Predicting outcome in melanoma: Where are we now?

British Journal of Dermatology

Volumn 161, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 496-503

  Jennings, L ^a   Murphy, G M ^a  

^a BEAUMONT HOSPITAL   (Ireland)

Author keywords

Melanoma; Prognosis; Staging; Survival

Indexed keywords

CYSTEINYLDOPA; FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE; MELAN A; MELANOCORTIN 1 RECEPTOR; MONOPHENOL MONOOXYGENASE; PROTEIN S100B; STEM CELL FACTOR RECEPTOR;

CANCER STAGING; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DENDRITIC CELL; HUMAN; LYMPHANGIOGENESIS; MELANOMA; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; REAL TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; REGULATORY T LYMPHOCYTE; REVIEW; SENTINEL LYMPH NODE BIOPSY; ULTRASOUND;

ADULT; EARLY DETECTION OF CANCER; FEMALE; HUMANS; LYMPHANGIOGENESIS; MALE; MELANOMA; MIDDLE AGED; NEOPLASM STAGING; PROGNOSIS; SENTINEL LYMPH NODE BIOPSY; SKIN NEOPLASMS; TOMOGRAPHY, EMISSION-COMPUTED; TUMOR MARKERS, BIOLOGICAL; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 69149091031     PISSN: 00070963     EISSN: 13652133     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09324.x     Document Type: Review

References (97)

