The clavien-dindo classification of surgical complications: Five-year experience

Annals of Surgery

Volumn 250, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 187-196

  Clavien, Pierre A ^a   Barkun, Jeffrey ^b   De Oliveira, Michelle L ^a   Vauthey, Jean Nicolas ^c   Dindo, Daniel ^a   Schulick, Richard D ^d   De Santibañes, Eduardo ^e   Pekolj, Juan ^e   Slankamenac, Ksenija ^a   Bassi, Claudio ^f   Graf, Rolf ^a   Vonlanthen, René ^a   Padbury, Robert ^g   Cameron, John L ^d   Makuuchi, Masatoshi ^h  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL ZURICH   (Switzerland)

^b MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MD ANDERSON CANCER CENTER   (United States)

^d DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY   (United States)

^e HOSPITAL ITALIANO DE BUENOS AIRES   (Argentina)

^f Divisione Chirurgia Generale C Borgo Roma Hospital   (Italy)

^g FLINDERS MEDICAL CENTRE   (Australia)

^h Japanese Red Cross Society   (Japan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLINICAL EVALUATION; CONSENSUS; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; LAPAROTOMY; NURSE; PERCEPTION; PHYSICIAN; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SURGEON; SURGICAL MORTALITY; ARTICLE; CLASSIFICATION; CLINICAL TRIAL; HEALTH PERSONNEL ATTITUDE; HOSPITALIZATION; MULTICENTER STUDY; NOMENCLATURE; OBSERVER VARIATION; PATIENT SATISFACTION; REPRODUCIBILITY; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY;

ATTITUDE OF HEALTH PERSONNEL; HUMANS; OBSERVER VARIATION; PATIENT SATISFACTION; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; TERMINOLOGY AS TOPIC;

EID: 68949086783     PISSN: 00034932     EISSN: 15281140     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e3181b13ca2     Document Type: Review

References (139)

1. Horton R. Surgical research or comic opera: questions, but few answers. Lancet. 1996;347:984-985.
2. Clavien PA, Sanabria JR, Strasberg SM. Proposed classification of complications of surgery with examples of utility in cholecystectomy. Surgery. 1992;111:518-526.
3. Pomposelli JJ, Gupta SK, Zacharoulis DC, et al. Surgical complication outcome (SCOUT) score: a new method to evaluate quality of care in vascular surgery. J Vasc Surg. 1997;25:1007-1014; discussion 1014-1015.
4. Gawande AA, Thomas EJ, Zinner MJ, et al. The incidence and nature of surgical adverse events in Colorado and Utah in 1992. Surgery. 1999;126: 66-75.
5. Veen MR, Lardenoye JW, Kastelein GW, et al. Recording and classification of complications in a surgical practice. Eur J Surg. 1999;165:421-424; discussion 425.
6. Pillai SB, van Rij AM, Williams S, et al. Complexity-and risk-adjusted model for measuring surgical outcome. Br J Surg. 1999;86:1567-1572.
7. Dindo D, Demartines N, Clavien PA. Classification of surgical complications: a new proposal with evaluation in a cohort of 6336 patients and results of a survey. Ann Surg. 2004;240:205-213.
8. Chun YS, Vauthey JN, Ribero D, et al. Systemic chemotherapy and two-stage hepatectomy for extensive bilateral colorectal liver metastases: perioperative safety and survival. J Gastrointest Surg. 2007;11:1498-1504; discussion 1504-1505.
9. Ribero D, Abdalla EK, Madoff DC, et al. Portal vein embolization before major hepatectomy and its effects on regeneration, resectability and outcome. Br J Surg. 2007;94:1386-1394.
10. Reddy SK, Morse MA, Hurwitz HI, et al. Addition of bevacizumab to irinotecan-and oxaliplatin-based preoperative chemotherapy regimens does not increase morbidity after resection of colorectal liver metastases. J Am Coll Surg. 2008;206:96-106.
11. Reddy SK, Pawlik TM, Zorzi D, et al. Simultaneous resections of colorectal cancer and synchronous liver metastases: a multi-institutional analysis. Ann Surg Oncol. 2007;14:3481-3491.
12. de Santibanes E, Ardiles V, Gadano A, et al. Liver transplantation: the last measure in the treatment of bile duct injuries. World J Surg. 2008;32:1714-1721.
13. Seda-Neto J, Godoy AL, Carone E, et al. Left lateral segmentectomy for pediatric live-donor liver transplantation: special attention to segment IV complications. Transplantation. 2008;86:697-701.
14. Sundaram CP, Martin GL, Guise A, et al. Complications after a 5-year experience with laparoscopic donor nephrectomy: the Indiana University experience. Surg Endosc. 2007;21:724-728.
15. McKay A, Sutherland FR, Bathe OF, et al. Morbidity and mortality following multivisceral resections in complex hepatic and pancreatic surgery. J Gastrointest Surg. 2008;12:86-90.
16. Tamura S, Sugawara Y, Kaneko J, et al. Systematic grading of surgical complications in live liver donors according to Clavien's system. Transpl Int. 2006;19:982-987.
17. Pessaux P, Regimbeau JM, Dondero F, et al. Randomized clinical trial evaluating the need for routine nasogastric decompression after elective hepatic resection. Br J Surg. 2007;94:297-303.
18. Permpongkosol S, Link RE, Su LM, et al. Complications of 2775 urological laparoscopic procedures: 1993 to 2005. J Urol. 2007;177:580-585. 19.
19. Patel S, Cassuto J, Orloff M, et al. Minimizing morbidity of organ donation: analysis of factors for perioperative complications after living-donor ne-phrectomy in the United States. Transplantation. 2008;85:561-565.
20. Reddy S, Edil BH, Cameron JL, et al. Pancreatic resection of isolated metastases from nonpancreatic primary cancers. Ann Surg Oncol. 2008;15: 3199-3206.
21. Haynes AB, Weiser TG, Berry WR, et al. A surgical safety checklist to reduce morbidity and mortality in a global population. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:491-499.
22. Barr ML, Belghiti J, Villamil FG, et al. A report of the Vancouver Forum on the care of the live organ donor: lung, liver, pancreas, and intestine data and medical guidelines. Transplantation. 2006;81:1373-1385.
23. Fan ST. Live donor liver transplantation in adults. Transplantation. 2006; 82:723-732.
24. Sugawara Y, Tamura S, Makuuchi M. Systematic grading of surgical complications in live liver donors. Liver Transpl. 2007;13:781-782.
25. Tamura S, Sugawara Y, Kokudo N. Donor evaluation and hepatectomy for living-donor liver transplantation. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg. 2008;15:79-91.
26. Skolarikos A, de la Rosette J. Prevention and treatment of complications following percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Curr Opin Urol. 2008;18:229-234.
27. Breitenstein S, Kraus A, Hahnloser D, et al. Emergency left colon resection for acute perforation: primary anastomosis or Hartmann's procedure? A case-matched control study. World J Surg. 2007;31:2117-2124.
28. Leandros E, