Melanomas in prepubescent children: Review comprehensively, critique historically, criteria diagnostically, and course biologically

American Journal of Dermatopathology

Volumn 25, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 223-238

  Mones, Joan M ^a,b   Ackerman, A Bernard ^b  

^a ACKERMAN ACADEMY OF DERMATOPATHOLOGY   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CHILD; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CYTOPATHOLOGY; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; HUMAN TISSUE; JUVENILE MELANOMA; MELANOMA; METASTASIS; MICROSCOPY; PREPUBERTY; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; FEMALE; HUMANS; INFANT; MALE; MELANOMA; PUBERTY; SKIN NEOPLASMS;

EID: 0037794258     PISSN: 01931091     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00000372-200306000-00007     Document Type: Article

References (135)

1. Coe HE. Malignant pigmented mole in an infant. Northwest Med 1925;24:181-4.
2. Pack GT, Anglem TJ. Tumors of the soft tissues in infancy and childhood. J Pediatr 1939;15:372-400.
3. Pack GT, Perzik SL, Scharnagel IM. The treatment of malignant melanoma. Report of 862 cases. Calif Med 1947;66:283-7.
4. Ackerman L, Del Regato J. Malignant melanomas of the skin. In: Cancer Diagnosis, Treatment and Prognosis. St. Louis: CV Mosby; 1947;169-81.
5. Pack GT. Pre-pubertal melanoma of skin. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1948;86:374-5.
6. MacDonald EJ. Malignant melanoma in Conneticut. In Lobitz WC Jr: The Biology of Melanomas, Special Publications. New York: New York Academy of Sciences 1948;4:71-81.
7. Spitz S. Melanomas of childhood. Am J Pathol 1948;24:591-609.
8. Allen AC. Reorientation of the histogenesis and clinical significance of cutaneous nevi and melanomas. Cancer 1949;2:28-56.
9. Spitz S. Cutaneous tumors of childhood: Disparity between clinical behavior and histologic appearance. J Am Med Women's Assoc 1951;6:209-19.
10. Pack GT, Scharnagel IM. The prognosis for malignant melanoma in the pregnant woman. Cancer 1951;2:324-34.
11. Truax KF, Page HG. Pre-pubertal malignant melanoma. Ann Surg 1953;137:255-60.
12. Allen AC, Spitz S. Malignant melanoma: A clinicopathological analysis of the criteria for diagnosis and prognosis. Cancer 1953; 6:1-45.
13. Becker SW. Pitfalls in the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma. AMA Archiv Dermatol Syphilol 1954;69:11-30.
14. McWhorter HE, Woolner LB. Pigmented nevi, juvenile melanomas, and malignant melanomas in children. Cancer 1954;7:564-85.
15. McWorter HE, Figi FA, Woolner LB. Treatment of juvenile melanomas and malignant melanomas in children. JAMA 1954; 156:695-8.
16. Hendrix RC. Juvenile melanomas, benign and malignant: fatal melanomblastoma in a two-year-old boy. Arch Pathol 1954;58:636-44.
17. Dobson L. Pre-pubertal malignant melanomas. Report of two cases. Am J Surg 1955;89:1128-35.
18. Allen AC. Juvenile melanomas of children and adults and melanomcarcinomas of children. Arch Dermatol 1960;82:75/325-85/335.
19. Hoagland PW, Hughes CW. Melanocarcinoma of childhood. Arch Surg 1960;81:129/957-132/960.
20. Pontius EE, Dziabis M. Malignant melanoma in children. J Indiana State Med Assoc 1961;54:478-83.
21. McGovern VJ, Goulson E. Malignant moles in childhood. Med J Austr Feb 9 1963;181.
22. Giersten JC. Malignant melanoma with metastases in a 6-year-old boy. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 1964;60:173-81.
23. Kopf AW, Andrade R. Benign juvenile melanoma. Year Book of Dermatology. 1965-66;7-52.
24. Skov-Jensen T, Hastrup J, Lambrethsen E. Malignant melanoma in children. Cancer 1966;19:620-6.
25. Zwaveling A, Westbrsek DL, Van De Heul RA, Blok AP. Maligne Melanoon bijkinderen. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1966;110:754-7.
26. Saksela E, Rintala A. Misdiagnosis of pre-pubertal malignant melanoma. Cancer 1968;22:1308-14.
27. Lerman RI, Murray D, O'Hara JM, Booher RJ, Foote FW. Malignant melanoma of childhood. A clinicopathologic study and a report of 12 cases. Cancer 1970;25:436-49.
28. Trozak DJ, Rowland WD, Hu F. Metastatic malignant melanoma in prepubertal children. Pediatr Clinician 1975;55:191-204.
29. Shanon E, Samuel Y, Adler A, Rapoport Y, Redianu C. Malignant melanoma of the head and neck in children. Review of the literature and report of a case. Arch Otolaryngol 1976;102:244-7.
30. Helwig EB. Malignant melanoma in children. Heath Memorial Award Lecture. Year Book Medical Publishers, Inc. 1975;11-26.
31. Boddie AW, Smith JL, McBride CM. Malignant melanoma in children and young adults. Effect of diagnostic criteria on staging and end results. Southern Med J 1978;71:1074-8.
32. Stromberg BV. Malignant melanoma in children. J Pediatr Surg 1979;14:465-7.
33. Pratt CB, Palmer MK, Thatcher N, Crowther D. Malignant melanoma in children and adolescents. Cancer 1981;47:392-7.
34. Flemming AFS, Ruggins N. Malignant melanoma in childhood. Br J Plast Surg 1985;38:432-4.
35. Bader JL, Li FP, Olmstead PM, Strickman NA, Green DM. Childhood malignant melanoma. Incidence and etiology. Am J Pediatr Hematol/Oncol 1985;7:341-5.
36. Peters MS, Goellner JR. Spitz naevi and malignant melanomas of childhood and adolescence. Histopathology 1986;10:1289-1302.
37. Moss ALH, Briggs JC. Cutaneous malignant melanoma in the young. Br J Plastic Surg 1986;39:537-41.
38. Melnik MK, Urdaneta LF, Al-Jurf AS, et al. Malignant melanoma in childhood and adolescence. Am Surg 1986;52:142-7.
39. Chapman P, Banerjee A, Anderson JR, et al. Digital volar amelanotic malignant melanoma in a child. J Hand Surg 1987;12:117-9.
40. Horgan K, Lawler N, Cocoran N, et al. Prepubertal melanoma. J Pediatr Surg 1987;22:1039-40.
41. Donner LR, Manriquez M, Greene JF. Minimal deviation spindle cell melanoma. Unusual histologic pattern in an 11-year-old black girl. Pediatr Pathol 1988;8:401-7.
42. Fisher SR, Reintgen DS, Seigler HF. Juvenile malignant melanoma of the head and neck. Laryngoscope 1988;98:184-9.
43. Smith KJ, Barrett TL, Skelton HG, et al. Spindle cell and epitheliod cell nevi with atypia and metastasis (malignant Spitz nevus). Am J Surg Pathol 1989;13:931-9.
44. Partoft S, Osterlind A, Hou-Jensen K, et al. Malignant melanoma of the skin in children (0 to 14 years of age) in Denmark, 1943-1982. Scand J Plast Surg 1989;23:55-8.
45. Reintgen DS, Seigler HF. Juvenile malignant melanoma. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1989;168:249-53.
46. Roth M, Grant-Kels JM, Kuhn K, et al. Melanoma in children. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990;22:265-74.
47. Allen AC. Classics in oncology. Introduction to "Melanomas of Childhood" by Spitz. CA-A Cancer J Clin 1991;41:37-8.
48. Temple WJ, Mulloy RH, Marx LH, Jenkins M, Jerry LM. Childhood melanoma. J Pediatr Surg 1991;26:135-7.
49. Crotty KA, McCarthy SW, Palmer AA, Ng ABP, Thompson JF, Gianoutsos MP. Malignant melanoma in childhood. A clinicopathologic study of 13 cases and comparison with Spitz nevi. World J Surg 1992;16:179-85.
50. Mehregan AH, Mehregan DA. Malignant melanoma in childhood. Cancer 1993;15:4096-103.
51. Tate PS, Ronan SG, Feucht KA, Eng AM, Das Gupta TK. Melanoma in childhood and adolescence. Clinical and pathological features of 48 cases. J Pediatr Surg 1993;28:217-22.
52. Chun K, Vazquez M, Sanchez JL. Malignant melanoma in children. Int J Dermatol 1993;32:41-3.
53. Pensler JM, Hijjawi J, Paller AS. Melanoma in pre-pubertal children. Int Surg 1993;78:247-9.
54. Bartoli C, Boro A, Zurrida S, et al. Childhood cutaneous melanoma. J Dermatol 1994;21:289-93.
55. Nitta Y, Ohkochi Y, Hara K. "Malignant Spitz nevus" in a 2-year-old child. J Dermatol 1995;22:500-3.
56. Barnhill RL, Flotte TJ, Fleischli M, Perez-Atayde A. Cutaneous melanoma and atypical Spitz tumors in childhood. Cancer 1995; 76:1833-45.
57. Lartigau E, Spatz A, Avril MF, Bailly C, Lemerie J, TerrierLacombe MJ, et al. Melanoma arising de novo in childhood. Experience of the Gustave-Roussy Institute. Melanoma Research 1995;5:117-22.
58. McWhirter WR, Dobson C. Childhood melanoma in Australia. World J Surg 1995;19:334-36.
59. Whiteman D, Valery P, McWhirter W, et al. Incidence of cutaneous childhood melanoma in Queensland, Australia. Int J Cancer 1995;63:765-8.
60. Handfield-Jones SE, Smith NP. Malignant melanoma in childhood. Br J Dermatol 1996;134:607-16.
61. Spatz A, Ruiter D, Hardmeier T, et al. Melanoma in childhood. An EORTC-MCG multicenter study on the clinico-pathological aspects. Int J Cancer 1996;68:317-324.
62. Naasan A, Al-Nafussi A, Quaba A. Cutaneous malignant melanoma in children and adolescents in Scotland, 1979-1991. Plast Reconstr Surg 1996;98:442-6.
63. McWhirter WR, Dobson C, Ring I. Childhood cancer incidence in Australia, 1982-1991. Int J Cancer 1996;65:34-8.
64. Scalzo DA, Hida CA, Toth G, Sober AJ, Mimh MC. Childhood melanoma: a clinicopathological study of 22 cases. Mel Research 1997;7:63-8.
65. Eady DJ. Malignant melanoma in childhood. Br J Dermatol 1997; 136:132-48.
66. Crotty KA. Spitz's naevus: Histological features and distinction from malignant melanoma. Australas J Dermatol 1997;38:S49-53.
67. Zhu N, Warr R, Cai R, et al. Cutaneous malignant melanoma in the young. Br J Plast Surg 1997;50:10-14.
68. Wu SJ, Lambert DR. Melanoma in children and adolescents. Pediatr Dermatol 1997;14:87-92.
69. Milton GW, Shaw HM, Thompson JF, et al. Cutaneous melanoma in childhood: Incidence and prognosis. Australas J Dermatol 1997;S44-8.
70. Whiteman DC, Valery P, McWhirter W, et al. Risk facters for childhood melanoma in Queensland, Australia. Int J Cancer 1997;70:26-31.
71. Chong SM, Nilsson BS, Quah TC, Wee A. Malignant melanoma. An uncommon cause of small round cell malignancy in childhood. Acta Cytologica 1997;41:609-10.
72. Spatz A, Avril MF. Melanoma in childhood: Review and perspectives. Pediatric Developmental Pathology: The official journal of the Society for Pediatric Pathology 1998; 1(6):463-74.
73. Barnhill RL. Childhood melanoma. Semin Diagn Hol 1998;15:189-94.
74. Spatz A, Barnhill RL. The Spitz tumor 50 years later. Revisiting a landmark contribution and unresolved controversy. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999;40:223-8.
75. Barnhill RL, Argenyi ZB, From L, et al. Atypical Spitz nevi/tumors: Lack of consensus of diagnosis, discrimination from melanoma, and prediction of outcome. Hum Pathol 1999;30:515-20.
76. Strojan P, Lamovec J. Prepubertal malignant melanoma: report of three cases. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2000;17:163-9.
77. Davis C. Late recurrence in paediatric melanoma. N Z Med J 2000;113:407.
78. Neville HL, Andrassy RJ, Lally KP, et al. Lymphatic mapping with sentinel node biopsy in pediatric patients. J Pediatr Surg 2000;35:961-4.
79. Kogut KA, Flemming M, Pappo AS, et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy for melanoma in young children. J Pediatr Surg 2000;35:956-6.
80. Patterson WM, Lefkowitz A, Schartz RA, et al. Melanoma in children. Cutis 2000;65:269-72, 275.
81. Vanderweyer E, Sales F, Deraemaecker R. Cutaneous malignant melanoma in children. Eur J Pedatr 2000;159-582-84.
82. Zuckerman R, Maier JP, Gulney WB, et al. Pediatric melanoma: Confirming the diagnosis with sentinel node biopsy. Ann Plast Surg 2001:46:394-9.
83. Conti EMS, Cercato MC, Gatta G, et al. Childhood melanoma in Europe since 1978: a population-based survival study. Eur J Cancer 2001;37:780-4.
84. Fabrizi G, Massi G. Spitzoid malignant melanoma in teenagers: and entity with no better prognosis than that of other forms of melanoma. Histopathology 2001;38:448-53.
85. Sweet LK, Connerty HV. Congenital melanoma. Am J Dis Child 1941;6a:1029-40.
86. Williams HF. Melanoma with fatal metastases in a 5-year-old girl. Cancer 1954;7:163-7.
87. Schultz RC. Fatal malignant melanoma in children with giant nevi. Plast Reconstr Surg 1961;27:351-7.
88. Myhre E. Malignant melanomas in children. Acta Pathologica Microbiologica Scand 1963;59:184-8.
89. Reed WB, Becker SW Sr., Becker SW Jr., et al. Giant pigmented nevi, melanoma, and leptomeningeal melanocytosis. Arch Dermatol 1965;91:100-19.
90. Greeley PW, Middleton AG, Curtin JW. Incidence of malignancy in giant pigmented nevi. Plast Reconstr Surg 1965;36:26-37.
91. Fish J, Smith EB, Canby JP. Malignant melanoma in childhood. Ped Surg 1966;59:309-15.
92. Oldhoff J, Koudstaal J. Congenital papillomatous malignant melanoma of the skin. Cancer 1968;21:1193-7.
93. Penman HG, Stringer HCW. Malignant transformation in giant congenital pigmented nevus. Arch Derm 1971;103:428-32.
94. Olbourne NA, Harrison SH. Malignant melanoma in childhood. Br J Plast Surg 1974;27:305-7.
95. Lorentzen M, Pers M, Bretteville-Jensen G. The incidence of maliganant transformation in giant pigmented nevi. Scand J Reconstr Surg 1977;11:163-7.
96. Malec E, Lagerlof B. Malignant melanoma of the skin in children registered in the Swedish Cancer Registry during 1959-1971. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg 1977;11:125-9.
97. Rhodes AR, Wood WC, Sober AJ, et al. Nonepidermal origin of malignant melanoma associated with a giant congenital nevocellular nevus. Plast Reconstr Surg 1981;67:782-90.
98. Keall J, McElwain TJ, Wallace AF. Malignant melanoma in childhood. Br J Plast Surg 1981;34:340-1.
99. Quaba AA, Wallace AF. The incidence of malignant melanoma (0 to 15 years of age) arising in "large" congenital nevocellular nevi. Plast Reconstr Surg 1986;78:174-79.
100. Salman T, Gedikoglu G, Koc L, et al. Malignant melanoma in childhood. Turk J Pediatr 1986;28:263-70.
101. Prose NS, Laude TA, Heilman ER, et al. Congenital malignant melanoma. Pediatr 1987;79:967-70.
102. Gari LM, Rivers JK, Kopf AW. Melanomas arising in large congenital nevocytic nevi: a prospective study. Pediatr Dermatol 1988;5:151-8.
103. Rao BN, Hayes FA, Pratt CB, et al. Malignant melanoma in children: its management and prognosis. J Pediatr Surg 1990;25:198-203.
104. Roth ME, Grant-Kels JM. Important melanocytic lesions in childhood and adolescence. Pediatr Clin North Am 1991;38:791-809.
105. Sybert V. Six children with malignant melanoma. Am Acad Dermatol 1991;24:666-7.
106. Wagner RF. Childhood malignant melanoma in a patient with dysplastic nevi. J Tex Med 1992;88:72-3.
107. Francella A, Georgacopulo. Malignant melanoma in a three-year-old child. Eur J Pediatr Surg 1992;2:372-3.
108. Ruiz-Maldonado R, Tamayo L, Laterza AM, Duran C. Giant pigmented nevi. Clinical, histopathologic, and therapeutic considerations. J Pediatr 1992;120:906-11.
