메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 30, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 103-114

Experimental evidence concerning spear use in Neandertals and early modern humans

Author keywords

Anatomically modern humans; Bone modelling; Experimental archaeology; Mousterian; Spears forces; Upper Paleolithic

Indexed keywords

NEANDERTHAL; WEAPON;

EID: 0037245623     PISSN: 03054403     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1006/jasc.2001.0814     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (110)

References (72)
  • 1
    • 0003047036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Musculoskeletal dynamics, locomotion, and clinical applications
    • (C. V. Mow and W. C. Hayes, Eds) 2nd Ed. New York: Lippincott-Raven
    • Andriacchi, T. P., Natrajan, R. N. & Hurwitz, D. E. (1997). Musculoskeletal dynamics, locomotion, and clinical applications. In (C. V. Mow & W. C. Hayes, Eds) Basic Orthopaedic Biomechanics, 2nd Ed. New York: Lippincott-Raven, pp. 37-68.
    • (1997) Basic Orthopaedic Biomechanics , pp. 37-68
    • Andriacchi, T.P.1    Natrajan, R.N.2    Hurwitz, D.E.3
  • 2
    • 0025486317 scopus 로고
    • An approach for time-dependent bone modeling and remodeling - Theoretical development
    • Beaupré, G. S., Orr, T. E. & Carter, D. R. (1990a). An approach for time-dependent bone modeling and remodeling-theoretical development. Journal of Orthopaedic Research 8, 651-661.
    • (1990) Journal of Orthopaedic Research , vol.8 , pp. 651-661
    • Beaupré, G.S.1    Orr, T.E.2    Carter, D.R.3
  • 3
    • 0025484692 scopus 로고
    • An approach for time-dependent bone modeling and remodeling - Application: A preliminary remodeling situation
    • Beaupré, G. S., Orr, T. E. & Carter, D. R. (1990a). An approach for time-dependent bone modeling and remodeling-application: a preliminary remodeling situation. Journal of Orthopaedic Research 8, 662-670.
    • (1990) Journal of Orthopaedic Research , vol.8 , pp. 662-670
    • Beaupré, G.S.1    Orr, T.E.2    Carter, D.R.3
  • 4
    • 84982470778 scopus 로고
    • The development of the bow in western Europe: A technological and functional perspective
    • (G. L. Peterkin, H. M. Bricker and P. A. Mellars, Eds) American Anthropological Association Archaeological Papers
    • Bergman, C. A. (1993). The development of the bow in western Europe: a technological and functional perspective. In (G. L. Peterkin, H. M. Bricker & P. A. Mellars, Eds) Hunting and Animal Exploitation in the Later Palaeolithic and Mesolithic of Europe. American Anthropological Association Archaeological Papers Vol. 4, pp. 95-105.
    • (1993) Hunting and Animal Exploitation in the Later Palaeolithic and Mesolithic of Europe , vol.4 , pp. 95-105
    • Bergman, C.A.1
  • 5
    • 0001890840 scopus 로고
    • Problems of interpreting the functional results for ancient periods
    • Beyries, S. (1990). Problems of interpreting the functional results for ancient periods. Aun 14, 71-76.
    • (1990) Aun , vol.14 , pp. 71-76
    • Beyries, S.1
  • 8
    • 84991253179 scopus 로고
    • The optimal design of hunting weapons
    • Bleed, P. (1986). The optimal design of hunting weapons. American Antiquity 51, 737-747.
    • (1986) American Antiquity , vol.51 , pp. 737-747
    • Bleed, P.1
  • 9
    • 0039628237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Levallois point embedded in the vertebra of a wild ass (Equus africanus): Hafting, projectiles and Mousterian hunting weapons
    • Boëda, E., Geneste, J. M., Griggo, C., Mercier, N., Muhesen, S., Reyss, J. L., Taha, A. & Valladas, H. (1999). A Levallois point embedded in the vertebra of a wild ass (Equus africanus): hafting, projectiles and Mousterian hunting weapons. Antiquity 73, 394-402.
