Controversial issues in congenital nevi;Controversias en el nevus congénito

Actas Dermo-Sifiliograficas

Volumn 100, Issue 7, 2009, Pages 548-561

  Paradela, S ^a   Fernandez Torres R ^a   Fonseca, E ^a  

^a HOSPITAL JUAN CANALEJO   (Spain)

Author keywords

Congenital melanocytic nevus; Melanoma; Neurocutaneous melanosis

Indexed keywords

CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; CLINICAL FEATURE; CONGENITAL NEVUS; EXCISION; HISTOLOGY; HUMAN; MELANOMA; NEURECTOMY; PATHOGENESIS; PHAKOMATOSIS; PROPHYLAXIS; PUBERTY; REVIEW; SKIN BIOPSY;

EID: 69549114184     PISSN: 00017310     EISSN: 15782190     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0001-7310(09)71903-9     Document Type: Article

References (141)

1. S. Krengel, A. Hauschild, and T. Schäfer Melanoma risk in congenital melanocytic naevi: a systematic review Br J Dermatol 155 2006 1 8
2. R.L. Barnhill Pathology of melanocytic nevi and malignant melanoma 2nd ed. 2004 Springer New York
3. D.E. Elder The blind men and the elephant. Different views of small congenital nevi Arch Dermatol 121 1985 1263 1265
4. A.R. Rhodes, R.A. Silverman, T.J. Harrist, and J.W. Melski A histologic comparison of congenital and acquired nevomelanocytic nevi Arch Dermatol 121 10 1985 1266 1273
5. S. Kaddu, J. Smolle, P. Zenahlik, R. Hofmann-Wellenhof, and H. Kerl Melanoma with benign melanocytic naevus components: reappraisal of clinicopathological features and prognosis Melanoma Res 12 2002 271 278
6. R.J. Reed Giant congenital nevi: a conceptualization of patterns J Invest Dermatol 100 1993 300S 312S
7. Z.S. Tannous, M.C. Mihm Jr, A.J. Sober, and L.M. Duncan Congenital melanocytic nevi: clinical and histopathologic features, risk of melanoma, and clinical management J Am Acad Dermatol 52 2005 197 203
8. I. Turchin, B. Barankin, and J.G. Morelli Myths and misconceptions: the risk of melanoma in small congenital nevi Skinmed 3 2004 228 229
9. A.W. Kopf, R.S. Bart, and P. Hennessey Congenital nevocytic nevi and malignant melanoma J Am Acad Dermatol 1 1979 123 130
10. R. Ruiz-Maldonado, L. Tamayo, A.M. Laterza, and C. Durán Giant pigmented nevi: clinical, histopathologic, and therapeutic considera-tions J Pediatr 120 1992 906 911
11. A.A. Marghoob, S.J. Orlow, and A.W. Kopf Syndromes associated with melanocytic nevi J Am Acad Dermatol 29 1993 373 390
12. C.A. Mena-Cedillos, A.M. Valencia-Herrera, A.I. Arroyo-Pineda, M.A. Salgado-Jiménez, R. Espinoza-Montero, and A.B. Martínez-Avalos, et al. Neurocutaneous melanosis in association with the Dandy-Walker complex, complicated by melanoma: report of a case and literature review Pediatr Dermatol 19 2002 237 242
13. J.N. Kadonaga, and I.J. Frieden Neurocutaneous melanosis definition and review of the literature J Am Acad Dermatol 24 5 Pt 1 1991 747 755
14. E.E. Castilla, M. da Graça Dutra, and I.M. Orioli-Parreiras Epidemiology of congenital pigmented naevi: I. Incidence rates and relative frequencies Br J Dermatol 104 1981 307 315
15. C.L. Egan, S.A. Oliveria, R. Elenitsas, J. Hanson, and A.C. Halpern Cutaneous melanoma risk and phenotypic changes in large congenital nevi: a follow-up study of 46 patients J Am Acad Dermatol 39 1998 923 932
16. A.A. Marghoob, S.P. Schoenbach, A.W. Kopf, S.J. Orlow, R. Nossa, and R.S. Bart Large congenital melanocytic nevi and the risk for the development of malignant melanoma. A prospective study Arch Dermatol 132 2 1996 170 175
17. F.V. Bittencourt, A.A. Marghoob, A.W. Kopf, K.L. Koenig, and R.S. Bart Large congenital melanocytic nevi and the risk for development of malignant melanoma and neurocutaneous melanocytosis Pediatrics 106 2000 736 741
