Effecting discrimination: Operational effectiveness and harassment in the British Armed Forces

Armed Forces and Society

Volumn 35, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 728-744

  Basham, Victoria ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

"Effective" reading; British Armed Forces; Cohesion; Gender diversity; Operational effectiveness; Policy; Sexual orientation

Indexed keywords

EID: 69549085176     PISSN: 0095327X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0095327X08324762     Document Type: Article

References (142)

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50. Dandeker, On the Need.
51. U.K. Royal Air Force, Ethos, Core Values and Standards.
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56. See, inter alia, Christopher Dandeker, Building Flexible Forces.
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58. Forster, Armed Forces and Society.
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60. U.K. Ministry of Defence, Equality & Diversity Scheme 2006-2009: Incorporating Race, Disability, Gender, Age, Religion or Belief and Sexual Orientation (London: Ministry of Defence, 2006).
61. See, inter alia, Victoria Basham, An Analysis of Social Diversity in the British Armed Forces (PhD thesis, University of Bristol, 2006).
62. Rachel Woodward and Patricia Winter, Sexing the Soldier: The Politics of Gender and the Contemporary British Army (Abingdon, UK: Routledge, 2007).
63. For example, the significance of social and task cohesion debates to combat motivation and performance-Leonard Wong, Combat Motivation in Today's Soldiers, Armed Forces & Society 32, 4 (2006): 659-63;
64. Robert J. MacCoun, Elizabeth Kier, and Aaron Belkin, Does Social Cohesion Determine Motivation in Combat? An Old Question with an Old Answer, Armed Forces & Society 32, 4 (2006): 646-54.
65. James Griffith, Further Considerations Concerning the Cohesion-Performance Relation in Military Settings, Armed Forces & Society 34, 1 (2007): 138-47.
66. Similarly, the definition and significance of collective practices as a determinant of military cohesion has been disputed-Anthony King, The Word of Command: Communication and Cohesion in the Military, Armed Forces & Society 32, 4 (2006): 493-512.
67. Guy L. Siebold, The Essence of Military Group Cohesion, Armed Forces & Society 33, 2 (2007): 286-95.
68. Anthony King, The Existence of Group Cohesion in the Armed Forces, Armed Forces & Society 33, 4 (2007): 638-45.
69. S. L. A. Marshall, Men against Fire: The Problem of Battle Command in Future War (New York: William Morrow, 1947).
70. Edward Shils and Morris Janowitz, Cohesion and Disintegration in the Wehrmacht in World War II, in Public Opinion Quarterly 12 (1948): 280-315.
71. Samuel A. Stouffler et al., Studies in Social Psychology in World War II., vol. 2: The American Soldier: Combat and its Aftermath (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1949).
72. Janowitz, Sociology and the Military Establishment, 96.
73. Robert J. MacCoun, What Is Known about Unit Cohesion and Military Performance, in Sexual Orientation and U.S. Military Personnel Policy: Options and Assessment (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1993), 291.
74. For an overview of task cohesion arguments, see MacCoun, Kier, and Belkin, Does Social Cohesion Determine Motivation in Combat? Others have also considered how different forms of cohesion are mutually reinforcing.
75. Charles Kirke, Social Structures in the Combat Arms Units of the British Army (London: Defence Fellowship Report, 1994).
76. have demonstrated how cohesive principles are largely pragmatic considerations for soldiers-Charles C. Moskos, The Military, Annual Review of Sociology 2 (1976): 55-77.
77. U.K. Ministry of Defence, British Defence Doctrine (London: Ministry of Defence, 1989), 4-4.
78. Morris Janowitz, The Professional Soldier: A Social and Political Portrait (New York: Free Press, 1960), 178.
79. Pierre Bourdieu, Outline of a Theory of Practice, trans. Richard Nice (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1972), 164.
80. Simon Wessely, Twentieth-Century Theories on Combat Motivation and Breakdown, Journal of Contemporary History 41, 2 (2006): 283.
81. MacCoun, Kier, and Belkin, Does Social Cohesion Determine Motivation in Combat? 652.
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88. Richard Holmes, Acts of War: The Behaviour of Men in Battle, 2nd ed. (London: Cassell, 2003).
89. British servicewomen are barred from serving in the Royal Marines General Service, the Household Cavalry, Infantry, Royal Armoured Corps, and the RAF Regiment except in attached billets. U.K. Ministry of Defence, Employment of Women in the Armed Forces Steering Group Report on Women in the Armed Forces (London: Ministry of Defence, 2002).
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97. also see Joshua Goldstein, War and Gender: How Gender Shapes the War System and Vice Versa (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2001).
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110. Susan Faludi, Stiffed: The Betrayal of Modern Man (London: Vintage, 2000);
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115. Shane Phelan, Sexual Strangers, 61.
116. Zeeland, cited in Snyder, Citizen Soldiers, 153.
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122. Kanter, cited in Kimmel, The Gendered Society, 198.
123. Patricia M. Shields, Sex Roles in the Military, in The Military: More than Just a Job? ed. Charles C. Moskos and Frank R. Wood (Washington, DC: Pergamon-Brassey's, 1988), 99-113.
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129. Christopher Dandeker and David Mason, Diversity in the UK Armed Forces: The Debate About the Representation of Women and Minority Ethnic Groups in Managing Diversity in the Armed Forces: The Experience of Nine Countries, ed. Joseph Soeters and Jan van der Meulen (Tilburg, Netherlands: Tilburg University Press, 1999), 65.
130. U.K. Ministry of Defence, Action Plan to Prevent. Similar findings have been made in U.S. studies.
131. see Shields, Sex Roles in the Military.
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139. U.K. Ministry of Defence, About Defence: Diversity and Equality.
140. Mutimer, Serious Threat, 31.
141. Timothy Mitchell, The Limits of the State: Beyond Statist Approaches and Their Critics, American Political Science Review 85, 1 (1991): 78.
142. Heggie, Uniform Identity? 11.