109. Amagai N, Williams CM. Malignant melanoma arising from a small congenital nevus in a black child. Arch Dermatol 1993; 129:1215-6.
110. DeRaeve L, Danau W, DeBacker A, et al. Pre-pubertal melanoma in a medium-sized congenital naevus. Eur J Pediatr 1993;152: 734-6.
111. Ozurkcan S, Goze F, Ayakan N, et al. Malignant melanoma in a child. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994;30:493-4.
112. Novakovic B, Clark WH, Fears TR, et al. Melanocytic nevi, dysplastic nevi, and malignant melanoma in children from melanoma-prone families. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995;33:631-6.
113. Marghoob AA, Schoenbach SP, Kopf AW, et al. Large congenital melanocytic nevi and the risk for the development of malignant melanoma: a prospective study. Arch Dermatol 1996;132:170-5.
114. Pappo AS, Kaste SC, Rap BN, et al. Childhood melanoma. In: Cutaneous Melanoma. Balch CM; et al., editors. St. Louis: Quality Medical Publishing, Inc. 1998;175-86.
115. Alvarez-Mendoza A, Reyes-Esparza J, Ruiz-Maldonado R, et al. Malignant melanoma in children and congenital melanocytic nevi: DNA content and cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry. Develop Pathol 2001;4:73-81.
116. Dargeon HW, Eversole JW, Del Duca V. Malignant melanoma in an infant. Cancer 1950;299-306.
117. Silverberg N. Update on malignant melanoma in children. Cutis 2001;67:393-96.
118. Coffey RJ, Berkeley WT. Pre-pubertal malignant melanoma: report of a case. JAMA 1951;147:846-9.
119. Schneiderman H, Wu AYY, Campbell WA, et al. Congenital melanoma with multiple prenatal metastases. Cancer 1987;60:1371-7.
120. Ishii N, Ichiyama NS, Saito S, et al. Congenital malignant melanoma. Br J Dermatol 1991;124:492-94.
121. Hofer A, Kaddu S, Seidl H, et al. Collosion of squamous-cell carcinoma with melanoma in situ in a child with xeroderma pigmentosum. Dermatol 2001;203:66-9.
122. Goldes J, Holmes S, Satz M, et al. Melanoma masquerading as Spitz nevus following acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatr Dermatol 1984;1:295-8.
123. Lee PA. Normal ages of pubertal events among American males and females J Adolesc Health Care 1980;1:26-9.
124. Darier, Civatte. Naevus ou naevo-carcinoma chez on nourisson. Bull Society Dermatol Syphilol 1910;3:61-3.
125. th Edition, Volume 2. St. Louis: The C.V. Mosby Company 1990:1751-837.
126. Ackerman AB, Cerroni L, Kerl H. Pitfalls in Histopathologic Diagnosis of Malignant Melanoma. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger 1994.
127. Ackerman AB, Mones JM: Resolving Quandaries in Dermatology, Pathology, and Dermatopathology, Second Volume. New York: Ardor Scribendi 2001.
128. Ackerman AB. Mythology and numerology in the sphere of melanoma. Cancer 2000;88:491-6.
129. Farmer ER, Gonin R, Hanna MP. Discordance in the histopathologic diagnosis of melanoma and melanocytic nevi between expert pathologists. Hum Pathol 1996;27:528-31.
130. st Colloquium of the International Society of Dermatopathology. Am J Dermatopathol 2001;23:232-4.
131. Cerroni L, Kerl H. Neoplasms of the skin: benign vs. malignant. Another response to Dr. Weyers. Am J Dermatopathol 2001;23:236.
132. Ackerman AB. Serious limitations of a method. Am J Dermatopathol 2001;23:242.
133. Rapini RP. Spitz nevus or melanoma? Semin Cutaneous Med Surg 1999;18:56-63.
134. Lohmann CM et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with diagnostically controversial spitzoid melanocytic tumors. Am J Surg Pathol 2002;26(1):47-55).
135. Mones JM, Ackerman AB. Melanomas in pre-pubescent children: The ABCDs are an Abysmal Failure. 20th World Congress of Dermatology, July 1-5, 2002; Paris, France; Poster presentation (P0580), p. 1S483, Official Program (abstract).