18. D.J. Trozak, W.D. Rowland, and F. Hu Metastatic malignant melanoma in prepubertal children Pediatrics 55 1975 191 204
19. M.L. Williams, and R. Pennella Melanoma, melanocytic nevi, and other melanoma risk factors in children J Pediatr 124 1994 833 845
20. A. Hernández, and A. Torrelo Últimos datos sobre el riesgo de malignización de los nevus melanocíticos congénitos: el debate sobre el tratamiento continúa Actas Dermosifiliogr 99 2008 185 189
21. V.S. Ka, S.W. Dusza, A.C. Halpern, and A.A. Marghoob The association between large congenital melanocytic naevi and cutaneous melanoma: preliminary findings from an Internet-based registry of 379 patients Melanoma Res 15 2005 61 67
22. S.N. Leech, H. Bell, N. Leonard, S.L. Jones, D. Geurin, and P.H. McKee, et al. Neonatal giant congenital nevi with proliferative nodules: a clinicopathologic study and literature review of neonatal melanoma Arch Dermatol 140 2004 83 88
23. M.L. Mancianti, W.H. Clark, F.A. Hayes, and M. Herlyn Malignant melanoma simulants arising in congenital melanocytic nevi do not show experimental evidence for a malignant phenotype Am J Pathol 136 4 1990 817 829
24. M.A. Lowes, D. Norris, and M. Whitfeld Benign melanocytic proliferative nodule within a congenital naevus Australas J Dermatol 41 2000 109 111
25. A. de Vooght, R. Vanwijck, S. Gosseye, and B. Bayet Pseudo-tumoral proliferative nodule in a giant congenital naevus Br J Plast Surg 56 2003 164 167
26. J.W. McGowan, M.K. Smith, M. Ryan, and A.F. Hood Proliferative nodules with balloon-cell change in a large congenital melanocytic nevus J Cutan Pathol 33 2006 253 255
27. S. Aoyagi, M. Akiyama, M. Mashiko, A. Shibaki, and H. Shimizu Extensive proliferative nodules in a case of giant congenital naevus Clin Exp Dermatol 33 2 2008 125 127
28. J. Borbujo, M. Jara, L. Cortés, and L. Sánchez de León A new-born with nodular ulcerated lesion on a giant congenital nevus Pediatr Dermatol 17 2000 299 301
29. Y.C. Chan, and Y.C. Giam A retrospective cohort study of Southeast Asian patients with large congenital melanocytic nevi and the risk of melanoma development J Am Acad Dermatol 54 2006 778 782
30. A.J. Watt, S.V. Kotsis, and K.C. Chung Risk of melanoma arising in large congenital melanocytic nevi: a systematic review Plast Reconstr Surg 113 7 2004 1968 1974
31. M. DeDavid, S.J. Orlow, N. Provost, A.A. Marghoob, B.K. Rao, and C.L. Huang, et al. A study of large congenital melanocytic nevi and associated malignant melanomas: review of cases in the New York University Registry and the world literature J Am Acad Dermatol 36 3 Pt 1 1997 409 416
32. A.J. Swerdlow, J.S. English, and Z. Qiao The risk of melanoma in patients with congenital nevi: a cohort study J Am Acad Dermatol 32 1995 595 599
33. A.A. Quaba, and A.F. Wallace The incidence of malignant melanoma (0 to 15 years of age) arising in «large» congenital nevocellular nevi Plast Reconstr Surg 78 1986 174 181
34. E.K. Hale, J. Stein, L. Ben-Porat, K.S. Panageas, M.S. Eichenbaum, and A.A. Marghoob, et al. Association of melanoma and neurocutaneous melanocytosis with large congenital melanocytic naevi-results from the NYU-LCMN registry Br J Dermatol 152 2005 512 517
35. S. Sahin, L. Levin, A.W. Kopf, B.K. Rao, M. Triola, and K. Koenig, et al. Risk of melanoma in medium-sized congenital melanocytic nevi: a follow-up study J Am Acad Dermatol 39 1998 428 433
36. C.C. Otley Risk of melanoma in medium-sized congenital melanocytic nevi J Am Acad Dermatol 41 1999 131 132
37. D.A. Scalzo, C.A. Hida, G. Toth, A.J. Sober, and M.C. Mihm Jr Childhood melanoma: a clinicopathological study of 22 cases Melanoma Res 7 1997 63 68
