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Additional work during each replica solution [step (2) of the multiresolution algorithm] includes two optimizations. First, as in each replica can utilize multiple trials t to mitigate the effects of local energy minima by selecting the lowest energy trial for that replica. Typically t 4, but it can be higher, t 20, for difficult systems. Second, the algorithm manually merges clusters that will lower the energy of the system. This effect arises because the algorithm evolves the system by sequentially moving one node at a time to a new community based on the largest energy decrease for the node given the current state of the system. Some edge configurations (particularly heavily weighted graphs with γ 1) can hinder the process of merging clusters when moving one node at a time. The number of merges is indefinite, but it is generally small enough to not significantly alter the overall performance of the algorithm. In some cases, additional node-level adjustments may follow as a result of any manual merges. The computational cost is estimated to be O (NZlogZlogq) except for γ 1, where q is small.
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The scaling dependence of β is a complicated function β β (N,q, Zin, Zout, γ), where N is the number of nodes, q is the number of communities, γ is the Potts model weight, and Zin and Zout are the average number of interior and exterior connected edges for each node with respect to its own community. A typical average scaling is β 0.3. Empirically for large graphs, worst case behavior is seen in localized regions with an intermediate to high Zout / Zin ratio where there is significant system confusion (where any algorithm would have difficulty). In these cases β 9, and the system is in transition to a structure that is more difficult to solve. The transition effect is localized and is not representative of the global scaling. Afterward, β drops to a value more representative of the average scaling. As the system becomes increasingly difficult, bordering on incoherent, the convergence rate can actually accelerate as the algorithm is rapidly trapped by local minima. The rapid transition is representative of general transitions between typical-easy and rare-hard problems and constitutes an analog of the singular transition point the k-SAT problem. We will report on this effect in an upcoming publication.
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We can eliminate the scale factor of logZ for any unweighted graph. However, here we wish to demonstrate the full weighted scaling, so almost all of our unweighted graph examples include the logZ scale factor.
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We can eliminate the scale factor of logZ for any unweighted graph. However, here we wish to demonstrate the full weighted scaling, so almost all of our unweighted graph examples include the logZ scale factor.
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For the IN, V, and I calculations, we are generally comparing configurations that are somewhat similar. The confusion matrix can have at most N nonzero entries; therefore, we use a pseudosparse matrix representation to calculate these measures usually in O (N). Worst case (pathological) behavior for initialization is O (Nq). The calculation cost can be as fast as O (q) for strongly correlated systems. The total cost for step (3) of the algorithm will typically scale as O (N r2 logN) where the user has control over the number of replicas r and logN is the estimated scaling for the required number of resolutions.
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For the IN, V, and I calculations, we are generally comparing configurations that are somewhat similar. The confusion matrix can have at most N nonzero entries; therefore, we use a pseudosparse matrix representation to calculate these measures usually in O (N). Worst case (pathological) behavior for initialization is O (Nq). The calculation cost can be as fast as O (q) for strongly correlated systems. The total cost for step (3) of the algorithm will typically scale as O (N r2 logN) where the user has control over the number of replicas r and logN is the estimated scaling for the required number of resolutions.
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Data for the constructed systems examined in this paper (Figs. 1 2 3 4) can be found at
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Data for the constructed systems examined in this paper (Figs. 1 2 3 4) can be found at http://physics.wustl.edu/zohar/communitydetection/.
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We use a logarithmic scale for the model weight γ in part because γ is related to the minimum community edge density pin given by Eq. 10. As a result, γ effectively specifies the resolution of the partition. A logarithmic scale better captures the variation in distinct configurations for 0<γ 19 which covers the practical range of significant resolutions. In particular, we are interested in important low-density resolutions with γ 1 and higher density resolutions with 1≤γ≤19. The logarithmic scale does not change the extremal values of IN and V that indicate the best resolutions; but compared to a linear scale in γ, it could affect the visual interpretations of the plateaus in the supplemental measures H, I, or q.
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We use a logarithmic scale for the model weight γ in part because γ is related to the minimum community edge density pin given by Eq. 10. As a result, γ effectively specifies the resolution of the partition. A logarithmic scale better captures the variation in distinct configurations for 0<γ 19 which covers the practical range of significant resolutions. In particular, we are interested in important low-density resolutions with γ 1 and higher density resolutions with 1≤γ≤19. The logarithmic scale does not change the extremal values of IN and V that indicate the best resolutions; but compared to a linear scale in γ, it could affect the visual interpretations of the plateaus in the supplemental measures H, I, or q.
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We plot the average q as opposed to q based on an optimal partition as used in in order to be consistent with our use of averaged information measures.
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We plot the average q as opposed to q based on an optimal partition as used in in order to be consistent with our use of averaged information measures.
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Different internal community densities are best resolved at different values of γ (i.e., different resolutions). As the number of nodes N decreases in the benchmark, the density of intercommunity edges between two communities increases relative to the internal community densities. Together, they cause the range of the solvable resolutions [see the solution at (ia,b) in Fig. 10] to decrease and eventually restrict an accurate or intended solution.
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As a specific realization, consider a symmetric adjacency matrix A for a four node graph given by A12 = A13 = A14 = A23 = A24 =1. The permutation P34 that exchanges 3 with 4 leaves A invariant, so the graph itself is invariant. If we have two solutions B and C that place i and j in different communities then IN (B,C) 1 despite the invariance of A under the permutation. Unless one can distinguish between the nodes via external means, community groupings of the four nodes such as (123)(4) and (123)(3) correspond to the same breaking of the lattice (the graph is symmetric under the permutation), but they have a relative mutual information that differs from the self mutual information [(8-3log3) /4 vs (10-6log3) /4 for the two groupings, respectively].
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