1. Homsi J, Kashani-Sabet M, Messina JL et al. Cutaneous melanoma: prognostic factors. Cancer Control 2005 12 : 223 229.
2. Hauschild A, Engel G, Brenner W et al. Predictive value of serum S100B for monitoring patients with metastatic melanoma during chemotherapy and/or immunotherapy. Br J Dermatol 1999 140 : 1065 1071.
3. Balch CM, Buzaid AC, Soong S-J et al. Final version of the American Joint Committee on cancer staging system for cutaneous melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2001 19 : 3635 3648.
4. Roberts DL, Anstey AV, Barlow RJ et al. U.K. guidelines for the management of cutaneous melanoma. Br J Dermatol 2002 146 : 7 17.
5. Garbe C, Hauschild A, Volkenandt M et al. Evidence and interdisciplinary consense-based German guidelines: diagnosis and surveillance of melanoma. Melanoma Res 2007 17 : 393 399.
6. Balch CM, Soong SJ, Gershenwald JE et al. Prognostic factors analysis of 17,600 melanoma patients: validation of the American Joint Committee on cancer melanoma staging system. J Clin Oncol 2001 19 : 3622 3634.
7. Gimotty PA, Elder DE, Fraker DL et al. Identification of high-risk patients among those diagnosed with thin cutaneous melanomas. J Clin Oncol 2007 25 : 1129 1134.
8. Morton DL, Cochran AJ, Thompson JF et al. Multicenter Selective Lymphadenectomy Trial Group. Sentinel node biopsy for early-stage melanoma: accuracy and morbidity in MSLT-I, an international multicenter trial. Ann Surg 2005 242 : 302 311 discussion 311-13.
9. Urist MM, Maddox WA, Kennedy JE et al. Patient risk factors and surgical morbidity after regional lymphadenectomy in 204 melanoma patients. Cancer 1983 51 : 2152 2156.
10. Gershenwald JE, Ross MI. Is sentinel-node biopsy superior to nodal observation in melanoma? Nat Clin Pract Oncol 2007 4 : 278 279.
11. Kretschmer L, Thoms KM, Peeters S et al. Postoperative morbidity of lymph node excision for cutaneous melanoma-sentinel lymphonodectomy versus complete regional lymph node dissection. Melanoma Res 2008 18 : 16 21.
12. Estourgie SH, Nieweg OE, Valdes Olmos RA et al. Review and evaluation of sentinel node procedures in 250 melanoma patients with a median follow-up of 6 years. Ann Surg Oncol 2003 10 : 681 688.
13. Morton DL, Thompson JF, Cochran AJ et al. Sentinel-node biopsy or nodal observation in melanoma. N Engl J Med 2006 355 : 1307 1317.
14. Cascinelli N, Morabito A, Santinami M et al. Immediate or delayed dissection of regional nodes in patients with melanoma of the trunk: a randomised trial. WHO Melanoma Programme. Lancet 1998 351 : 793 796.
15. Kretschmer L, Hilgers R, Möhrle M et al. Patients with lymphatic metastasis of cutaneous malignant melanoma benefit from sentinel lymphonodectomy and early excision of their nodal disease. Eur J Cancer 2004 40 : 212 218.
16. McMasters KM, Ross MI, Reintgen DS et al. Final results of the Sunbelt Melanoma Trial. J Clin Oncol (ASCO Annual Meeting Proceedings, Post-Meeting Edition) 2008 26 (Suppl. 15 9003.
17. Bafounta ML, Beauchet A, Chagnon S et al. Ultrasonography or palpation for detection of melanoma nodal invasion: a meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol 2004 5 : 673 680.
18. Sibon C, Chagnon S, Tchakerian A et al. The contribution of high-resolution ultrasonography in preoperatively detecting sentinel-node metastases in melanoma patients. Melanoma Res 2007 17 : 233 237.
19. Thomas JM. Prognostic false-positivity of the sentinel node in melanoma. Nat Clin Pract Oncol 2008 5 : 18 23.
20. Messa C, Choi Y, Hoh CK et al. Quantification of glucose utilization in liver metastases: parametric imaging of FDG uptake with PET. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1992 16 : 684 689.
21. Yamada K, Brink I, Bisse E et al. Factors influencing [F-18] 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose (F-18 FDG) uptake in melanoma cells: the role of proliferation rate, viability, glucose transporter expression and hexokinase activity. J Dermatol 2005 32 : 316 334.
22. Wagner JD, Schauwecker D, Davidson D et al. Inefficacy of F-18 fluorodeoxy-d-glucose-positron emission tomography scans for initial evaluation in early-stage cutaneous melanoma. Cancer 2005 104 : 570 579.
23. Ho Shon IA, Chung DK, Saw RP et al. Imaging in cutaneous melanoma. Nucl Med Commun 2008 29 : 847 876.
24. Tyler DS, Onaitis M, Kherani A et al. Positron emission tomography scanning in malignant melanoma. Cancer 2000 89 : 1019 1025.
25. Reinhardt MJ, Joe AY, Jaeger U et al. Diagnostic performance of whole body dual modality 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging for N- and M-staging of malignant melanoma: experience with 250 consecutive patients. J Clin Oncol 2006 24 : 1178 1187.
