Sustainable automobile transport: Shaping climate change policy

Sustainable Automobile Transport: Shaping Climate Change Policy

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages

  Ryan, Lisa ^a   Turton, Hal ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE DUBLIN   (Ireland)

^b INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR APPLIED SYSTEMS ANALYSIS   (Austria)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 69049112149     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (311)

1. AAMA (1996), World Vehicle Facts & Figures, American Automobile Manufacturers Association, ISBN 0317050809
2. AAMA (1997), World Motor Vehicle data, American Automobile Manufacturers Association, ISSN 0085-8307
3. ACEA (2004), ACEA's Statement on the potential for additional CO2 reduction, with a view to moving further towards the Community's objective of 120g CO2/ km by 2012
4. ACEA (2006), ACEA Tax Guide 2006, available at http://www.acea.be/ ASB20/axidownloads 20s.nsf/Category2ACEA/CED7D957932102C5C 125714D002D4DF4/$File/2006ACEATaxGuide~Introduction.pdf.
5. ACEA(2007), 'ACEA 1998 commitment' [online], Brussels, available at http://www.acea.be/acea_1998_commitment, accessed 2007.
6. ADAC e.V. (2004), Summary Report Part 1: 'Evaluation of Member State reports according to Article 9 of Directive 1999/94/EC', 'Study on the effectiveness of Directive 1999/94/EC relating to the availability of consumer information on fuel economy and CO2 emissions in respect of the marketing of new passenger cars', To the European Commission, Directorate-General for Environment, Contract No.: 07010401/2004/ 377013/MAR/C1.
7. ADL (2002), Guidance for Transportation Technologies: Fuel Choice for Fuel Cell Vehicles, Final report; Phase II Final Deliverable to DOE, Arthur D. Little Inc., 6 February.
8. AFDC (Alternative Fuels Data Center) (2003), 'Alternative fuels, information and comparisons', U.S. Department of Energy, http://www.afdc. doe.gov/altfuels.html, October.
9. Airbus (2003), Liquid Hydrogen Fuelled Aircraft - System Analysis, Final Technical Report, Airbus Deustchland Gmbh, 24 September
10. Alberini, A. and K. Segerson (2002), 'Assessing voluntary programs to improve environmental quality', Environmental and Resource Economics, 22(1-2), 157-84.
11. Albrecht, J. (2000), 'The diffusion of cleaner vehicles in CO2 emission trading designs', Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 5(5), 385-401.
12. Albrecht, J. (2001), 'Tradable CO2 permits for cars and trucks', Journal of Cleaner Production, 9(2), 179-89.
13. Alexander, M. (1997), 'The rebound effect in energy conservation', PhD dissertation, available at www.leprechaun.co.uk/econ.html.
14. Argote, L. and D. Epple (1990), 'Learning curves in manufacturing', Science, 247, 920-24.
15. Arnott, R. and J. Rowse (1999), 'Modeling parking', Journal of Urban Economics, 45(1), 97-124.
16. Ausubel, J.H., C. Marchetti and P.S. Meyer (1998), 'Toward green mobility: the evolution of transport', European Review, 6(2), 137-56.
17. Azar, C., K. Lindgren and B.A. Andersson (2003), 'Global energy scenarios meeting stringent CO2 constraints - cost-effective fuel choices in the transportation sector', Energy Policy, 31, 961-76.
18. Banerjee, A. and B.D. Solomon (2003), 'Eco-labeling for energy efficiency and sustainability: a meta evaluation of US programs', Energy Policy, 31, 109-23.
19. Baranzini, A., P. Thalmann and C. Gonseth (2004), 'Swiss climate policy: combining VAs with other instruments under the menace of a CO2 tax', in A. Baranzini and P. Thalmann (eds), Voluntary Approaches in Climate Policy, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar.
20. Barreto, L. and S. Kypreos (2000), 'A post-Kyoto analysis with the ERIS Model prototype', International Journal of Global Energy Issues, 14(1/2/3/4), 262-80.
21. Barreto, L. and S. Kypreos (2004a), 'Endogenizing R&D and market experience in the "bottom-up" energy-systems ERIS model', 24(8), 615-29.
22. Barreto, L. and S. Kypreos (2004b), 'Emissions trading and technology deployment in an energy-systems "bottom-up" model with technology learning', European Journal of Operational Research, 158(1), 243-61.
23. Barreto, L. and H. Turton (2005), Impact Assessment of Energy-Related Policy Instruments on Climate Change and Security of Energy Supply, IR-05-002, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria.
24. Barreto, L., A. Makihira and K. Riahi (2003), 'The hydrogen economy in the 21st century: a sustainable development scenario', International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 28(3), 267-84.
25. Baumol, W.J. and W.E. Oates (1988), The Theory of Environmental Policy, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
26. Bergmann, H., H. Diaz-Bone, U. Hartmann, U. Höpfner, M. Stronzik and S. Weinreich (2001), Flexible Instrumente der Klimapolitik im Verkehrsbereich, Final report to the Ministry of the Environment and Transport of Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
27. Bernstein, J.I. and M.I. Nadiri (1988), 'Interindustry R&D spillovers, rates of return, and production in high-tech industries', American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings, 78(21), 429-34.
28. Bernstein, J.I. and M.I. Nadiri (1989), 'Research and development and intra-industry spillovers: an empirical application of dynamic duality', Review of Economic Studies, 56, 249-69.
29. Bernstein, J.I. and M.I. Nadiri (1991), 'Product demand, cost of production, spillovers, and the social rate of return to R&D', NBER WP 3625.
30. Bevilacqua Knight Inc. (2001), Bringing Fuel Cell Vehicles to Market: Scenarios and Challenges with Fuel Alternatives, Consultant Study Report prepared for California Fuel Cell Partnership (CaFCP), California.
31. Boardman, B., N. Banks, H.R. Kirby, S. Keay-Bright and S.G. Stradling (2000), Choosing Cleaner Cars: The Role of Labels and Guides. Final Report on Vehicle Environmental Rating Schemes, TRI Record 00/10/02, Transport Research Institute, Napier University, Scotland.
32. Bonsall, P. (2000), 'Legislating for modal shift: background to the UK's new transport act', Transport Policy, 7, 179-84.
33. Brau, R. and C. Carraro (1999), 'Voluntary approaches, market structure and competition. Concerted action on voluntary approaches (CAVA)', Working Paper Series 99/08, Paris.
34. Brau, R. and C. Carraro (2004), 'The economic analysis of voluntary approaches to environmental protection. A survey', CRENoS working paper 04/20.
35. Buchner, B., C. Carraro and I. Cersosimo (2002), 'Review: economic consequences of the US withdrawal from the Kyoto/Bonn protocol', Climate Policy, 2, 273-92.
36. Buonanno, P., C. Carraro and M. Galeotti (2003), 'Endogenous induced technical change and the costs of Kyoto', Resource and Energy Economics, 25(1), 11-34.