38. A. Zangari, M.L. Bernardini, R. Tallarico, M. Ilari, M. Giangiacomi, and A.M. Offidani, et al. Indications for excision of nevi and melanoma diagnosed in a pediatric surgical unit J Pediatr Surg 42 2007 1412 1416
39. N. Amagai, and C.M. Williams Malignant melanoma arising from a small congenital nevus in a black child Arch Dermatol 129 1993 1215 1217
40. W.H. Paull, D. Polley, and J.E. Fitzpatrick Malignant melanoma arising intradermally in a small congenital nevus of an adult J Dermatol Surg Oncol 12 1986 1176 1178
41. R.H. Hruban, F. Eckert, and G.B. Baricevi Melanocytes of a melanocytic nevus in a lymph node from a patient with a primary cutaneous melanoma associated with a small congenital nevus Am J Dermatopathol 12 1990 402 407
42. P. Berg, and B. Lindelöf Congenital melanocytic naevi and cutaneous melanoma Melanoma Res 13 5 2003 441 445
43. L.M. Solomon The management of congenital melanocytic nevi Arch Dermatol 116 1980 1017
44. M.B. Kirschenbaum Congenital melanocytic nevi Arch Dermatol 117 1981 379 380
45. Consensus conference: Precursors to malignant melanoma. JAMA. 1984;251:1864-6.
46. A.R. Rhodes, A.J. Sober, C.L. Day, J.W. Melski, T.J. Harrist, and M.C. Mihm Jr, et al. The malignant potential of small congenital nevocellular nevi. An estimate of association based on a histologic study of 234 primary cutaneous melanomas J Am Acad Dermatol 6 1982 230 241
47. A.R. Rhodes, and J.W. Melski Small congenital nevocellular nevi and the risk of cutaneous melanoma J Pediatr 100 1982 219 224
48. R. Betti, E. Inselvini, R. Vergani, and C. Crosti Small congenital nevi associated with melanoma: case reports and considerations J Dermatol 27 2000 583 590
49. L. Illig, F. Weidner, M. Hundeiker, H. Gartmann, B. Biess, and F. Leyh, et al. Congenital nevi less than or equal to 10 cm as precursors to melanoma. 52 cases, a review, and a new conception Arch Dermatol 121 1985 1274 1281
50. A.N. Crowson, C.M. Magro, I. Sánchez-Carpintero, and M.C. Mihm Jr The precursors of malignant melanoma Recent Results Cancer Res 160 2002 75 84
51. S. Harley, and N. Walsh A new look at nevus-associated melanomas Am J Dermatopathol 18 1996 137 141
52. A.R. Rhodes, W.C. Wood, A.J. Sober, and M.C. Mihm Jr Nonepidermal origin of malignant melanoma associated with a giant congenital nevocellular nevus Plast Reconstr Surg 67 1981 782 790
53. B.N. Streams, P.A. Lio, M.C. Mihm, and A.J. Sober A nonepidermal, primary malignant melanoma arising in a giant congenital melanocytic nevus 40 years after partial surgical removal J Am Acad Dermatol 50 2004 789 792
54. A.J. Sober, and J.M. Burnstein Precursors to skin cancer Cancer 75 Suppl 2 1995 645 650
55. L.E. De Raeve, A. Claes, D.J. Ruiter, G.N. van Muijen, D. Roseeuw, and L.C. van Kempen Distinct phenotypic changes between the superficial and deep component of giant congenital melanocytic naevi: a rationale for curettage Br J Dermatol 154 2006 485 492
56. E.N. Kaplan Malignant potential of large congenital nevi West J Med 121 1974 226
57. M.R. Hendrickson, and J.C. Ross Neoplasms arising in congenital giant nevi: morphologic study of seven cases and a review of the lite-rature Am J Surg Pathol 5 1981 109 135
58. M. DeDavid, S.J. Orlow, N. Provost, A.A. Marghoob, B.K. Rao, and Q. Wasti, et al. Neurocutaneous melanosis: clinical features of large congenital melanocytic nevi in patients with manifest central nervous system melanosis J Am Acad Dermatol 35 1996 529 538
59. A.A. Marghoob, S. Dusza, S. Oliveria, and A.C. Halpern Number of satellite nevi as a correlate for neurocutaneous melanocytosis in pa-tients with large congenital melanocytic nevi Arch Dermatol 140 2004 171 175