26. Pfannenberg C, Aschoff P, Schanz S et al. Prospective comparison of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography and whole-body magnetic resonance imaging in staging of advanced malignant melanoma. Eur J Cancer 2007 43 : 557 564.
27. Iagaru A, Quon A, Johnson D et al. 2-Deoxy-2-[F-18]fluoro-d-glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography in the management of melanoma. Mol Imaging Biol 2007 9 : 50 7.
28. Mottaghy FM, Sunderkotter C, Schubert R et al. Direct comparison of [18F]FDG PET/CT with PET alone and with side-by-side PET and CT in patients with malignant melanoma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2007 34 : 1355 1364.
29. Neuman HB, Patel A, Ishill N et al. A single-institution validation of the AJCC staging system for stage IV melanoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2008 15 : 2034 2041.
30. Egberts F, Pollex A, Egberts JH et al. Long-term survival analysis in metastatic melanoma: serum S100B is an independent prognostic marker and superior to LDH. Onkologie 2008 31 : 380 384.
31. Cao MG, Auge JM, Molina R et al. Melanoma inhibiting activity protein (MIA), beta-2 microglobulin and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in metastatic melanoma. Anticancer Res 2007 27 : 595 599.
32. Wang TS, Johnson TM, Cascade PN et al. Evaluation of staging chest radiographs and serum lactate dehydrogenase for localized melanoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004 51 : 399 405.
33. Moore BW. A soluble protein characteristic of the nervous system. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1965 19 : 739 744.
34. Grigorian M, Andresen S, Tulchinsky E et al. Tumor suppressor p53 protein is a new target for the metastasis-associated Mts1/S100A4 protein: functional consequences of their interaction. J Biol Chem 2001 276 : 22699 22708.
35. Guo HB, Stoffel-Wagner B, Bierwirth T et al. Clinical significance of serum S100 in metastatic malignant melanoma. Eur J Cancer 1995 31A : 1898 1902.
36. Henze G, Dummer R, Joller-Jemelka HI et al. Serum S100 - a marker for disease monitoring in metastatic melanoma. Dermatology 1997 194 : 208 212.
37. Schultz ES, Diepgen TL, von den Driesch P. Clinical and prognostic relevance of serum S-100 beta protein in malignant melanoma. Br J Dermatol 1998 138 : 426 430.
38. Bosserhoff AK, Kaufmann M, Kaluza B et al. Melanoma-inhibiting activity, a novel serum marker for progression of malignant melanoma. Cancer Res 1997 57 : 3149 3153.
39. Martenson ED, Hansson LO, Nilsson B et al. Serum S-100b protein as a prognostic marker in malignant cutaneous melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2001 19 : 824 831.
40. von Schoultz E, Hansson LO, Djureen E et al. Prognostic value of serum analyses of S-100 beta protein in malignant melanoma. Melanoma Res 1996 6 : 133 137.
41. Krahn G, Kaskel P, Sander S et al. S100 beta is a more reliable tumor marker in peripheral blood for patients with newly occurred melanoma metastases compared with MIA, albumin and lactate-dehydrogenase. Anticancer Res 2001 21 : 1311 1316.
42. Harpio R, Einarsson R. S100 proteins as cancer biomarkers with focus on S100B in malignant melanoma. Clin Biochem 2004 37 : 512 518.
43. Bonfrer JM, Korse CM, Nieweg OE et al. The luminescence immunoassay S-100: a sensitive test to measure circulating S-100B: its prognostic value in malignant melanoma. Br J Cancer 1998 77 : 2210 2214.
44. Andres R, Mayordomo JI, Zaballos P et al. Prognostic value of serum S-100B in malignant melanoma. Tumori 2004 90 : 607 610.
45. Zissimopoulos A, Karpouzis A, Karaitianos I et al. [Serum levels of S-100b protein after four years follow-up of patients with melanoma]. Hell J Nucl Med 2006 9 : 204 207.
46. Hamberg AP, Korse CM, Bonfrer JM et al. Serum S100B is suitable for prediction and monitoring of response to chemoimmunotherapy in metastatic malignant melanoma. Melanoma Res 2003 13 : 45 9.
47. Strobel K, Dummer R, Husarik DB et al. High-risk melanoma: accuracy of FDG PET/CT with added CT morphologic information for detection of metastases. Radiology 2007 244 : 566 574.
48. Bogdahn U, Apfel R, Hahn M et al. Autocrine tumor cell growth-inhibiting activities from human malignant melanoma. Cancer Res 1989 49 : 5358 5363.
49. Bosserhoff AK, Hein R, Bogdahn U et al. Structure and promoter analysis of the gene encoding the human melanoma-inhibiting protein MIA. J Biol Chem 1996 271 : 490 495.
50. Meral R, Duranyildiz D, Tas F et al. Prognostic significance of melanoma inhibiting activity levels in malignant melanoma. Melanoma Res 2001 11 : 627 632.
