Hydrothermal heat flow near the Main Central Thrust, central Nepal Himalaya

Earth and Planetary Science Letters

Volumn 286, Issue 1-2, 2009, Pages 101-109

  Derry, L A ^a   Evans, M J ^b   Darling, R ^c   France Lanord, C ^d  

^a Institute for the Study of the Continents   (United States)

^b WHEATON COLLEGE   (United States)

^c STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

^d CNRS   (France)

Author keywords

heat flow; Himalaya; hot springs; hydrothermal; thermochronometry

Indexed keywords

1-D MODELS; CHEMICAL MASS BALANCE; CONDUCTIVE COOLING MODELS; EXIT TEMPERATURE; FLUID FLOW; FLUID INCLUSION; GEOTHERMAL GRADIENTS; HEAT FLOW; HEAT FLOWS; HIMALAYA; HIMALAYAS; HYDROTHERMAL; HYDROTHERMAL CIRCULATION; HYDROTHERMAL FLUIDS; HYDROTHERMAL FLUXES; HYDROTHERMAL POWER; LOCAL SCALE; MAIN CENTRAL THRUSTS; MASS BALANCE ESTIMATES; METEORIC FLUIDS; POROUS-MEDIA FLOW; QUARTZ VEIN; SIMPLE MODEL; THERMAL BALANCE; THERMOCHRONOMETRY; UPPER CRUST;

ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE; FLOW MEASURING INSTRUMENTS; FLUIDS; HEAT EXCHANGERS; HEAT FLUX; HEAT TRANSFER; HOT SPRINGS; MINERALOGY; OXIDE MINERALS; POROUS MATERIALS; QUARTZ;

FLOW OF FLUIDS;

CHEMICAL MASS BALANCE; FLUID FLOW; FLUID INCLUSION; GEOTHERMAL GRADIENT; HEAT FLOW; HEAT TRANSFER; HYDROTHERMAL ACTIVITY; HYDROTHERMAL FLUID; THERMAL SPRING; THERMOCHRONOLOGY; UPLIFT; UPPER CRUST;

ASIA; EURASIA; NEPAL; SOUTH ASIA;

CALLUNA VULGARIS;

EID: 69549108125     PISSN: 0012821X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.epsl.2009.06.036     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. Avouac J.P., and Burov E.B. Erosion as a driving mechanism of intracontinental mountain growth. J. Geophy. Res. Solid Earth 101 (1996) 17747-17769
2. Beaumont C., Jamieson R.A., Nguyen M.H., and Lee B. Himalayan tectonics explained by extrusion of a low-viscosity crustal channel coupled to focused surface denudation. Nature 414 (2001) 738-742
3. 2 fluxes: quantitative constraints from hydrothermal springs. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 265 (2008) 616-629
4. Bevington P.R. Data reduction and error analysis in the physical sciences (1969), McGraw-Hill, New York
5. Bhattarai D.R. Some geothermal springs of Nepal. Tectonophysics 62 (1980) 7-11
6. Boullier A.M., France-Lanord C., Dubessy J., Adamy J., and Champenois M. Linked fluid and tectonic evolution in the High Himalaya mountains (Nepal). Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 107 (1991) 358-372
7. Catlos E.J., Harrison T.M., Kohn M.J., Grove M., Ryerson F.J., Manning C.E., and Upreti B.N. Geochronologic and thermobarometric constraints on the evolution of the Main Central Thrust, central Nepal Himalaya. J. Geophys. Res. 106 16 (2001) 177-16204
8. Cattin R., and Avouac J.P. Modeling mountain building and the seismic cycle in the Himalaya of Nepal. J. Geophy. Res. Solid Earth 105 (2000) 13389-13407
9. Chandrasekharam D. Geothermal energy resources of India: country update. Proceedings World Geothermal Congress, Kyushu - Tohoku, Japan (2000) 133-138
10. Copeland P., Harrison T.M., Hodges K., Maruejol P., Le Fort P., and Pêcher A. An Early Pliocene thermal disturbance of the Main Central Thrust, central Nepal: implications for Himalayan tectonics. J. Geophys. Res. 96 (1991) 8475-8500
11. Craw D. Fluid evolution during uplift of the Annapurna Himal, central Nepal. Lithos 24 (1990) 137-150
12. Craw D., Koons P.O., Zeitler P.K., and Kidd W.S.F. Fluid evolution and thermal structure in the rapidly exhuming gneiss complex of Namche Barwa-Gyala Peri, eastern Himalayan syntaxis. J. Metamorph. Geol. 23 (2005) 829-845
13. 2-NaCl fluid inclusions - implications for P-T isochore location. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 55 (1991) 3869-3871
14. 2 + NaCl fluid inclusions in the hydrothermal diamond anvil cell. Am. Mineral. 87 (2002) 69-78
15. 2 system - prediction of phase-equilibria and volumetric properties. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 59 (1995) 2869-2882
16. 2) from 250 to 330 K at pressures to 35 Mpa. J. Chem. Thermodyn. 21 (1989) 879-894
17. Evans, M.J., 2003. Geothermal fluxes of solutes, heat, and carbon to central Nepal rivers. Ph.D. thesis, Cornell Univ., 225 pp.
18. Evans M.J., and Derry L.A. Quartz control of high germanium/silicon ratios in geothermal waters. Geology 30 (2002) 1019-1022
19. Evans M.J., Derry L.A., Anderson S.P., and France-Lanord C. Hydrothermal source of radiogenic Sr to Himalayan rivers. Geology 29 (2001) 803-806
20. Evans M.J., Derry L.A., and France-Lanord C. Geothermal fluxes of alkalinity in the Narayani river system of central Nepal. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 5 (2004) Q08011 doi:10.1029/2004GC000719
21. Evans M.J., Derry L.A., and France-Lanord C. Degassing of metamorphic carbon dioxide from the Nepal Himalaya. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 9 (2008) Q04021 doi:10.1029/2007GC001796
22. Forster C., and Smith L. The influence of groundwater-flow on thermal regimes in mountainous terrain - a model study. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth Planets 94 (1989) 9439-9451
23. Fournier R.O. Application of water geochemistry to geothermal exploration and reservoir engineering. In: Rybach L., and Muffler L.J. (Eds). Geothermal systems: Principles and case histories (1981), John Wiley and Sons Ltd., New York 359
24. Gajurel A., France-Lanord C., Huygh P., Guilmette C., and Gurung D. C and O isotope compositions of modern fresh-water mollusc shells and river waters from Himalaya and Ganga plain. Chem. Geol. 233 (2006) 156-183
25. Garzione C.N., Quade J., DeCelles P.G., and English N.B. Predicting paleoelevation of Tibet and the Himalaya from delta O-18 vs. altitude gradients in meteoric water across the Nepal Himalaya. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 183 (2000) 215-229
26. Gehrig M., Lentz H., and Franck E.U. The system water-carbon dioxide-sodium chloride to 773 K and 300 MPa. Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 90 (1986) 525-533
27. Grabczak J., and Kotarba M. Isotopic composition of the thermal waters in the central part of the Nepal Himalayas. Geothermics 14 (1985) 567-576
28. Harinarayana T., Abdul Azeez K.K., Murthy D.N., Veeraswamy K., Eknath Rao S.P., Manoj C., and Naganjaneyulu K. Exploration of geothermal structure in Puga geothermal field, Ladakh Himalayas, India, by magnetotelluric studies. J. Appl. Geophys. 58 (2006) 280-295