60. B.J. Bett Large or multiple congenital melanocytic nevi: occurrence of neurocutaneous melanocytosis in 1,008 persons J Am Acad Dermatol 54 2006 767 777
61. A.L. Agero, C. Benvenuto-Andrade, S.W. Dusza, A.C. Halpern, and A.A. Marghoob Asymptomatic neurocutaneous melanocytosis in patients with large congenital melanocytic nevi: a study of cases from an Internet-based registry J Am Acad Dermatol 53 2005 959 965
62. R.D. Foster, M.L. Williams, A.J. Barkovich, W.Y. Hoffman, S.J. Mathes, and I.J. Frieden Giant congenital melanocytic nevi: the significance of neurocutaneous melanosis in neurologically asymptomatic children Plast Reconstr Surg 107 2001 933 941
63. I.J. Frieden, M.L. Williams, and A.J. Barkovich Giant congenital melanocytic nevi: brain magnetic resonance findings in neurologically asymptomatic children J Am Acad Dermatol 31 3 Pt 1 1994 423 429
64. M. Kalayci, F. Cagavi, U. Bayar, S. Gül, A. Dursun, and B. Ermis, et al. Neurocutaneous melanosis associated with Dandy-Walker malfor-mation Acta Neurochir (Wien) 148 2006 1103 1106
65. M. Berker, H.H. Oruckaptan, H.K. Oge, and K. Benli Neurocutaneous melanosis associated with Dandy-Walker malformation. Case report and review of the literature Pediatr Neurosurg 33 2000 270 273
66. J.N. Kadonaga, A.J. Barkovich, M.S. Edwards, and I.J. Frieden Neurocutaneous melanosis in association with the Dandy-Walker complex Pediatr Dermatol 9 1992 37 43
67. A. Cáceres, and H. Trejos Neurocutaneous melanosis with associated Dandy-Walker complex Childs Nerv Syst 22 2006 67 72
68. S.G. Kang, D.S. Yoo, K.S. Cho, D.S. Kim, E.D. Chang, and P.W. Huh, et al. Coexisting intracranial meningeal melanocytoma, dermoid tumor, and Dandy-Walker cyst in a patient with neurocutaneous melanosis. Case report J Neurosurg 104 3 2006 444 447
69. H.S. Narayanan, D.H. Gandhi, and S.R. Girimaji Neurocutaneous melanosis associated with Dandy-Walker syndrome Clin Neurol Neurosurg 89 1987 197 200
70. Y.J. Kim, Y.D. Won, K.T. Kim, E.D. Chang, and P.W. Huh Parenchymal neurocutaneous melanosis in association with intraventricular der-moid and Dandy-Walker variant: a case report Korean J Radiol 7 2006 145 148
71. S. McClelland 3rd, L.R. Charnas, K.S. SantaCruz, H.P. Garner, and C.H. Lam Progressive brainstem compression in an infant with neuro-cutaneous melanosis and Dandy-Walker complex following ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement for hydrocephalus. Case report J Neurosurg 107 6 Suppl 2007 500 503
72. J.C. Chaloupka, R.J. Wolf, and P.K. Varma Neurocutaneous melanosis with the Dandy-Walker malformation: a possible rare pathoetiologic association Neuroradiology 38 1996 486 489
73. R.D. Craver, S.E. Golladay, R.P. Warrier, A.J. Gates, and J.S. Nelson Neurocutaneous melanosis with Dandy-Walker malformation compli-cated by primary spinal leptomeningeal melanoma J Child Neurol 11 1996 410 414
74. M. Rufo Campos, E. Castro Méndez, and L. Ruiz del Portal Melanosis neurocutánea y síndrome de Dandy Walker An Esp Pediatr 48 1998 318 320
75. L.J. Green, V.S. Nanda, G.M. Roth, and R.J. Barr Neurocutaneous melanosis and Dandy-Walker syndrome in an infant Int J Dermatol 36 1997 356 359
76. R. Rompel, M. Möser, and J. Petres Dermabrasion of congenital nevocellular nevi: experience in 215 patients Dermatology 194 1997 261 267
77. J.L. Michel Laser therapy of giant congenital melanocytic nevi Eur J Dermatol 13 2003 57 64
78. N. Reynolds, J. Kenealy, and N. Mercer Carbon dioxide laser dermabrasion for giant congenital melanocytic nevi Plast Reconstr Surg 111 2003 2209 2214
