, J Morison and J Shaw, 'Voices, Spaces, and Processes in Constitutionalism' (2000) 27 JLS 1-3, 2.
295. Morison (n 178) 525.
296. Harvey and others (n 180) 2.
297. Tsagourias (n 10) 3.
298. Elster (n 111) 7.
299. M Weber, 'Politics as Vocation' in HH Gerth and CW Mills (eds), From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology (Routledge, London 1991) 78.
300. FA Hayek, Law, Legislation and Liberty (Routledge, London 1982) iii, 111.
301. N Walker, 'Constitutionalism' in R Axtmann (ed), Understanding Democratic Politics (Sage, London 2003) 13.
302. MacCormick (n 75) 62, 103.
303. Harvey and others (n 180) 3.
304. Cooper v Wandsworth Board of Works (1863) 14 CB (NS) 180
305. Ridge v Baldwin [1964] AC 40.
306. See eg Lord Woolf MR in R v North and East Devon Health Authority, ex p Coughlan [2001] QB 213 89: 'Here there was unfairness amounting to an abuse of power by the health authority'.
307. R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex p Pierson [1998] AC 539, at 573G-575D and 587C-590A, (Lord Steyn)
308. R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex p Simms [2000] 2 AC 115 (HL), [Lord Steyn (130) and Lord Hoffmann (131)].
309. R Cotterrell, Law's Community: Legal Theory in Sociological Perspective (Clarendon Press, Oxford 1995) 17-8.
310. On theories of 'centralised' and 'limited' government see Lord Hailsham (n 79) 9.
311. On the concepts of 'imperium' and 'community' see R Cotterrell, 'Law's Images of Community and Imperium' in SS Silbey and A Sarat (eds), Studies in Law, Politics and Society: A Research Annual Volume 10 (Jai Press, Greenwich CT 1990)
312. Cotterrell (n 193) ch 11.
313. Holmes (n 100) 228; Passions and Constraint: On the Theory of Liberal Democracy (University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1995) ch 6.
314. CJ Friedrich, 'Constitutions and Constitutionalism' in DL Sills (ed), International Encylopedia of the Social Sciences III (Collier Macmillan, London 1968) 319.
315. Bradley and others (n 26) 6.
316. Sartori (n 4) 861
317. Johnson (n 46) 147-8.
318. Sartori (n 4) 855-56.
319. Vile (n 19) 328.
320. Bellamy (n 144) 155-6.
321. Ibid 90.
322. Ibid 91
323. see Elster (n 111) 3.
324. Bellamy (n 144) 91.
325. Hayek (n 62) 176-92
326. Holmes (n 99)
327. CR Sunstein, 'Constitutions and Democracies: An Epilogue' in J Elster and R Slagstad (eds), Constitutionalism and Democracy (CUP, Cambridge 1988)
328. Loughlin (n 57) 220-3
329. Bellamy (n 144) 90-141.
330. R Bellamy, 'The Political Form of the Constitution: The Separation of Powers, Rights and Representative Democracy' (1996) XLIV Pol Stud 436-56, 436
331. Political Constitutionalism (n 144) 2-3
332. Grimm (n 90) 21.
333. Walker (n 187) 15.
334. M Shapiro (ed), 'Introduction' in The Constitution of the United States and Related Documents (Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York 1968) xxi-xxii.