    • (1999) Antiquity , vol.73 , pp. 394-402
    • Boëda, E.1    Geneste, J.M.2    Griggo, C.3    Mercier, N.4    Muhesen, S.5    Reyss, J.L.6    Taha, A.7    Valladas, H.8
  • 11
    • 0029524222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Skeletal biology and behavior in ancient humans
    • Bridges, P. S. (1996). Skeletal biology and behavior in ancient humans. Evolutionary Anthropology 4, 112-120.
    • (1996) Evolutionary Anthropology , vol.4 , pp. 112-120
    • Bridges, P.S.1
  • 12
    • 0012778139 scopus 로고
    • Un crochet de propulseur solutréen de la grotte de Combe-Saunière 1 (Dordogne)
    • Cattelain, P. (1989). Un crochet de propulseur solutréen de la grotte de Combe-Saunière 1 (Dordogne). Bulletin de la Société Préhistorique Française 86, 213-216.
    • (1989) Bulletin De La Société Préhistorique Française , vol.86 , pp. 213-216
    • Cattelain, P.1
  • 13
    • 0002038925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hunting during the Upper Paleolithic: Bow, spearthrower, or both?
    • (H. Knecht, Ed.) New York: Plenum Press
    • Cattelain, P. (1997). Hunting during the Upper Paleolithic: Bow, spearthrower, or both? In (H. Knecht, Ed.) Projectile Technology. New York: Plenum Press, pp. 213-240.
    • (1997) Projectile Technology , pp. 213-240
    • Cattelain, P.1
  • 14
    • 0015301185 scopus 로고
    • Mechanical influences in bone remodeling. Experimental research on Wolff's Law
    • Chamay, A. & Tschantz, P. (1972). Mechanical influences in bone remodeling. Experimental research on Wolff's Law. Journal of Biomechanics 5, 173-180.
    • (1972) Journal of Biomechanics , vol.5 , pp. 173-180
    • Chamay, A.1    Tschantz, P.2
  • 15
    • 0012825782 scopus 로고
    • Projectile point size and projectile aerodynamics: An exploratory study
    • Christenson, A. L. (1986). Projectile point size and projectile aerodynamics: an exploratory study. Plains Anthropologist 31, 109-128.
    • (1986) Plains Anthropologist , vol.31 , pp. 109-128
    • Christenson, A.L.1
  • 16
    • 84982419225 scopus 로고
    • Weapon technology, prey size selection, and hunting methods in modern hunter-gatherers: Implications for hunting in the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic
    • (G. L. Peterkin, H. M. Bricker and P. A. Mellars, Eds) American Anthropological Association Archaeological Papers
    • Churchill, S. E. (1993). Weapon technology, prey size selection, and hunting methods in modern hunter-gatherers: implications for hunting in the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic. In (G. L. Peterkin, H. M. Bricker & P. A. Mellars, Eds) Hunting and Animal Exploitation in the Later Palaeolithic and Mesolithic of Europe. American Anthropological Association Archaeological Papers, vol. 4, pp. 11-24.
    • (1993) Hunting and Animal Exploitation in the Later Palaeolithic and Mesolithic of Europe , vol.4 , pp. 11-24
    • Churchill, S.E.1
  • 17
    • 0002786394 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A case of marked bilateral asymmetry in the upper limbs of an Upper Paleolithic male from Barma Grande (Liguria), Italy
    • Churchill, S. E. & Formicola, V. (1997). A case of marked bilateral asymmetry in the upper limbs of an Upper Paleolithic male from Barma Grande (Liguria), Italy. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 7, 18-38.
    • (1997) International Journal of Osteoarchaeology , vol.7 , pp. 18-38
    • Churchill, S.E.1    Formicola, V.2
  • 18
    • 0034043988 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A modern human humerus from the early Aurignacian of Vogelherdhöle (Stetten, Germany)
    • Churchill, S. E. & Smith, F. H. (2000). A modern human humerus from the early Aurignacian of Vogelherdhöle (Stetten, Germany). American Journal of Physical Anthropology 112, 251-273.