37. Button, K. and E. Verhoef (1998), Road Pricing, Traffic Congestion and the Environment: Issues of Efficiency and Social Feasibility, Cheltenham,UK and Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar.
38. Calthrop, E., S. Proost and K. Van Dender (2000), 'Parking policies and road pricing', (Carfax) Urban Studies, 37(1), 63-76.
39. Cameron, M. (1991), Transportation Efficiency: Tackling Southern California's Air Pollution and Congestion, Environmental Defense Fund and Regional Institute of Southern California, USA.
40. CARB (California Air Resources Board) (2003a), CARB website, http:// www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/zevprog/2001rule/2001rule.htm.
41. CARB (2003b), Fact Sheet 2003 Zero Emission Vehicle Program Changes [online], http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/zevprog/factsheets/ 2003 zevchanges.pdf, accessed February 2006.
42. CARB (2004), Report to the Legislature and the Governor on Regulations to Control Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Motor Vehicles, California Air Resources Board, California, USA
43. CARB (2005), DriveClean.ca.gov: A zero or near-zero emission vehicle guide, California Air Resources Board, USA.
44. Carlson, E.J., J.H. Thijssen, S. Lasher, S. Sriramulu, G.C. Stevens and N. Garland (2002), Cost Modeling of PEM Fuel Cell Systems for Automobiles, Future Car Congress 2002, Session: Fuel Cell & Vehicle System Analysis I (FCC16).
45. Council of the European Union (CEC) (2000), Monitoring of ACEA/JAMA/KAMA's Commitment on CO2 Emission Reductions from Passenger Cars (1995-1999), JointReport of the EuropeanManufacturers Association and the Commission Services, Brussels, 10.07.2000.
46. CEC (2001), Monitoring of ACEA/JAMA/KAMA's Commitment on CO2 Emission Reductions from Passenger Cars (2000), Commission Staff Working Paper, SEC(2001) 1722, Brussels, 8.11.2001.
47. CEC (2002a), Monitoring of ACEA/JAMA/KAMA's Commitment on CO2 Emission Reductions from Passenger Cars (2001), Commission Staff Working Paper, SEC(2002) 1338, Brussels, 9.12.2002.
48. CEC (2002b), Taxation of Passengers Cars in the European Union - Options for Action at National and Community Levels, Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament, COM(2002) 31 Final, Brussels
49. CEC (2004a), Website of DG Environment, http://www.europa.eu.int/ comm/environment/co2/co2_database.htm.
50. CEC (2004b), Monitoring of ACEA/JAMA/KAMA's Commitment on CO2 Emission Reductions from Passenger Cars (2002), Commission Staff Working Paper, SEC(2004) 140, Brussels, 11.2.2004.
51. CEC (2004c), Science and Technology, the Key to Europe's Future - Guidelines for Future European Union Policy to Support Research, Communication from the Commission, COM(2004) 353 final, Brussels
52. CEC (2004d), European Competitiveness Report, Commission staff working document SEC(2004)1397
53. CEC (2005a), Stakeholder Consultation - EURO 5 Emissions Limits for Light Duty Vehicles, http://www.europa.eu.int/comm/enterprise/automotive/ pagesbackground/pollutant_emission/stakeholder_consultation/call_for_ consultation.htm.
54. CEC (2005b), Reducing the Climate Change Impact of Aviation, Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, COM(2005) 459 final
55. CEC (2005c), Monitoring of ACEA/JAMA/KAMA's Commitment on CO2 Emission Reductions from Passenger Cars (2003), Commission Staff Working Paper, SEC(2005) 826, Brussels, 22.6.2005.
56. CEC (2005d), Proposal for a Decision of the European Parliament and of the Council and the European Council Concerning the Seventh Framework Programme of the European Community for Research, Technological Development and Demonstration Activities (2007 to 2013), COM(2005) 119 final
57. CEC (2006a), Communication from the Commission: An EU Strategy for Biofuels, Brussels, COM(2006) 34 final
58. CEC (2006b), Monitoring of ACEA/JAMA/KAMA's Commitment on CO2 Emission Reductions from Passenger Cars (2004), Commission Staff Working Paper, SEC(2006) 1078, Brussels, 24.8.2006.
59. CEC (2007), Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament Results of the review of the Community Strategy to reduce CO2 emissions from passenger cars and light - commercial vehicles, Brussels, COM/2007/0019 final
60. Chupka, M. (1997), Government Must Lead the Way in Technology and Diffusion: Will Technology Save the Day?, Weathervane, November, Resources for the Future, Washington, DC.
61. Clark, R., J. Evans and I. Virrels (2002), An Evaluation of Shell GTL Diesel - the Environmental Benefits, Presentation at 8th Diesel Engine Emissions Reduction Workshop, 25-29 August, San Diego.
62. Convery, F.J., L. Redmond, L. Dunne and L. Ryan (2003a), 'Assessing the European Union emissions trading directive', Economia Agraria y Recursos Naturales, 6(3), 65-81.
63. Convery, F., L. Dunne, L. Redmond and L. Ryan (2003b), 'Achieving behavioural change - policy instruments and the management of climate change', prepared for International Collaboration Projects on Sustainable Societies Meeting, Tokyo, 27 February-1 March.
64. COWI (2002), Fiscal Measures to Reduce CO2 Emissions from New Passenger Cars, study contract for the EU Commission, DG Environment, Brussels
65. Cullinane,K. (1993), 'Anaggregatedynamicmodelof the parking compliance decision', International Journal of Transport Economics, XX(1), 27-50.
66. Dales, J.H. (1968), Pollution, Property and prices: An Essay in Policy Making and Economics, Toronto: University of Toronto press.
67. Davis, G.A. and B. Owens (2003), 'Optimizing the level of renewable electric R&D expenditures using real options analysis', Energy Policy, 31, 1589-1608.
68. Davis, S.C. and S.W. Diegel (2004), Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition 24, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, ORNL-6973, Tennessee, USA.
69. Dawson, N.L. and K. Segerson (2003), 'Participation in industry-wide voluntary approaches: short run vs. long-run equilibrium', in A. de Zeuwand J. List (eds), Recent Advances in Environmental Economics, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar.
70. De Muizon, G. and M. Glachant (2004), 'The UK climate change levy agreements: combining negotiated agreements with tax and emissions trading', in A. Baranzini and P. Thalmann (eds), Voluntary Approaches in Climate Policy, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar.
71. DeCicco, J.M. and M. Ross (1993), An Updated Assessment of the Near-Term Potential for Improving Automotive Fuel Economy, Washington, DC: American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy.
72. DeCicco, J., F. An and M. Ross (2001), Technical Options for Improving the Fuel Economy of US Cars and Light Trucks by 2010-2015, Washington, DC: American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy.
73. Doyle, T.A. (1998), Technology Status of Hydrogen Road Vehicles, IEA Agreement on the Production and Utilization of Hydrogen, IEA/H2/ TR1-98, available at _http://www.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/ hydrogen/iea/pdfs/tech_status.pdf_, accessed (1 December 2003).