51. Garbe C, Leiter U, Ellwanger U et al. Diagnostic value and prognostic significance of protein S-100beta, melanoma-inhibitory activity, and tyrosinase/MART-1 reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in the follow-up of high-risk melanoma patients. Cancer 2003 97 : 1737 1745.
52. Auge JM, Molina R, Filella X et al. S-100beta and MIA in advanced melanoma in relation to prognostic factors. Anticancer Res 2005 25 : 1779 1782.
53. Missotten GS, Korse CM, van Dehn C et al. S-100B protein and melanoma inhibitory activity protein in uveal melanoma screening. A comparison with liver function tests. Tumour Biol 2007 28 : 63 9.
54. Smith B, Selby P, Southgate J et al. Detection of melanoma cells in peripheral blood by means of reverse transcriptase and polymerase chain reaction. Lancet 1991 338 : 1227 1229.
55. Palmieri G, Ascierto PA, Perrone F et al. Prognostic value of circulating melanoma cells detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Oncol 2003 21 : 767 773.
56. Palmieri G, Pirastu M, Strazzullo M et al. Clinical significance of PCR-positive mRNA markers in peripheral blood and regional nodes of malignant melanoma patients. Melanoma Cooperative Group. Recent Results Cancer Res 2001 158 : 200 203.
57. Schittek B, Bodingbauer Y, Ellwanger U et al. Amplification of MelanA messenger RNA in addition to tyrosinase increases sensitivity of melanoma cell detection in peripheral blood and is associated with the clinical stage and prognosis of malignant melanoma. Br J Dermatol 1999 141 : 30 6.
58. Foss AJ, Guille MJ, Occleston NL et al. The detection of melanoma cells in peripheral blood by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Br J Cancer 1995 72 : 155 159.
59. Brossart P, Keilholz U, Willhauck M et al. Hematogenous spread of malignant melanoma cells in different stages of disease. J Invest Dermatol 1993 101 : 887 889.
60. Brossart P, Keilholz U, Scheibenbogen C et al. Detection of residual tumor cells in patients with malignant melanoma responding to immunotherapy. J Immunother Emphasis Tumor Immunol 1994 15 : 38 41.
61. Brossart P, Schmier JW, Kruger S et al. A polymerase chain reaction-based semiquantitative assessment of malignant melanoma cells in peripheral blood. Cancer Res 1995 55 : 4065 4068.
62. Visus C, Andres R, Mayordomo JI et al. Prognostic role of circulating melanoma cells detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for tyrosinase mRNA in patients with melanoma. Melanoma Res 2007 17 : 83 9.
63. Boldin I, Langmann G, Richtig E et al. Five-year results of prognostic value of tyrosinase in peripheral blood of uveal melanoma patients. Melanoma Res 2005 15 : 503 507.
64. Voit CA, Schäfer-Hesterberg G, Kron M et al. Impact of molecular staging methods in primary melanoma: reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of ultrasound-guided aspirate of the sentinel node does not improve diagnostic accuracy, but RT-PCR of peripheral blood does predict survival. J Clin Oncol 2008 26 : 5742 5747.
65. Ranieri JM, Wagner JD, Wiebke EA et al. Lack of prognostic importance of reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction detection of circulating messenger RNA in patients with melanoma. Plast Reconstr Surg 2005 115 : 1058 1063.
66. Scoggins CR, Ross MI, Reintgen DS et al. Prospective multi-institutional study of reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for molecular staging of melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2006 24 : 2849 2857.
67. Keilholz U, Willhauck M, Rimoldi D et al. Reliability of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-based assays for the detection of circulating tumour cells: a quality-assurance initiative of the EORTC Melanoma Cooperative Group. Eur J Cancer 1998 34 : 750 753.
68. Bostick PJ, Morton DL, Turner RR et al. Prognostic significance of occult metastases detected by sentinel lymphadenectomy and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction in early-stage melanoma patients. J Clin Oncol 1999 17 : 3238 3244.
69. Blaheta HJ, Ellwanger U, Schittek B et al. Examination of regional lymph nodes by sentinel node biopsy and molecular analysis provides new staging facilities in primary cutaneous melanoma. J Invest Dermatol 2000 114 : 637 642.
70. Nowecki ZI, Rutkowski P, Kulik J et al. Molecular and biochemical testing in stage III melanoma: multimarker reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay of lymph fluid after lymph node dissection and preoperative serum lactate dehydrogenase level. Br J Dermatol 2008 159 : 597 605.
71. Stacker SA, Caesar C, Baldwin ME et al. VEGF-D promotes the metastatic spread of tumor cells via the lymphatics. Nat Med 2001 7 : 186 191.
72. Skobe M, Hawighorst T, Jackson DG et al. Induction of tumor lymphangiogenesis by VEGF-C promotes breast cancer metastasis. Nat Med 2001 7 : 192 198.