    • (2000) American Journal of Physical Anthropology , vol.112 , pp. 251-273
    • Churchill, S.E.1    Smith, F.H.2
  • 19
    • 85030417691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biomechanics in palaeoanthropology: Engineering and experimental approaches to the study of behavioural evolution in the genus Homo
    • (in press). (C. Harcourt and R. Crompton, Eds) London: Linnean Society of London
    • Churchill, S. E. & Schmitt, D. (in press). Biomechanics in palaeoanthropology: engineering and experimental approaches to the study of behavioural evolution in the genus Homo. In (C. Harcourt & R. Crompton, Eds) Primate Evolution and Behavior. London: Linnean Society of London.
    • Primate Evolution and Behavior
    • Churchill, S.E.1    Schmitt, D.2
  • 20
    • 0004454354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Late Pleistocene human technological and subsistence behavior: Functional interpretations of upper limb morphology
    • (A. Bietti and S. Grimaldi, Eds) Quaternaria Nova
    • Churchill, S. E., Weaver, A. H. & Niewoehner, W. A. (1996). Late Pleistocene human technological and subsistence behavior: Functional interpretations of upper limb morphology. In (A. Bietti & S. Grimaldi, Eds) Reduction Processes ("Chaines Opératoires") in the European Mousterian, Quaternaria Nova 6, pp. 18-51.
    • (1996) Reduction Processes ("Chaines Opératoires") in the European Mousterian , vol.6 , pp. 18-51
    • Churchill, S.E.1    Weaver, A.H.2    Niewoehner, W.A.3
  • 22
    • 0000885614 scopus 로고
    • The relationship of in vivo bone strain to mandibular corpus morphology in Macaca fascicularis
    • Daegling, D. J. (1993). The relationship of in vivo bone strain to mandibular corpus morphology in Macaca fascicularis. Journal of Human Evolution 25, 247-269.
    • (1993) Journal of Human Evolution , vol.25 , pp. 247-269
    • Daegling, D.J.1
  • 23
    • 0031447724 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Occlusal forces and mandibular bone strain: Is the primate jaw "overdesigned"?
    • Daegling, D. J. & Hylander, W. L. (1997). Occlusal forces and mandibular bone strain: Is the primate jaw "overdesigned"? Journal of Human Evolution 33, 705-717.
    • (1997) Journal of Human Evolution , vol.33 , pp. 705-717
    • Daegling, D.J.1    Hylander, W.L.2
  • 27
    • 0033081446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Middle Palaeolithic bone tools from the open air site Salzgitter-Lebenstedt (Germany)
    • Gaudzinski, S. (1999). Middle Palaeolithic bone tools from the open air site Salzgitter-Lebenstedt (Germany). Journal of Archaeological Science 26, 125-141.
    • (1999) Journal of Archaeological Science , vol.26 , pp. 125-141
    • Gaudzinski, S.1
  • 28
    • 0001956636 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hunting and multifunctional use of bows and arrows: Ethnoarchaeology of technological organization among Pumé hunters of Venezuela
    • (H. Knecht, Ed.) New York: Plenum Press
    • Greaves, R. D. (1997). Hunting and multifunctional use of bows and arrows: Ethnoarchaeology of technological organization among Pumé hunters of Venezuela. In (H. Knecht, Ed.) Projectile Technology. New York: Plenum Press, pp. 287-320.
    • (1997) Projectile Technology , pp. 287-320
    • Greaves, R.D.1
  • 29
    • 0001658134 scopus 로고
    • Osseous projectile points: Biological considerations affecting raw material selection and design among Palaeolithic and Palaeoindian people
    • (J. Clutton-Brock and C. Grigson, Eds) Oxford: British Archaeological Reports
    • Guthrie, R. D. (1983). Osseous projectile points: biological considerations affecting raw material selection and design among Palaeolithic and Palaeoindian people. In (J. Clutton-Brock & C. Grigson, Eds) Animals and Archaeology, Volume 1. Hunters and their Prey. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, pp. 273-294.