74. Dresner, S., T. Jackson and N. Gilbert (2006), 'History and social responses to environmental tax reform in the United Kingdom', Energy Policy, 34(8), 930-39.
75. ECCJ (Energy Conservation Centre Japan) (2005), Manual Top Runner Program, revised [online], http://www.eccj.or.jp/top_runner/index_ contents_e.html, accessed May 2006.
76. ECMT (European Conference of Ministers of Transport) (2000), 'Monitoring of CO2 Emissions from New Cars, Updated with Data to 1999', ECMT, Paris; available at _http://www.oecd.org/cem/topics/ env/CO2Cars.pdf_, accessed (1 December 2003).
77. ECMT (2003a), 'Comparing existing transport taxes and charges with an optimal pricing benchmark', Efficiency Transport Taxes and Charges 2003, CEMT/CS(2003)4
78. ECMT (2003b), 'Reforming transport taxes and charges', Group on Fiscal and Financial Aspects of Transport, CEMT/CS/FIFI(2003)1/REV1
79. EEA (European Environment Agency) (1998), 'Towards a transport and environment reporting mechanism (TERM) for the EU. Part 1: TERM concept and process', European Environmental Agency in Cooperation with Eurostat, Copenhagen.
80. EEA (1999), 'Environment in the European Union at the turn of the century', Environmental assessment report No. 2, European Environment Agency, Copenhagen.
81. EEA (2002), 'Occupancy rates of passenger vehicles, Indicator fact sheet, TERM 2002 29', European Environment Agency, available at http://themes.eea.eu.int/Sectors_and_activities/transport/indicators/technology/TERM29%2C2002/TERM_2002_29_EU_Occupancy_ rates_of_passenger_vehicles.pdf, accessed March 2005.
82. EERE (Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy) (2005), Hydrogen, Fuel Cells and Infrastructure Technology Program, US Department of Energy _http://www.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/_(14 February).
83. Ehrlich, P.R. and J.P. Holdren (1971), 'Impact of population growth', Science, 171, 1212-17.
84. EIA (Energy Information Administration) (1999), 'Transportation sector', Module of the World Energy Projection System, Office of Integrated Analysis and Forecasting, Energy Information Administration, US Department of Energy, Washington, DC, USA
85. EIA (2002), International Energy Outlook 2002, Office of Integrated Analysis and Forecasting, Energy Information Administration, US Department of Energy, Washington, DC, USA, March
86. EIA (2003a), Annual Energy Outlook 2003, with Projections to 2025, US Department of Energy, DOE/EIA-0383(2003), Washington, DC
87. EIA (2003b), Annual Survey of Alternative Fuel Vehicles Suppliers and Users, Form EIA-886, available at 'Alternatives to traditional transportation fuels 2002 (Table 14)', _http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/ alternate/page/ datatables/atf14-20_02.html_ (1 December).
88. Etheridge,D.M., L.P. Steele, R.L. Langenfelds, R.J. Francey, J.-M. Barnola and V.I. Morgan (1998), 'Historical CO2 records from the Law Dome DE08, DE08-2, and DSS ice cores', in Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA.
89. EurObserver (2005), Biofuels Barometer [online], Directorate-General for Energy and Transport, Renewable Energy Publications, available at http://www.energies-renouvelables.org/observ-er/stat_baro/observ/ baro167b.pdf, accessed January 2006.
90. European Bioenergy Networks (2003),'Liquid biofuels network activity report', Final Report, Contract no. 4.1030./s/01-1000/2001, France, accessed April 2003.
91. European Parliament (2003), Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 October 2003 establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community and amending Council Directive 96/61/EC, Brussels
92. Evenson, R. (1968), 'The contribution of agricultural research and extension to agricultural production', Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Chicago.
93. Ewringmann, D., H. Bergmann, R. Bertenrath, R. Betz, F. Dünnebeil, U. Lambrecht, K. Rogge and W. Schade (2005), Emissions Trading in theTransport Sector - Feasible Approach for an Upstream Model, Research Project commissioned by the German Federal Environmental Agency (UBA) UFOPLAN Scheme No. 202 14 198.
94. Faucon, R. and D. Leport (2002), Fuel Requirements for Present and Future Vehicles, report by Renault, Powertrain Division, Fuels Affairs, France.
95. FHA (Federal Highway Administration) (1996), Highway statistics summary to 1995, Office of Highway Information Management, US Federal Highway Administration
96. Fischer, G. and Schrattenholzer, L. (2001), 'Global bioenergy potentials through 2050', Biomass and Bioenergy, 20(3), 151-9; reprinted as RR-01-009, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria.
97. Fuel Cells Bulletin (2004), 'US Japan to collaborate on fuel cells, hydrogen R&D', 2004 (2), February, 1
98. Fulton, L., T. Howes and J. Hardy (2004), Biofuels for Transport: An International Perspective, Paris: International Energy Agency.
99. GBG (Green Budget Germany) (2004), Ecotax GBG-Memorandum 2004 [online], Munich, available at www.eco-tax.info (June 2006).
100. Gini, C. (1921), 'Measurement of inequality of income', Economic Journal, 31, 124-5.
101. Glaister, S. (2001), 'UK Transport Policy 1997-2001', paper delivered to the Beesley Lectures on Regulation, The Royal Society of Arts, 2 September 2001; http://www.cts.cv.ic.ac.uk/staff/wp 21-glaister. pdf.
102. Goh, M. (2002), 'Congestion management and electronic road pricing in Singapore', Journal of Transport Geography, 10, 29-38.
103. Goldemberg, J., S.T. Coelho, P.M. Nastari and O. Lucon (2004), 'Ethanol learning curve - the Brazilian experience', Biomass and Bioenergy, 26(3), 301-4.
104. Goodwin, P., J. Dargay and M. Hanly (2004), 'Elasticities of road traffic and fuel consumption with respect to price and income: a review', Transport Reviews, 24(3), pp. 275-92.
105. Goto, A. and K. Suzuki (1989), 'R&D capital, rate of return on R&D investment and spillover of R&D in Japanese manufacturing industries', Review of Economics and Statistics, LXXI(41), 555-64.
106. Goulder, L.H. (2002), 'US climate-change policy: the Bush Administration's plan and beyond', Policy Brief, Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research, California, USA.
107. Goulder, L.H. and S.H. Schneider (1999), 'Induced technological change and the attractiveness of CO2 abatement policies', Resource and Energy Economics, 21, 211-53.
108. Government of Canada (2005), 'Moving forward on climate change: a plan for honouring our Kyoto commitment', Project Green, http://www. climatechange.gc.ca/english/.
109. Greene, D. and A. Schafer (2003), 'Reducing greenhouse gas emissions from U.S. transportation', Report for Pew Centre on Global Climate Change, Virginia, USA.
110. Greene, D.L. and S.E. Plotkin (2001), 'Energy futures for the U.S. transportation sector', Energy Policy, 29(14), 1255-70.
111. Griliches, Z. (1958), 'Research cost and social returns: hybrid corn and related innovations', Journal of Political Economy, LXVI, 419-31.