79. J.U. Ostertag, P.J. Quaedvlieg, F.E. Kerckhoffs, A.H. Vermeulen, M.J. Bertleff, and A.W. Venema, et al. Congenital naevi treated with er-bium:YAG laser (Derma K) resurfacing in neonates: clinical results and review of the literature Br J Dermatol 154 2006 889 895
80. J.L. Michel, V. Laborde-Milaa Roux, Y. Chavrier, V. Roux, H. Metafiot, and F. Chalencon, et al. Neonatal curettage of giant congenital nevi Ann Dermatol Venereol 127 2000 23 28
81. A. Valcayo-Peñalba, and E. Sánchez-Yus El melanoma maligno en menores de quince años (MM sub-15). Un problema poco y mal estudiado Actas Dermosifiliogr 77 1986 717 723
82. A. Lefkowitz, R.A. Schwartz, and C.K. Janniger Melanoma precursors in children Cutis 63 1999 321 324
83. J.V. Schaffer Pigmented lesions in children: when to worry Curr Opin Pediatr 19 2007 430 440
84. K.K. Whang, M.J. Kim, W.K. Song, and S. Cho Comparative treatment of giant congenital melanocytic nevi with curettage or Er:YAG laser ablation alone versus with cultured epithelial autografts Dermatol Surg 31 2005 1660 1667
85. L.M. Gari, J.K. Rivers, and A.W. Kopf Melanomas arising in large congenital nevocytic nevi: a prospective study Pediatr Dermatol 5 1988 151 158
86. B.J. Bett Large or multiple congenital melanocytic nevi: occurrence of cutaneous melanoma in 1,008 persons J Am Acad Dermatol 52 2005 793 797
87. B.S. Bauer, P.E. Johnson, and G. Lovato Applications of soft tissue expansion in children Pediatr Dermatol 3 1986 281 290
88. G.G. Gallico 3rd, N.E. O'Connor, C.C. Compton, J.P. Remensnyder, O. Kehinde, and H. Green Cultured epithelial autografts for giant congenital nevi Plast Reconstr Surg 84 1989 1 9
89. N. Kumagai, H. Oshima, M. Tanabe, and H. Ishida Treatment of giant congenital nevi with cryopreserved allogeneic skin and fresh autologous cultured epithelium Ann Plast Surg 39 1997 483 488
90. J.S. Arneja, and A.K. Gosain Giant congenital melanocytic nevi Plast Reconstr Surg 120 2007 26e 40e
91. L.E. De Raeve, and D.I. Roseeuw Curettage of giant congenital melanocytic nevi in neonates: a decade later Arch Dermatol 138 2002 943 947
92. C.M. Lawrence Treatment options for giant congenital naevi Clin Exp Dermatol 25 2000 7 11
93. N. Vilar, L. Ferrándiz, and D. Moreno-Ramírez Nevo melanocítico congénito Piel 21 2006 386 394
94. A.K. Gosain, T.D. Santoro, D.L. Larson, and R.P. Gingrass Giant congenital nevi: a 20-year experience and an algorithm for their management Plast Reconstr Surg 108 2001 622 636
95. R.J. Sweren Management of congenital nevocytic nevi: a survey of current practices J Am Acad Dermatol 11 1984 629 634
96. R.P. Braun, A.M. Calza, J. Krischer, and J.H. Saurat The use of digital dermoscopy for the follow-up of congenital nevi: a pilot study Pediatr Dermatol 18 2001 277 281
97. P. Berg, and B. Lindelöf Congenital nevocytic nevi: follow-up of a Swedish birth register sample regarding etiologic factors, discomfort, and removal rate Pediatr Dermatol 19 2002 293 297
98. J. Bohn, H. Svensson, and M. Aberg Dermabrasion of large congenital melanocytic naevi in neonates Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg 34 2000 321 326
99. K. Kishi, N. Matsuda, Y. Kubota, K.I. Katsube, N. Imanishi, and T. Nakajima Rapid, severe repigmentation of congenital melanocytic naevi after curettage and dermabrasion: histological features Br J Dermatol 156 2007 1251 1257
100. H.A. Waldorf, A.N. Kauvar, and R.G. Geronemus Treatment of small and medium congenital nevi with the Q-switched ruby laser Arch Dermatol 132 1996 301 304
101. D. Casanova, J. Bardot, L. Andrac-Meyer, and G. Magalon Early curettage of giant congenital naevi in children Br J Dermatol 138 1998 341 345