    • (1983) Animals and Archaeology, Hunters and Their Prey , vol.1 , pp. 273-294
    • Guthrie, R.D.1
  • 30
    • 0021031278 scopus 로고
    • Neotropical hunting among the Aché of eastern Paraguay
    • (R. B. Hames and W. T. Vickers, Eds) New York: Academic Press
    • Hill, K. & Hawkes, K. (1983). Neotropical hunting among the Aché of eastern Paraguay. In (R. B. Hames & W. T. Vickers, Eds) Adaptive responses of native Amazonians, New York: Academic Press, pp. 139-188.
    • (1983) Adaptive Responses of Native Amazonians , pp. 139-188
    • Hill, K.1    Hawkes, K.2
  • 31
    • 0000455619 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Each according to need and fashion: Spear and arrow use among San hunters of the Kalahari
    • (H. Knecht, Ed.) New York: Plenum Press
    • Hitchcock, R. & Bleed, P. (1997). Each according to need and fashion: Spear and arrow use among San hunters of the Kalahari. In (H. Knecht, Ed.) Projectile Technology. New York: Plenum Press, pp. 345-368.
    • (1997) Projectile Technology , pp. 345-368
    • Hitchcock, R.1    Bleed, P.2
  • 32
    • 54649083999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Getting to the point: Evolutionary change in prehistoric weaponry
    • Hughes, S. S. (1998). Getting to the point: evolutionary change in prehistoric weaponry. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 5, 345-408.
    • (1998) Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory , vol.5 , pp. 345-408
    • Hughes, S.S.1
  • 33
    • 0030896932 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vivo bone strain patterns in the zygomatic arch of Macaques and the significance of these patterns for functional interpretations of craniofacial form
    • Hylander, W. L. & Johnson, K. R. (1997). In vivo bone strain patterns in the zygomatic arch of Macaques and the significance of these patterns for functional interpretations of craniofacial form. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 102, 203-232.
    • (1997) American Journal of Physical Anthropology , vol.102 , pp. 203-232
    • Hylander, W.L.1    Johnson, K.R.2
  • 35
    • 84982390644 scopus 로고
    • Early Upper Paleolithic approaches to bone and antler projectile technology
    • (G. L. Peterkin, H. M. Bricker and P. A. Mellars, Eds) American Anthropological Association Archaeological Papers
    • Kneoht, H. (1993). Early Upper Paleolithic approaches to bone and antler projectile technology. In (G. L. Peterkin, H. M. Bricker & P. A. Mellars, Eds) Hunting and Animal Exploitation in the Later Palaeolithic and Mesolithic of Europe. American Anthropological Association Archaeological Papers, vol. 4, pp. 33-47.
    • (1993) Hunting and Animal Exploitation in the Later Palaeolithic and Mesolithic of Europe , vol.4 , pp. 33-47
    • Kneoht, H.1
  • 36
    • 0025800606 scopus 로고
    • Three-dimensional acceleration of the tibia during walking and running
    • Lafortune, M. A. (1991). Three-dimensional acceleration of the tibia during walking and running. J. Biomechanics 10, 877-886.
    • (1991) J. Biomechanics , vol.10 , pp. 877-886
    • Lafortune, M.A.1
  • 37
    • 0012881076 scopus 로고
    • The relationship between functional loading and bone architecture
    • (C. J. DeRousseau, Ed.) New York: Wiley-Liss Inc
    • Lanyon, L. E. (1990). The relationship between functional loading and bone architecture. In (C. J. DeRousseau, Ed.) Primate Life History and Evolution. New York: Wiley-Liss, Inc., pp. 269-284.
