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Ortho-substituents do not follow Hammett's equation because of additional steric effects.
-
Ortho-substituents do not follow Hammett's equation because of additional steric effects.
-
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17
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68949198386
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Note
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The net electronic effect of substituent × considered as the sum of two distinct effects: induction and resonance. The effect of resonance is greater for para than for meta substituents due to better conjugation of electron pairs in the para position. In contrast, inductive effects, which result from the polarization of bonds, are stronger for meta than for para substituents, which are more distant from the reaction site. Consequently, the Hammett constant s depends not only on the particular substituent but also on the substituent's position and is measured separately for meta and para positions (denoted as oop, respectively).
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For other X's the reaction counts are below 5
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For other X's the reaction counts are below 5.
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