29. Harrison T.M., Ryerson F.J., Le Fort P., Yin A., Lovera O.M., and Catlos E.J. A late Miocene-Pliocene origin for the Central Himalayan inverted metamorphism. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 146 (1997) E1-E7
30. 2O-NaCl systems below 647 K: assessment of experimental data and thermodynamic models. Chem. Geol. 238 (2007) 249-267
31. Ingebritsen S.E., Sherrod D.R., and Mariner R.H. Heat-flow and hydrothermal circulation in the Cascade Range, North-Central Oregon. Science 243 (1989) 1458-1462
32. Jenkin G.R.T., Craw D., and Fallick A.E. Stable isotopic and fluid inclusion evidence for meteoric fluid penetration into an active mountain belt - Alpine Schist, New-Zealand. J. Metamorph. Geol. 12 (1994) 429-444
33. Koons P.O., and Craw D. Evolution of fluid driving forces and composition within collisional orogens. Geophys. Res. Lett. 18 (1991) 935-938
34. Koons P.O., Craw D., Cox S.C., Upton P., Templeton A.S., and Chamberlain C.P. Fluid flow during active oblique convergence: a Southern Alps model from mechanical and geochemical observations. Geology 26 (1998) 159-162
35. Kotarba M. Mixing models and chemical geothermometers applied to the estimation and geothermal potential of Kali Gandaki and Seti Khola thermal spring areas (Nepal Himalayas). Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci. Earth Sci. 33 (1985) 131-138
36. Kotarba M. Hydrogeological investigations in Seti Khola and Trisuli thermal springs area (Nepal Himalayas). Scientific Bulletins of the Stanislaw Staszic University of Mining and Metallurgy. Geology 12 (1986) 37-51
37. Kotarba M., Sokolowski A., and Bogacz W. Hydrogeological investigations in the Kali Gandaki thermal springs area (Nepal Himalayas). Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci. Earth Sci. 29 (1981) 283-291
38. Lave J., and Avouac J.P. Fluvial incision and tectonic uplift across the Himalayas of central Nepal. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 106 (2001) 26561-26591
39. Le Fort P., and Jest C. Les sources thermales du Nepal: Objets et mondes. Revue Du Musée De l'Homme 14 (1974) 213-218
40. Manga M. Advective heat transport by low-temperature discharge in the Oregon Cascades. Geology 26 (1998) 799-802
41. Oldham T. The thermal springs of India. Mem. Geol. Surv. India 19 (1883) 99-140
42. Pêcher A. Les inclusions fluides des quartz d'exsudation de la zone du M.C.T. himalayen au Népal central : données sur la phase fluide dans une grande zone de cisaillement crustal. Bull. Minéral. 102 (1979) 537-554
43. Roedder E. Fluid inclusions (1984), Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, DC
44. Roedder E., and Bodnar R.J. Geologic pressure determinations from fluid inclusions studies. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 8 (1980) 263-301
45. Sauniac S., and Touret J. Petrology and fluid inclusions of a quartz-kyanite segregation in the main thrust zone of the Himalayas. Lithos 16 (1983) 35-45
46. 2 at elevated temperatures, pressures, and salinities. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 64 (2000) 3853-3869
47. Seeber L., and Gornitz V. River profiles along the Himalayan Arc as indicators of active tectonics. Tectonophysics 92 (1983) 335-367
48. Shankar R., Guha S.K., Seth N.N., and Muthuraman K. Geothermal Atlas of India (1991), Geological Survey of India
49. 2O system to 6-Kb and 700-degrees-C. Am. J. Sci. 291 (1991) 1-54
50. Takenouchi S., and Kennedy G.C. Solubility of carbon dioxide in NaCl solutions at high temperatures and pressures. Am. J. Sci. 263 (1965) 445-&
51. Turcotte D.L., and Schubert G. Geodynamics. 2nd ed. (2002), Cambridge University Press, New York
52. Werre R.W.J., Bodnar R.J., Bethke P.M., and Barton P.B.J. A novel gas-flow fluid inclusion heating / freezing stage. Geol. Soc. Am., Abstr. Progr. 11 (1979) 539
53. Whipp D.M., and Ehlers T.A. Influence of groundwater flow on thermochronometer-derived exhumation rates in the central Nepalese Himalaya. Geology 35 (2007) 851-854
54. Willett S.D. Orogeny and orography: the effects of erosion on the structure of mountain belts. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 104 (1999) 28957-28981
55. Wobus C.W., Hodges K.V., and Whipple K.X. Has focused denudation sustained active thrusting at the Himalayan topographic front?. Geology 31 (2003) 861-864
56. Wobus C.W., Whipple K.X., and Hodges K.V. Neotectonics of the central Nepalese Himalaya: Constraints from geomorphology, detrital Ar-40/Ar-39 thermochronology, and thermal modeling. Tectonics 25 (2006)
57. Yogacharya K.S., Pokhrel A.P., and S.R. K. Hydrological records of Nepal, streamflow summary. H.M.G. of Nepal Ministry of Science and Technology Department of Hydrology and Meteorology, Kathmandu, Nepal (1998)
58. Zentmyer R., Myrow P.M., and Newell D.L. Travertine deposits from along the South Tibetan Fault System near Nyalam, Tibet. Geol. Mag. 145 (2008) 753-765