    • (1990) Primate Life History and Evolution , pp. 269-284
    • Lanyon, L.E.1
  • 38
    • 0001803749 scopus 로고
    • Functional adaptation in skeletal structures
    • (D. M. Bramble, K. F. Liem and D. B. Wake, Eds) Cambridge: Belknap Press
    • Layon, L. E. & Rubin, C. T. (1985). Functional adaptation in skeletal structures. In (D. M. Bramble, K. F. Liem & D. B. Wake, Eds) Functional Vertebrate Morphology. Cambridge: Belknap Press, pp. 1-25.
    • (1985) Functional Vertebrate Morphology , pp. 1-25
    • Layon, L.E.1    Rubin, C.T.2
  • 39
    • 0022626718 scopus 로고
    • Modulation of bone loss during calcium insufficiency by controlled dynamic loading
    • Lanyon, L. E., Rubin, C. T. & Baust, G. (1986). Modulation of bone loss during calcium insufficiency by controlled dynamic loading. Calcified Tissue International 38, 209-216.
    • (1986) Calcified Tissue International , vol.38 , pp. 209-216
    • Lanyon, L.E.1    Rubin, C.T.2    Baust, G.3
  • 42
    • 0001260179 scopus 로고
    • A wooden spear of Third Interglacial age from Lower Saxony
    • Movius, H. L. (1950). A wooden spear of Third Interglacial age from Lower Saxony. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 6, 139-142.
    • (1950) Southwestern Journal of Anthropology , vol.6 , pp. 139-142
    • Movius, H.L.1
  • 44
    • 84976700023 scopus 로고
    • Experiment with spears and arrows on animal targets
    • Odell, G. H. & Cowan, F. (1986). Experiments with spears and arrows on animal targets. Journal of Field Archaeology 13, 195-212.
    • (1986) Journal of Field Archaeology , vol.13 , pp. 195-212
    • Odell, G.H.1    Cowan, F.2
  • 46
    • 84982509404 scopus 로고
    • Lithic and organic hunting technology in the French Upper Paleolithic
    • (G. L. Peterkin, H. M. Bricker and P. A. Mellars, Eds) American Anthropological Association Archaeological Papers
    • Peterkin, G. L. (1993). Lithic and organic hunting technology in the French Upper Paleolithic. In (G. L. Peterkin, H. M. Bricker & P. A. Mellars, Eds) Hunting and Animal Exploitation in the Later Palaeolithic and Mesolithic of Europe. American Anthropological Association Archaeological Papers, vol. 4, pp. 49-67.
    • (1993) Hunting and Animal Exploitation in the Later Palaeolithic and Mesolithic of Europe , vol.4 , pp. 49-67
    • Peterkin, G.L.1
  • 48
    • 0033915646 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Partitioning of a daily mechanical stimulus into discrete loading bouts improves the osteogenic response to loading
    • Robling, A. G., Burr, D. B. & Turner, C. H. (2000). Partitioning of a daily mechanical stimulus into discrete loading bouts improves the osteogenic response to loading. J. Bone and Mineral Research 15, 1596-1602.
    • (2000) J. Bone and Mineral Research , vol.15 , pp. 1596-1602
    • Robling, A.G.1    Burr, D.B.2    Turner, C.H.3
  • 49
    • 0003070589 scopus 로고
    • Physical and environmental influences on bone formation
    • (C. Brighton, G. Friedlander and J. Lane, Eds) Am. Acad. Of Orthop. Surg
    • Rubin, C. T., Gross, T. S., Donahue, H. J. & Guilak, F. (1994). Physical and environmental influences on bone formation. In (C. Brighton, G. Friedlander & J. Lane, Eds) Bone Formation and Repair. Am. Acad. Of Orthop. Surg., pp. 61-78.
    • (1994) Bone Formation and Repair , pp. 61-78
    • Rubin, C.T.1    Gross, T.S.2    Donahue, H.J.3    Guilak, F.4
  • 50
    • 0021215715 scopus 로고
    • Dynamic strain similarity in vertebrates: An alternative to allometric limb bone scaling
    • Rubin, C. T. & Lanyon, L. E. (1984). Dynamic strain similarity in vertebrates: an alternative to allometric limb bone scaling. Journal of Theoretical Biology 107, 321-327.