102. J.M. Grevelink, R.L. van Leeuwen, R.R. Anderson, and H.R. Byers Clinical and histological responses of congenital melanocytic nevi after single treatment with Q-switched lasers Arch Dermatol 133 1997 349 353
103. T. Kono, A.R. Erçöçen, H.H. Chan, Y. Kikuchi, and M. Nozaki Effectiveness of the normal-mode ruby laser and the combined (normal-mode plus q-switched) ruby laser in the treatment of congenital melanocytic nevi: a comparative study Ann Plast Surg 49 2002 476 485
104. D. Duke, H.R. Byers, A.J. Sober, R.R. Anderson, and J.M. Grevelink Treatment of benign and atypical nevi with the normal-mode ruby laser and the Q-switched ruby laser: clinical improvement but failure to completely eliminate nevomelanocytes Arch Dermatol 135 1999 290 296
105. T. Kono, A.R. Erçöçen, and M. Nozaki Treatment of congenital melanocytic nevi using the combined (normal-mode plus Q-switched) ruby laser in Asians: clinical response in relation to histological type Ann Plast Surg 54 2005 494 501
106. J.A. Zitelli, M.G. Grant, E. Abell, and J.B. Boyd Histologic patterns of congenital nevocytic nevi and implications for treatment J Am Acad Dermatol 11 1984 402 409
107. M. Zutt, L. Kretschmer, S. Emmert, H. Haenssle, C. Neumann, and H.P. Bertsch Multicentric malignant melanoma in a giant melanocytic congenital nevus 20 years after dermabrasion in adulthood Dermatol Surg 29 2003 99 101
108. M. Sandsmark, G. Eskeland, A.R. Ogaard, F. Abyholm, and O.P. Clausen Treatment of large congenital naevi. A review and report of six cases Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg 27 1993 223 232
109. J.D. Hopkins, A.W. Smith, and I.T. Jackson Adjunctive treatment of congenital pigmented nevi with phenol chemical peel Plast Reconstr Surg 105 2000 1 11
110. P. Helsing, G. Mørk, and B. Sveen Ruby laser treatment of congenital melanocytic naevi-a pessimistic view Acta Derm Venereol 86 2006 235 237
111. B.M. Horner, N.S. El-Muttardi, and B.J. Mayou Treatment of congenital melanocytic naevi with CO2 laser Ann Plast Surg 55 2005 276 280
112. A.R. Kay, J. Kenealy, and N.S. Mercer Successful treatment of a giant congenital melanocytic naevus with the high energy pulsed CO2 laser Br J Plast Surg 51 1998 22 24
113. J.L. Michel, and L. Caillet-Chomel Traitment par laser CO2 superpulsé des nevus congénitaux géants Arch Pediatr 8 2001 1185 1194
114. J.S. Nelson, and K.M. Kelly Q-switched ruby laser treatment of a congenital melanocytic nevus Dermatol Surg 25 1999 274 276
115. D.J. Goldberg, and T. Stampien Q-switched ruby laser treatment of congenital nevi Arch Dermatol 131 1995 621 623
116. S.F. Rajpar, A. Abdullah, and S.W. Lanigan Er:YAG laser resurfacing for inoperable medium-sized facial congenital melanocytic naevi in children Clin Exp Dermatol 32 2007 159 161
117. A.A. Marghoob Congenital melanocytic nevi. Evaluation and management Dermatol Clin 20 2002 607 616
118. G. Rosenthal, J.M. Gomori, S. Tobias, J. Diment, and Y. Shoshan Unusual cases involving the CNS and nasal sinuses: Case 1. Primary leptomeningeal melanoma J Clin Oncol 21 2003 3875 3877
119. H.J. Koch, S. Roeber, U.W. Zimmermann, C. Schäfer, V. Villarrubia, and K. Kuchelmeister, et al. Spinal and cerebral leptomeningeal seeding from a melanocytoma of the cerebello-pontine angle Wien Med Wochenschr 155 2005 360 364
120. C.B. Pratt, M.K. Palmer, N. Thatcher, and D. Crowther Malignant melanoma in children and adolescents Cancer 47 1981 392 397
121. B.N. Rao, F.A. Hayes, C.B. Pratt, I.D. Fleming, A.P. Kumar, and T. Lobe, et al. Malignant melanoma in children: its management and prognosis J Pediatr Surg 25 2 1990 198 203