112. Griliches, Z. (1964), 'Research expenditures, education, and the aggregate agricultural production function', American Economic Review, LIV(6), 961-74.
113. Griliches, Z. (1992), 'The search for R&D spillovers', Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 94, S29-47.
114. Griliches, Z. and F. Lichtenberg (1984), 'Interindustry technology flows and productivity growth: a reexamination', Review of Economics and Statistics, LXVI(2), 324-9.
115. Hakim, D. (2005), 'Battle lines set as New York acts to cut emissions', New York Times, 26 November.
116. Hall, B. (1996), 'The private and social returns to research and development: what have we learned?', in Bruce L.R. Smith and Claude E. Barfield (eds), Technology, R&D, and the Economy, Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution and the American Enterprise Institute.
117. Hamelinck, C. and A.P.C. Faaij (2001), 'Future prospects for production of methanol and hydrogen from biomass', Report NWS-E-2001-49, Copernicus Institute, Utrecht University.
118. Hamelinck,C.,A.P.C.Faaij, H. den Uil and H. Boerrigter (2003), 'Production of FT transportation fuels from biomass; technical options, process analysis and optimisation, and development potential', Report NWS-E-2003-08, Copernicus Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.
119. Hamilton, C. and H. Turton (2002), 'Determinants of emissions growth in OECD countries', Energy Policy, 30, 63-71.
120. Hammar, H., Å. Löfgren and T. Sterner (2004), 'Political economy obstacles to fuel taxation', Energy Journal, 3 (July).
121. Hanly, N., J. Shogren and B. White (2001), Introduction to Environmental Economics, Bath: Bath Press Ltd.
122. Heins, B. and L. Luettge (2002), 'The chemical industry in Germany: recent developments of the 1987 chemical industries social partners' agreement on environmental protection', in P.t. Brink (ed.), Voluntary Environmental Agreements: Process, Practice and Future Use, Sheffield: Greenleaf Publishing Limited.
123. Henke, J.M., G. Klepper and N. Schmitz (2003), 'Tax exemption for biofuels in Germany: is bio-ethanol really an option for climate policy?', paper presented at the International Energy Workshop jointly organised by the Energy Modelling Forum (EMF), International Energy Agency (IEA) and International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) at IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria, 24-26 June.
124. Herring, H. (1998), Does Energy Efficiency Save energy: The Implications of Accepting the khazzom-Brookes Postulate, EERU, Open University, available at http://technology.open.ac.uk/eeru/staff/horace/kbpotl.htm.
125. Higgins, G. (1992), 'Parking taxes: effectiveness, legality, and implementation, some general considerations', Transportation, 19(3), 221-30.
126. Higley, C.J., F. Convery and F. Leveque (2001), 'Voluntary approaches: an Introduction', paper presented at CAVA, International Policy Workshop on the Use of Voluntary Approaches, 1 February, Brussels.
127. HM Revenue and Customs (2006), Company cars, available at http://www.hmrc.gov.uk/cars/ (June).
128. Honda (2005), 'Honda reaches 100,000-unit mark in cumulative global hybrid vehicle sales', Press Release, 24 May, http://world.honda.com/ news/2005/c050524.html.
129. Howarth, R.B., B.M. Haddad and B. Paton (2004), 'Energy efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions: correcting market failures using public voluntary agreements', in A. Branzini and P. Thalmann (eds), Voluntary Approaches in Climate Policy, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar.
130. Huffman, W.E. and R.E. Evenson (1993), Science for Agriculture: A Long term Perspective, Iowa State University Press.
131. IBRD (2004), World Development Indicators 2004, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, The World Bank, Washington, DC, USA
132. ICF Consulting (2006), 'Including Aviation into the EU ETS: Impact on EU allowance prices', Final Report for the UK Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs and Department of Transport, available at http://www.defra.gov.uk/Environment/climatechange/trading/ eu/pdf/including-aviation-icf.pdf (February).
133. IEA (International Energy Agency) (1997), Energy Technologies for the 21st Century, Paris: International Energy Agency
134. IEA (2000), 'World energy outlook 2000', in Strategies to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Road Transport: Analytical Methods, Paris: International Energy Agency, OECD
135. IEA (2001), Towards a Sustainable Energy Future, Paris: International Energy Agency
136. IEA (2003a), Energy Balances of OECD countries, Paris: International Energy Agency
137. IEA (2003b), Energy Balances of non-OECD countries, Paris: International Energy Agency
138. IEA (2003c), Energy Statistics of OECD countries, Paris: International Energy Agency
139. IEA (2003d), Energy Statistics of non-OECD countries, Paris: International Energy Agency
140. IEA (2003e), Unpublished data, personal communication with Alan Meier
141. IEA (2004a), World Energy Outlook 2004, Paris: International Energy Agency
142. IEA (2004b), 'Green taxation and subsidies for automobiles', Paris: Climate Change Database, available at http://www.lea.org/textbase/ pamsdb/detail.aspx?mode=cc&id=966, accessed June 2006.
143. Immerzeel-Brand, E. (2002), 'Assessing the performance of negotiated environmental agreements in the Netherlands', in P.t. Brink (ed.), Voluntary Environmental Agreements: Process, Practice and Future Use, Sheffield: Greenleaf Publishing.
144. Imura, H. (1999), 'The use of unilateral agreements in Japan - voluntary action plans of industries against global warming', Working Party on Economic and Environmental Policy Integration, Report No. ENV/EPOC/GEEI(98)26/FINALOECD, Paris.
145. IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) (1996), Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change, Table 4, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press
146. IPCC (2001a), Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press
147. IPCC (2001b), Climate Change 2001: Mitigation, Contribution of Working Group III to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press
148. IRF (International Road Federation) (2000), World Road Statistics: Data 1994-98, Geneva: International Road Federation
149. Jaffe, A. (1988), 'Demand and supply influences in R&D intensity and productivity growth', Review Of Economics and Statistics, LXX(3), 431-7.
150. Jaffe, A.B., R.G. Newell and R.N. Stavins (2005), 'A tale of two market failures: technology and environmental policy', Ecological Economics, 54,164-74.
151. JAMA (2004), 'JAMA Position on the Potential for Achieving the CO2 Reduction Target of 120g/km in 2012'
152. Japan for Sustainability website (2004), http://www.japanfs.org, accessed May 2006.
153. Jensen, P. (2003), Potential Limitations of voluntary Commitments on CO2 Emissions Reductions in Transport, JRC; IPTS report.
154. Jonsson, H. (2003), 'Towards hydrogen economy in Iceland', presentation at International Energy Workshop, 24-26 June, Laxenburg, Austria.
155. Jungmeier, G., K. Koenighofer, M. Varela and C. Lago (2005), 'Economic and environmental performance of biofuels',WorkPackage 2, VIEWLS project, Clear Views on Clean Fuels: Data, Potential Scenarios, Markets, and Trade of Biofuels, EC Project NNE5-2001-00619.
156. Karmali, A. (2005), 'Emissions trading: aviation's next steps', Environmental Finance, December 2004-January 2005, London: Fulton Publishing.