    • (1984) Journal of Theoretical Biology , vol.107 , pp. 321-327
    • Rubin, C.T.1    Lanyon, L.E.2
  • 51
    • 0001781854 scopus 로고
    • Biomechanical analyses of archaeological human material
    • (S. R. Saunders and M. A. Katzenburg, Eds) New York: Alan R. Liss
    • Ruff, C. B. (1992). Biomechanical analyses of archaeological human material. In (S. R. Saunders & M. A. Katzenburg, Eds) The Skeletal Biology of Past Peoples: Advances in Research Methods. New York: Alan R. Liss, pp. 41-61.
    • (1992) The Skeletal Biology of Past Peoples: Advances in Research Methods , pp. 41-61
    • Ruff, C.B.1
  • 52
    • 84976724243 scopus 로고
    • Spear points from the Middle Paleolithic of the Levant
    • Shea, J. J. (1988). Spear points from the Middle Paleolithic of the Levant. Journal of Field Archeology 15, 441-450.
    • (1988) Journal of Field Archeology , vol.15 , pp. 441-450
    • Shea, J.J.1
  • 53
    • 0002602789 scopus 로고
    • A functional study of the lithic industries associated with hominid fossils in the Kebara and Qafzeh Caves, Israel
    • (P. A. Mellars & C. B. Stringer, Eds) Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press
    • Shea, J. J. (1989). A functional study of the lithic industries associated with hominid fossils in the Kebara and Qafzeh Caves, Israel. In (P. A. Mellars & C. B. Stringer, Eds) The Human Revolution. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, pp. 611-625.
    • (1989) The Human Revolution , pp. 611-625
    • Shea, J.J.1
  • 54
    • 84975023699 scopus 로고
    • A further note on Mousterian spear points
    • Shea, J. J. (1990). A further note on Mousterian spear points. Journal of Field Archeology 17, 111-114.
    • (1990) Journal of Field Archeology , vol.17 , pp. 111-114
    • Shea, J.J.1
  • 55
    • 84982428026 scopus 로고
    • Lithic use-wear evidence for hunting by Neandertals and early modern humans from the Levantine Mousterian
    • (G. L. Peterkin, H. M. Bricker and P. A. Mellars, Eds) American Anthropological Association Archaeological Papers
    • Shea, J. J. (1993). Lithic use-wear evidence for hunting by Neandertals and early modern humans from the Levantine Mousterian. In (G. L. Peterkin, H. M. Bricker & P. A. Mellars, Eds) Hunting and Animal Exploitation in the Later Palaeolithic and Mesolithic of Europe. American Anthropological Association Archaeological Papers, vol. 4, pp. 189-197.
    • (1993) Hunting and Animal Exploitation in the Later Palaeolithic and Mesolithic of Europe , vol.4 , pp. 189-197
    • Shea, J.J.1
  • 56
    • 0002566136 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Middle Paleolithic spear point technology
    • (H. Knecht, Ed.) New York: Plenum Press
    • Shea, J. J. (1997). Middle Paleolithic spear point technology. In (H. Knecht, Ed.) Projectile Technology. New York: Plenum Press, pp. 79-106.
    • (1997) Projectile Technology , pp. 79-106
    • Shea, J.J.1
  • 57
    • 0034902459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental tests of Middle Paleolithic spear points using a calibrated crossbow
    • Shea, J. J., Davis, Z. & Brown, K. (2001). Experimental tests of Middle Paleolithic spear points using a calibrated crossbow. Journal of Archaeological Science 28, 807-816.
    • (2001) Journal of Archaeological Science , vol.28 , pp. 807-816
    • Shea, J.J.1    Davis, Z.2    Brown, K.3
  • 58
    • 0000088355 scopus 로고
    • Spears, darts, and arrows: Late Woodland hunting techniques in the Upper Ohio Valley
    • Shott, M. J. (1993). Spears, darts, and arrows: Late Woodland hunting techniques in the Upper Ohio Valley. American Antiquity 58, 425-443.