122. A.H. Mehregan, and D.A. Mehregan Malignant melanoma in childhood Cancer 71 1993 4096 4103
123. P.S. Tate, S.G. Ronan, K.A. Feucht, A.M. Eng, and T.K. Das Gupta Melanoma in childhood and adolescence: clinical and pathological features of 48 cases J Pediatr Surg 28 1993 217 222
124. A.M. Davidoff, C. Cirrincione, and H.F. Seigler Malignant melanoma in children Ann Surg Oncol 1 1994 278 282
125. A. Spatz, D. Ruiter, T. Hardmeier, N. Renard, J. Wechsler, and C. Bailly, et al. Melanoma in childhood: an EORTC-MCG multicenter study on the clinico-pathological aspects Int J Cancer 4 68 1996 317 324
126. A. Naasan, A. al-Nafussi, and A. Quaba Cutaneous malignant melanoma in children and adolescents in Scotland, 1979-1991 Plast Reconstr Surg 98 1996 442 446
127. N.C. Saenz, J. Saenz-Badillos, K. Busam, M.P. LaQuaglia, M. Corbally, and M.S. Brady Childhood melanoma survival Cancer 85 1999 750 754
128. B. Sander, P. Karlsson, I. Rosdahl, P. Westermark, and B. Boeryd Cutaneous malignant melanoma in Swedish children and teenagers 1973-1992: a clinico-pathological study of 130 cases Int J Cancer 1 80 1999 646 651
129. P. Gibbs, A. Moore, W. Robinson, P. Walsh, L. Golitz, and R. González Pediatric melanoma: are recent advances in the management of adult melanoma relevant to the pediatric population J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 22 2000 428 432
130. M.H. Schmid-Wendtner, C. Berking, J. Baumert, M. Schmidt, C.A. Sander, and G. Plewig, et al. Cutaneous melanoma in childhood and adolescence: an analysis of 36 patients J Am Acad Dermatol 46 2002 874 879
131. J.M. Mones, and A.B. Ackerman Melanomas in prepubescent children: review comprehensively, critique historically, criteria diagnostically, and course biologically Am J Dermatopathol 25 2003 223 238
132. B.C. de Sá, G.G. Rezze, A.P. Scramim, G. Landman, and R.I. Neves Cutaneous melanoma in childhood and adolescence: retrospective study of 32 patients Melanoma Res 14 2004 487 492
133. F. Jafarian, J. Powell, V. Kokta, M. Champagne, A. Hatami, and C. McCuaig, et al. Malignant melanoma in childhood and adolescence: report of 13 cases J Am Acad Dermatol 53 2005 816 822
134. A. Ferrari, A. Bono, M. Baldi, P. Collini, M. Casanova, and E. Pennacchioli, et al. Does melanoma behave differently in younger children than in adults? A retrospective study of 33 cases of childhood melanoma from a single institution Pediatrics 115 2005 649 654
135. P.W. Greeley, A.G. Middleton, and J.W. Curtin Incidence of malignancy in giant pigmented nevi Plast Reconstr Surg 36 1965 26 37
136. M. Lorentzen, M. Pers, and G. Bretteville-Jensen The incidence of malignant transformation in giant pigmented nevi Scand J Plast Re-constr Surg 11 1977 163 167
137. M.S. Arons, and S. Hurwitz Congenital nevocellular nevus: a review of the treatment controversy and a report of 46 cases Plast Reconstr Surg 72 1983 355 365
138. Y. Hori, J. Nakayama, M. Okamoto, S. Nagae, S. Taniguchi, and O. Takayama, et al. Giant congenital nevus and malignant melanoma J Invest Dermatol 92 5 Suppl 1989 310S 314S
139. H.A. Dawson, D.J. Atherton, and B. Mayou A prospective study of congenital melanocytic naevi: progress report and evaluation after 6 years Br J Dermatol 134 1996 617 623
140. V. Ingordo, C. Gentile, S.S. Iannazzone, F. Cusano, and L. Naldi Congenital melanocytic nevus: an epidemiologic study in Italy Dermatology 214 2007 227 230
141. A.A. Marghoob, J.P. Borrego, and A.C. Halpern Congenital melanocytic nevi: treatment modalities and management options Semin Cutan Med Surg 22 2003 21 32