157. Karshenas, M. and P. Stoneman (1993), 'Rank, stock, order, and epidemic effects in the diffusion of new process technologies: an empirical model', RAND Journal of Economics, 24(4), 503-28.
158. Karshenas, M. and P. Stoneman (1995), 'Technological diffusion', Handbook of the Economics and Innovation of Technological Change, Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
159. Kavalov, B. and S.B. Peteves (2004), Impacts of increasing the automotive diesel consumption in the EU, for the EU Commission, Report No. EUR 21378 EN, Luxembourg.
160. Keeling, C.D. and T.P.Whorf (2004), 'Atmospheric CO2 records from sites in the SIO air sampling network', Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Centre, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
161. Keith, D. and A. Farrell (2003), 'Rethinking hydrogen cars', Science, 301, 315-16.
162. Kelly, J.A. (2003), 'Parking demand management as a policy tool', PhD thesis, UCD, Dublin, November.
163. Kelly, J.A. and J.P. Clinch (2003), 'Temporal variance of revealed preference on-street parking price elasticity', Environmental Studies Research Series (ESRS) Working Paper 04/02, Department of Environmental Studies, UCD, Dublin.
164. Kemp, R. (1997a), 'The transition from hydrocarbons: the issues for policy', in S. Faucheux, D. Pearce and J. Proops (eds), Models of Sustainable Development, Cheltenham, UK and Lyme, USA: Edward Elgar.
165. Kemp, R. (1997b), Environmental Policy and Technical Change. A Comparison of the Technological Impact of Policy Instruments, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK and Lyme, USA: Edward Elagar.
166. Khanna, M. (2001), 'Non-mandatory approaches to environmental protection', Journal of Economic Surveys, 15(3), 291-324.
167. Khanna, M. and L. Damon (1999), 'EPA's voluntary 33/50 program: impact on toxic releases and economic performance of firms', Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 37(1), 1-25.
168. Klaassen, G., A. Miketa, K. Riahi and L. Schrattenholzer (2002), 'Targeting technological progress towards sustainable development', Energy and Environment, 13(4/5), 553-78.
169. Knutson, M. and L.G. Tweeten (1979), 'Toward an optimal rate of growth in agricultural production research and extension', American Journal of Agricultura1 Economics, 61, 70-76.
170. Kohler, H. (2003), 'Proposal for European energy strategy for road traffic', VDA Technical Congress, Wolfsburg, 2-3 April.
171. Kopp, R.J. (1998), 'Climate policy and the economics of technical advance: drawing on inventive activity' [online], RFF Climate Issue Brief #8, January.
172. Kram, T., T. Morita, K. Riahi, R.A. Roehrl, S. Van Rooijen, A. Sankovski and B. De Vries (2000), 'Global and regional greenhouse gas emissions scenarios', Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 63(2-3), 335-71.
173. Krarup, S. (2001), 'Can voluntary approaches be environmentally effective and economically efficient?', paper presented at CAVA, International Policy Workshop on the Use of Voluntary Approaches, 1 February, Brussels.
174. Kreutz, T.G., R.H.Williams, R.H. Socolow, P. Chiesa and G. Lozza (2003), 'Production of hydrogen and electricity from coal with CO2 capture', 6th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies, Kyoto, Japan.
175. Kypreos, S., L. Barreto, P. Capros and S. Messner (2000), 'ERIS: a model prototype with endogenous technological change', International Journal of Global Energy Issues, 14(1/2/3/4), 374-97.
176. Landwehr, M. and C. Marie-Lilliu (2002), Transport Projections in OECD Regions: Detailed Report [online], International Energy Agency, http://www.iea.org/textbase/papers/2002/Transport.pdf.
177. Leggett, J., W.J. Pepper and R.J. Swart (1992), 'Emissions scenarios for IPCC: an update', in J.T. Houghton, B.A. Callander and S.K. Varney (eds), Climate Change 1992: The Supplementary Report to the IPCC Scientific Assessment, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 69-95.
178. Letendre, S.E. and W. Kempton (2002), 'The V2G concept: a new model for power?', Public Utilities Fortnightly, 15 February, Virginia, USA.
179. Lightfoot, H.D. and C. Green (2002), 'Energy intensity decline implications for stabilization of atmospheric CO2 content', Report No. 2001-7, October 2001, McGill Center for Climate and Global Change Research, Canada.
180. Lipman, T.E., J.L. Edwards and D.M. Kammen, (2004), 'Fuel cell system economics: comparing the costs of generating power with stationary and motor vehicle PEM fuel cell systems', Energy Policy, 32, 101-25.
181. Lovins, B.A. and B.D.Williams (1999), 'A strategy for the hydrogen transition', 10th Annual U.S. Hydrogen Meeting, National Hydrogen Association, 7-9 April, Virginia, USA.
182. Luiten, E. and K. Blok (2004), 'Stimulating R&D of industrial energyefficient technology. Policy lessons - impulse technology', Energy Policy, 32(9), 1087-1108.
183. Lyon, T.P. and J.W. Maxwell (2003), 'Self-regulation, taxation and public voluntary environmental agreements', Journal of Public Economics, 87(7-8), 1453-86.
184. Mansfield, E. (1968), Industrial Research and Technological Innovation, New York: W.W. Norton.
185. Mansfield, E. (1996), 'Microeconomic policy and technological change', Conference Series, [Proceedings], Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, June(40), 183-213.
186. Mansfield, E., J. Rapoport, A. Rambo, S.Wagner and G. Beardsley (1977), 'Social and private rates of return from industrial innovations', The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 91(2), 221-40.
187. Manzini, P. and M. Mariotti (2003), 'A bargaining model of voluntary environmental agreements', Journal of Public Economics, 87(12), 2725-36.
188. Marland, G., T.A. Boden and R.J. Andres (2003), 'Global, regional, and national CO2 emissions', in Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Centre, Oak Ridge National Laboratory,U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
189. Marx, T.G. (2000), 'The role of technology in responding to concerns about global climate change', The Kyoto Commitments: Can Nations Meet Them with the Help of Technology?, ACCF Center for Policy Research, Washington, DC.
190. Matsuno, Y. (2001), 'Pollution control agreements in Japan: conditions for their success', paper presented at the European Consortium for Political Research Paper Archive - Joint Sessions of Workshops, Grenoble, France.
191. Maxwell, J.W., T.P. Lyon and S. Hackett (2000), 'Self-regulation and social welfare: the political economy of corporate environmentalism', Journal of Law and Economics, 43(2), 583-617.
192. Mayeres, I. and S. Proost (2001), 'Should diesel cars in Europe be discouraged?', Regional Science and Urban Economics, 31, 453-70.
193. Mazurek, J. (1998), The Use of Unilateral Agreements in the United States: The Responsible Care Initiative, prepared for the Working Party on Economic and Environmental Policy Integration, OECD report ENV/EPOC/GEEI(98)25/FINAL.