    • (1993) American Antiquity , vol.58 , pp. 425-443
    • Shott, M.J.1
  • 59
    • 0029093747 scopus 로고
    • Interruption of disuse by short duration walking exercise does not prevent bone loss in the sheep calcaneous
    • Skerry, T. M. & Lanyon, L. E. (1995). Interruption of disuse by short duration walking exercise does not prevent bone loss in the sheep calcaneous. Bone 16, 269-274.
    • (1995) Bone , vol.16 , pp. 269-274
    • Skerry, T.M.1    Lanyon, L.E.2
  • 61
    • 0031049120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lower Palaeolithic hunting spears from Germany
    • Thieme, H. (1997). Lower Palaeolithic hunting spears from Germany. Nature 385, 807-810.
    • (1997) Nature , vol.385 , pp. 807-810
    • Thieme, H.1
  • 62
    • 0002188442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lower Palaeolithic throwing spears and other wooden implements from Schöningen, Germany
    • (H. Ullrich, Ed.) Gelsenkirchen/Schwelm: Edition Archaca
    • Thieme, H. (1999). Lower Palaeolithic throwing spears and other wooden implements from Schöningen, Germany. In (H. Ullrich, Ed.) Hominid Evolution: Lifestyles and Strategies. Gelsenkirchen/ Schwelm: Edition Archaca, pp. 383-395.
    • (1999) Hominid Evolution: Lifestyles and Strategies , pp. 383-395
    • Thieme, H.1
  • 65
    • 0002826462 scopus 로고
    • Neandertal postcrania and the adaptive shift to modern humans
    • (E. Trinkaus, Ed.) British Archaeological Reports S164
    • Trinkaus, E. (1983b). Neandertal postcrania and the adaptive shift to modern humans. In (E. Trinkaus, Ed.) The Mousterian Legacy: Human Biocultural Change in the Upper Pleistocene. British Archaeological Reports S164, 165, pp. 165-200.
    • (1983) The Mousterian Legacy: Human Biocultural Change in the Upper Pleistocene , vol.165 , pp. 165-200
    • Trinkaus, E.1
  • 67
    • 0033081910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diaphyseal cross-sectional geometry of Near Eastern Middle Paleolithic humans: The humerus
    • Trinkaus, E. & Churchill, S. E. (1999). Diaphyseal cross-sectional geometry of Near Eastern Middle Paleolithic humans: The humerus. Journal of Archaeological Science 26, 173-184.
    • (1999) Journal of Archaeological Science , vol.26 , pp. 173-184
    • Trinkaus, E.1    Churchill, S.E.2
  • 68
    • 0028115659 scopus 로고
    • Postcranial robusticity in Homo. II: Humeral bilateral asymmetry and bone plasticity
    • Trinkaus, E., Churchill, S. E. & Ruff, C. B. (1994). Postcranial robusticity in Homo. II: Humeral bilateral asymmetry and bone plasticity. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 93, 1-34.
    • (1994) American Journal of Physical Anthropology , vol.93 , pp. 1-34
    • Trinkaus, E.1    Churchill, S.E.2    Ruff, C.B.3
  • 71
    • 0008079550 scopus 로고
    • First published report and exhibition of the specimen, May 10th, 1911
    • Warren, S. H. (1911). First published report and exhibition of the specimen, May 10th, 1911. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society 67, xcix.
    • (1911) Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society , vol.67 , pp. 99
    • Warren, S.H.1
  • 72
    • 0023764529 scopus 로고
    • Influence of physical activity on the regulation of bone density
    • Whalen, R. T., Carter, D. R. & Steel, C. R. (1988). Influence of physical activity on the regulation of bone density. Journal of Biomechanics 21, 825-837.
    • (1988) Journal of Biomechanics , vol.21 , pp. 825-837
    • Whalen, R.T.1    Carter, D.R.2    Steel, C.R.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.