73. Rinderknecht M, Detmar M. Tumor lymphangiogenesis and melanoma metastasis. J Cell Physiol 2008 216 : 347 354.
74. Dadras SS, Lange-Asschenfeldt B, Velasco P et al. Tumor lymphangiogenesis predicts melanoma metastasis to sentinel lymph nodes. Mod Pathol 2005 18 : 1232 1242.
75. Kahn HJ, Bailey D, Marks A. Monoclonal antibody D2-40, a new marker of lymphatic endothelium, reacts with Kaposi's sarcoma and a subset of angiosarcomas. Mod Pathol 2002 15 : 434 440.
76. Goydos JS, Gorski DH. Vascular endothelial growth factor C mRNA expression correlates with stage of progression in patients with melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 2003 9 : 5962 5967.
77. Dadras SS, Paul T, Bertoncini J et al. Tumor lymphangiogenesis: a novel prognostic indicator for cutaneous melanoma metastasis and survival. Am J Pathol 2003 162 : 1951 1960.
78. Liu B, Ma J, Wang X et al. Lymphangiogenesis and its relationship with lymphatic metastasis and prognosis in malignant melanoma. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2008 291 : 1227 1235.
79. Niakosari F, Kahn HJ, McCready D et al. Lymphatic invasion identified by monoclonal antibody D2-40, younger age, and ulceration: predictors of sentinel lymph node involvement in primary cutaneous melanoma. Arch Dermatol 2008 144 : 462 467.
80. Curtin JA, Busam K, Pinkel D et al. Somatic activation of KIT in distinct subtypes of melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2006 24 : 4340 4346.
81. Ashida A, Takata M, Murata H et al. Pathological activation of KIT in metastatic tumors of acral and mucosal melanomas. Int J Cancer 2009 124 : 862 868.
82. Grichnik JM. Kit and melanocyte migration. J Invest Dermatol 2006 126 : 945 947.
83. Kim KB, Eton O, Davis DW et al. Phase II trial of imatinib mesylate in patients with metastatic melanoma. Br J Cancer 2008 99 : 734 740.
84. Lutzky J, Bauer J, Bastian BC. Dose-dependent, complete response to imatinib of a metastatic mucosal melanoma with a K642E KIT mutation. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2008 21 : 492 493.
85. Shankaran V, Ikeda H, Bruce AT et al. IFNgamma and lymphocytes prevent primary tumour development and shape tumour immunogenicity. Nature 2001 410 : 1107 1111.
86. Chiao EY, Krown SE. Update on non-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-defining malignancies. Curr Opin Oncol 2003 15 : 389 397.
87. Clemente CG, Mihm MC Jr., Bufalino R et al. Prognostic value of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in the vertical growth phase of primary cutaneous melanoma. Cancer 1996 77 : 1303 1310.
88. Taylor RC, Patel A, Panageas KS et al. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes predict sentinel lymph node positivity in patients with cutaneous melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2007 25 : 869 875.
89. Javia LR, Rosenberg SA. CD4+ CD25+ suppressor lymphocytes in the circulation of patients immunized against melanoma antigens. J Immunother 2003 26 : 85 93.
90. Nicholaou T, Ebert LM, Davis ID et al. Regulatory T-cell-mediated attenuation of T-cell responses to the NY-ESO-1 ISCOMATRIX vaccine in patients with advanced malignant melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 2009 15 : 2166 2173.
91. Shimizu J, Yamazaki S, Sakaguchi S. Induction of tumor immunity by removing CD25+ CD4+ T cells: a common basis between tumor immunity and autoimmunity. J Immunol 1999 163 : 5211 5218.
92. Elliott B, Scolyer RA, Suciu S et al. Long-term protective effect of mature DC-LAMP+ dendritic cell accumulation in sentinel lymph nodes containing micrometastatic melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 2007 13 : 3825 3830.
93. Movassagh M, Spatz A, Davoust J et al. Selective accumulation of mature DC-Lamp+ dendritic cells in tumor sites is associated with efficient T-cell-mediated antitumor response and control of metastatic dissemination in melanoma. Cancer Res 2004 64 : 2192 2198.
94. Ladanyi A, Kiss J, Somlai B et al. Density of DC-LAMP(+) mature dendritic cells in combination with activated T lymphocytes infiltrating primary cutaneous melanoma is a strong independent prognostic factor. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007 56 : 1459 1469.
95. Kaur C, Thomas RJ, Desai N et al. The correlation of regression in primary melanoma with sentinel lymph node status. J Clin Pathol 2008 61 : 297 300.
96. Karim-Kos HE, de Vries E, Soerjomataram I et al. Recent trends of cancer in Europe: a combined approach of incidence, survival and mortality for 17 cancer sites since the 1990s. Eur J Cancer 2008 44 : 1345 1389.
97. Ormerod AD. Recommendations in British Association of Dermatologists guidelines. Br J Dermatol 2005 153 : 477 478.