194. McDonald, A. and L. Schrattenholzer (2001), 'Learning rates for energy technologies', Energy Policy, 29(4), 255-61.
195. Mehlin, M., A. Guehnermann and R. Aoki (2004a), Preparation of the 2003 review of the commitment of car manufacturers to reduce CO2 emissions from M1 vehicles, Final Report of Phase 1 to the Directorate-General for Environment, DLR - German Aerospace Centre, Service Contract No. 3040/2002/343537/MAR/C1, Berlin, Germany.
196. Mehlin, M., C. Vance, A. Guehnermann and S. Buchheim (2004b), Preparation of the 2003 review of the commitment of car manufacturers to reduce CO2 emissions from M1 vehicles, Final Report of Task A to the Directorate-General for Environment, DLR - German Aerospace Centre, Service Contract No. 070501/2004/377441/MAR/C1, Berlin, Germany.
197. Menanteau, P. (2003), 'Can negotiated agreements replace efficiency standards as an instrument for transforming the electrical appliance market?', Energy Policy, 31(9), 827-35.
198. Menon, A. (2000), 'ERP in Singapore - a perspective one year on', TEC, 41(2), 40-45.
199. Michaelis, L.,D. Bleviss, J-P. Orfeuil, R. Pischinger, J. Crayston,O.Davidson, T. Kram, N. Nakićenović and L. Schipper (1996), 'Mitigation options in the transportation sector', in Climate Change 1995: Impacts, Adaptation and Mitigation of Climate Change: Scientific-Technical Analyses, Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
200. Miketa, A. and L. Schrattenholzer (2004), Roadmap to deploying technologies for sustainable development, IIASA Interim Report IR-04-074, Laxenburg, Austria.
201. Millock, K. (2000), 'The combined use of taxation and voluntary agreements for energy policy', Nota di Lavoro 109.2000, Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei, Venice, Italy.
202. Millock, K. and F. Salanié (2000), 'Collective environmental agreements: an analysis of the problems of free-riding and collusion', Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei Working Paper 108.2000, Venice, Italy.
203. Ministry of Environment (Japan) (2003),('Meeting on core technology for global warming mitigation: Interim report on core technology for global warming mitigation in residential, commercial and transportation sectors'), Tokyo
204. Mobility Car Sharing (2006), website available at http://www.mobility. ch/upload/docs/PDF/MM%20d%20Jahresabschluss%202005pdf.
205. Mohnen, P. and N. Lepine (1988), 'Payments for technology as a factor of production', University of Montreal, Department of Economics, Paper No. 8818.
206. Montero, J.P., D. Ellerman, P. Joskow, R. Schmalensee and E. Bailey (2000), Markets for Clean Air: the US Acid Rain Program, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
207. Moura, F. (2006), 'Driving energy system transformation with "Vehicle-to-Grid" power', Interim Report IR-06-025, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria.
208. MRI (Mitsubishi Research Institute) (2005), 'Japan's voluntary emissions trading scheme (J-VETS) [online]', available at http://www.et.chikyuk ankyo.com/english/ (October).
209. Musters, A.P.A. (1995), The Rebound Effect: An Introduction, Netherlands: Netherlands Energy Research Foundation.
210. Nakićenović, N. (1991), 'Diffusion of pervasive systems: a case of transport infrastructures', Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 39, 181-200.
211. Nakićenović, N., P.V. Gilli and R. Kurz (1996), 'Regional and global exergy and energy efficiencies', Energy - The International Journal, 21(3), 223-37.
212. Nakićenović, N. and Swart, R. (eds) (2000), Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES), A Special Report of Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, UK.
213. National Academy of Sciences (2002), Effectiveness and Impact of Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standard, Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board
214. Neftel, A., H. Friedli, E. Moor, H. Lötscher, H. Oeschger, U. Siegenthaler and B. Stauffer (1994), 'Historical CO2 record from the Siple Station ice core', in Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
215. Neij, L., P.D. Andersen, M. Durstewitz, P. Helby, M. Hoppe-Kilpper and P.E. Morthorst (2003), 'Experience curves: a tool for energy policy assessment', IMES/EESS Report Number 40, Department of Technology and Society, Environmental and Energy Systems Studies, Lund University, Sweden.
216. NHTSA (2005), 'Fuel economy website of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration', http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/cars/rules/cafe/New PassengerCarFleet.htm.
217. NRC (U.S. National Research Council) (1992), Automotive Fuel Economy, How Far Should We Go?, Committee on Fuel Economy of Automobiles and Light Trucks Energy Engineering Board, commission on Engineering and Technical Systems, National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
218. NRC (2001), 'Energy research at DOE: was it worth it?',Washington, DC: National Academy Press
219. NRC (2003), 'Effectiveness and impact of corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) standards', Committee on the Effectiveness and Impact of Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards and Board on Energy and Environmental Systems of the National Academies National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC: National Academy Press
220. Odell, P.R. (2004), Why Carbon Fuels will Dominate the 21st Century's Global Energy Economy, Brentwood: Multi-Science Publishing Co Ltd.
221. OECD (1999), Voluntary Approaches for Environmental Policy: An Assessment, Paris: OECD
222. OECD (2002a), Strategies to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Road Transport: Analytical Methods, Report IRTD No. E109210, OECD, Paris.
223. OECD (2002b), Voluntary Approaches: Two Japanese Cases, ENV/ EPOC/WPNEP(2002) 12/FINAL, OECD, Paris
224. OECD (2003), Voluntary Approaches for Environmental Policy: Effectiveness, Efficiency ad Usage in Policy Mixes, OECD, Paris
225. Öeko-Institut e.V (1998), New Instruments for Sustainability - The New Contribution of Voluntary Agreements to Environmental Policy, Final Report, Darmstadt, Germany.
226. Office of the Attorney General (2006), 'Attorney General Lockyer files lawsuit against "Big Six" automakers for global warming damages in California', News Release 06-082, 20 September 2006, http://ag.ca. gov/newsalerts/release.php?id_1338 (September).
227. Ogden, J.M., R.H. Williams and E.D. Larson (2004), 'Societal lifecycle costs of cars with alternative fuels/engines', Energy Policy, 32, 1-27.
228. Ogushi, T. and S. Kure (2003), 'Carbon dioxide test emissions trading project in Japan', paper presented at the OECD Global Forum on Sustainable Development: Emissions Trading and Concerted Action on Tradable Emissions Permits (CATEP Country Foum held on 17-18 March, OECD Headquarters, Paris.
229. Olson, M. (1965), The Logic of Collective Action, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
230. OTA (Office of Technology Assessment) (1995), Advanced Automotive Technology: Visions of a Super-Efficient Family Car, OTA-ETI-638, Washington, DC
231. Pakes, A. (1985), 'On patents, R&D, and the stock market rate of return', Journal of Political Economy, 93(2), 390-409.
232. Parry, I.W.H. (2003), 'On the implications of technological innovation for environmental policy', Environment and Development Economics, 8, 57-76.
233. Parsons, E. and W. Shelton (2002), 'Advanced fossil power systems comparison study', prepared for the National Energy Technology Laboratory (USA), December.
234. PCAST (1999), 'Powerful partnerships: the federal role in international cooperation on energy innovation', President's Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology, Panel on International Co-operation in Energy Research, Development, Demonstration and Deployment,Washington, USA
235. Peterson, W.L. (1967), 'Return to poultry research in the United States', Journal of Farm Economics, 49, 656-69.
236. Popp, D. (2002), 'Induced innovation and energy prices', American Economic Review, 92(1), 160-80.
237. Popp, D. (2003), 'Lessons from patents: using patents to measure technological change in environmental models', NBER Working Papers 9978, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., USA.
238. Popp, D. (2004), 'ENTICE: endogenous technological change in the DICE model of global warming', Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 48(1), 742-68.
239. Redmond, L. and F. Convery (2005), 'The evolution of the European market in CO2 allowances', Conference presentation at the 14th Annual Conference of the European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists. Bremen, Germany, available at http://www.webmeets.com/files/papers/ EAERE/2005/216/Conference%20Paper%20for%20EAERE.pdf (September).
240. Reijnders, L. (2005), 'Conditions for the sustainability of biomass based fuel use', Energy Policy, 34(7), 863-76.
241. Requate, T. (2005), 'Dynamic incentives by environmental policy instruments - a survey', Ecological Economics, 54(2-3), 175-95.
242. Riahi, K. and R.A. Roehrl (2000), 'Greenhouse gas emissions in a dynamicsas-usual scenario of economic and energy development', Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 63, 175-205.
243. Riahi, K., R.A.Roehrl, L. Schrattenholzer and A. Miketa (2001), Technology Clusters in Sustainable Development Scenarios, Progress Report of Environmental Issue Groups, International Forum of the Collaboration Projects in Spring 2001, Tokyo, Japan.
244. Rogner, H.H. (1997), 'An assessment of world hydrocarbon resources', Annual Review of Energy and the Environment, 22, 217-62.
245. Rogner, H.H. (2000), 'Energy resources', in World Energy Assessment: Energy and the Challenge of Sustainability, Chapter 5, UNDP/WEC/ UNDESA (United Nations Development Programme, World Energy Council, UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs), Washington/New York.
246. Romer, P.M. (1986), 'Increasing returns and long-run growth', Journal of Political Economy, 94, 1002-37.
247. Ryan, L., S. Ferreira and F. Convery (2005), 'Stimulating the use of biofuels in the European Union: implications for climate change policy', Energy Policy, 34(17), 3184-94.
248. Ryan, L., S. Ferreira and F. Convery (2006), 'Effectiveness of fiscal and other measures to manage greenhouse gas emissions from the automobile sector: evidence from Europe', Planning and Environmental Policy Research Series (PEP) Working Paper 06/06, Department of Planning and Environmental Policy, University College Dublin.
249. Sagar, A.D. and B. van der Zwaan (2005), 'Technological innovation in the energy sector:R&D, deployment, and learning-by-doing', Energy Policy, 34(17), 2601-8.
250. Samuelson, P. (1954), 'The pure theory of public expenditures', Review of Economics and Statistics, 37, 350-56.
251. Sandler, T. (1997), Global Challenges - An Approach to Environmental Political and Economic Problems, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
252. Sanyal, P. (2001), 'Powering a green progress: environmental research in the absence of regulatory oversight', Brandeis University working paper, by private communication.
253. SASOL (2005), Technologies and Processes, http://www.sasol.com/sasol_ internet/frontend/navigation.jsp?navid_1600033&rootid_2 (October).
254. Sauer, A. and F.Wellington (2004), Taking the High (Fuel Economy) Road, World Resources Institute Report, November.
255. Schafer, A. (1995), Trends in Global Motorized Mobility; The Past 30 Years and Implications for the Next Century, WP-95-49, International Institute of Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria.
256. Schafer, A. (1998), 'The global demand for motorized mobility', Transportation Research Part A, 32(6), 455-77.
257. Schafer, A. (2003), personal communication.
258. Schafer, A. and D.G.Victor (2000), 'The future mobility of the world population', Transportation Research Part A, 34, 171-205.
259. Schafer, A., S. Kypreos, L. Barreto, H. Jacoby and P. Dietrich (1999), 'Automobile technology in a CO2-constrained world', in B. Eliasson, P. Riemer and A. Wokaun (eds), Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies, Interlaken, Switzerland, pp. 911-16.
260. Schmitz, A. and D. Seckler (1970), 'Mechanized agriculture and social welfare: the case of the tomato harvester', American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 52, 567-77.
261. Schrattenholzer, L., A. Miketa, K. Riahi, R.A. Roehrl, M. Strubegger, G. Totschnig and B. Zhu (2004), Achieving a Sustainable Global EnergySystem, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar Publishing.
262. Schumpeter, J.A. (1942), Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy, New York: Harper and Brothers.
263. Seebregts, A., S. Bos, T. Kram and G. Schaeffer (2000), 'Endogenous learning and technology clustering: analysis with MARKAL model of the western European energy system', International Journal of Global Energy Issues, 14(1/2/3/4), 289-319.
264. Segerson, K. and N.L. Dawson (2003), 'Voluntary agreements with industries: participation incentives with industry-wide targets', Department of Economics Working Paper Series. Working Paper 2004-06, University of Connecticut, USA.
265. SFA Pacific (2000), 'Gasification: worldwide use and acceptance', report prepared for the US Department of Energy, Office of Fossil Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory and the Gasification Technologies Council (Contract DE-AMO1-98FE65271), SFA Pacific Inc., Mountain View, California.
266. Shapouri, H., J. Duffield and M.Wang (2002), 'The energy balance of corn ethanol: an update', Agricultural Economic Report Number 813, United States Department of Agriculture, Office of Energy Policy and New Uses, Washington, DC.
267. Simbeck, D.R. and E. Chang (2002), 'Hydrogen supply: cost estimate for hydrogen pathways - scoping analysis', SFA Pacific Inc., Mountain View, California.
268. Steiger, W. (2002), 'SunFuel-Strategie: Basis nachhaltiger Mobilitaet' (Sunfuel-strategy: a basis for sustainable mobility), paper presented at World Renewable Energy Policy and Strategy Forum 'Renewable Energies - Agenda 1 of Agenda 21', Berlin, 13-15 June http://www.worldcouncil-for-renewable-energy.org/conevents/Forum1en.html, accessed July 2005.
269. Sterner, T. (2003), Policy Instruments for Environmental and Natural Resource Management,Washington, DC:Resources for the Future Press.
270. Sveikauskas, L. (1981), 'Technological inputs and multifactor productivity growth', Review of Economics and Statistics, 63(2), 275-82.
271. Ten Brink et al. (2005), 'Service contract to carry out economic analysis and business impact assessment of CO2 emissions reduction measures in the automotive sector', European Commission Contract no. B4-3040/2003/366487/MAR/CZ, Brussels.
272. Terleckyj,N. (1974), Effects of R&D on the Productivity Growth of Industries: An Exploratory Study, National Planning Association, Washington, DC.
273. TfL (Transport for London) (2006), Congestion Charging [online], available at http://www.cclondon.com/index.shtml, accessed June 2006.
274. The White House (2005), Statement from George W. Bush, Climate Change Fact Sheet, [online] The White House website, available at http:// www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2005/05/20050518-4.html (May).
275. Thomas, C.E., B.D. James, F.D. Lomaxm and I.F. Kuhn (2000), 'Fuel options for the fuel cell vehicle: hydrogen, methanol or gasoline?', International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 25, 551-67.
276. Toyota (2005), 'Toyota Worldwide Hybrid Sales Top 500,000 Units', Press Release, 25 November, http://www.toyota.co.jp/en/news/05/1125_2.html.
277. Tsuchiya, H. and O. Kobayashi (2002), 'Fuel cell cost study by learning curve', paper submitted to the Annual Meeting of the International Energy Workshop, Energy Modeling Forum/International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, 18-20 June, Stanford University.
278. Turton, H. (2005), Measuring the Impact of Energy Technology Investment on Long-term Sustainability, Report to the EC-sponsored SAPIENTIA Project, Interim Report IR-05-038, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Austria.
279. Turton, H. and L. Barreto (2004), The Extended Energy-Systems ERIS Model: An Overview, IR-04-10, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria.
280. Turton, H. and L. Barreto (2006), 'Long-term security of energy supply and climate change', Energy Policy, 34, 2232-50.
281. Turton, H. and F. Moura (2006), 'Vehicle-to-grid systems for sustainable development: an integrated energy analysis', Technological Forecasting and Social Change (submitted).
282. Turton, H. and L. Barreto (2007), 'Automobile technology, hydrogen and climate change: a long-term modelling analysis', International Journal of Alternative Propulsion, 1(4), 397-426.
283. U.S. DoE (2001), Analysis of the Climate Change Technology Initiative: Fiscal Year 2001 [online], available at http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ climate/, accessed June 2005.
284. U.S. DoE (Department of Energy) (2005), Hybrid Vehicles Tax Incentives [online], available atwww.fueleconomy.gov/feg/tax_hybrid.shtml, accessed June 2005.
285. UK Department of Transport (2002), Attitudes to Local Bus Services [online], available at http://www.transtat.dft.gov.uk/tables/2002/fperson/ busloc02.htm, accessed March 2005.
286. UK HM Revenue and Customs (2007),'Company cars-guidance for employees' [online], available at http://www.hmrc.gov.uk/helpsheets/ ir 203.pdf, accessed January 2007.
287. UN (United Nations) (1987), 'Our common future', Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development, also known as Brundtland Report, UN General Assembly 42nd Session, 4 August
288. UN (1997), 'Overall review and appraisal of the implementation of Agenda 21', Earth summit _5, 21-23 June, New York
289. UN (1998), World Population Projections to 2150, Population Department, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, New York
290. UN (2004), World Population to 2300, Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations, New York
291. UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) (2004), Human Development Report 2004, United Nations Development Programme, New York
292. UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention for Climate Change) (2005), Essential Background - Kyoto Protocol [online], available at http://unfccc.int/essential_background/kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php, accessed June 2006.
293. US Department of Energy (USDOE) and US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (2003a), Fuel Economy Guide Model Year 2004, http:// www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/FEG2004.pdf, accessed 1 December 2003.
294. US Department of Energy (USDOE) and US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (2003b), 'Fuel cell vehicles', _http://www.fuel economy.gov/feg/fuelcell.shtml_, accessed November 2003.
295. US EPA (2003), 'International analysis of methane and nitrous oxide abatement opportunities: report to energy modelling forum', Working Group 21, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, June 2003, available at http://www.epa.gov/nonco2/econ-inv/pdfs/methodologych4.pdf and http://www.epa.gov/nonco2/econ-inv/appendices.html.
296. US EPA (2004), Protecting the Environment Together: Energy Star and Other Voluntary Programs, 2003 Annual Report, http://www.epa.gov/ appdstar/pdf/cppd2003.pdf.
297. Verhoef, E. (1996), The Economics of Regulating Road Transport, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar.
298. Vine, E., P. du Pont and P. Waide (2001), 'Evaluating the impact of appliance efficiency labelling programs and standards: process, impact, and market transformation evaluations', Energy, 26(11), 1041-59.
299. VTPI (Victoria Transport Policy Institute) (2006), Transport Demand Management Encyclopedia [online], available at http://www.vtpi.org/ tdm/index.php, accessed June 2006.
300. Wachs, M. (2003), Improving Efficiency and Equity in Transportation Finance, The Brookings Institute, Washington, DC.
301. Wallstrom, M. (2004), Community strategy to reduce CO2 emissions from passenger cars, Letter to the Chairman of the Committee on the Environment, European Policy, European Commission, Brussels.
302. Wang, M. (2001), 'Assessment of well-to-wheel energy use and greenhouse gas emissions of Fischer-Tropsch diesel', Centre for TransportationResearch Argonne National Laboratory Report, prepared for Office of Technology Utilization, Office of Transportation Technologies, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
303. WBCSD (World Business Council for Sustainable Development) (2004), Mobility 2030: Meeting the challenges to sustainability, Full Report 2004, The Sustainable Mobility Project, World Business Council for Sustainable Development, Geneva, Switzerland
304. Webb, K. (1999), 'Voluntary initiatives and the law', in R. Gibson (ed.), Voluntary Initiatives: The New Politics of Corporate Greening, Peterborough: Broadview Press, pp. 32-50.
305. Weiss, M.A., J.B. Heywood, A. Schafer and V.K. Natarajan (2003), 'Comparative assessment of fuel cell cars', MIT LFEE 2003-001 RP, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA.
306. Weiss, M., J.B. Heywood, E.M. Drake, A. Schafer and F. AuYeung (2000), 'On the road in 2020: a life-cycle analysis of new automobile technologies', Energy Laboratory Report# MIT EL-00-003, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
307. Weitzman, M.L. (1974), 'Prices vs. quantities', The Review of Economic Studies, 41(4), 477-91.
308. Williams, R.H., M. Bunn, S. Consonni,W. Gunter, S. Holloway, R. Moore and D. Simbeck (2000), 'Advanced energy supply technologies', in World Energy Assessment: Energy and the Challenge of Sustainability, Chapter 8, UNDP/WEC/UNDESA (United Nations Development Programme, World Energy Council, UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs), Washington/New York.
309. WWF (World Wildlife Fund) (2000), 'Will voluntary agreements at EU level deliver on environmental objectives?', paper at UNEP Voluntary Initiatives Workshop, September
310. Yagishita, T. and S. Ueda (2003), 'Recent expansion of bioenergy utilization in Japan - subjects and countermeasures', paper presented at IEA Bioenergy Task 29 workshop 18-20 June, Streatley, United Kingdom.
311. Zahavi, Y. and A. Talvitie (1980), 'Regularities in travel time and money expenditures', Transportation Research Record, 750, 13-19, National Research Council, Washington, DC.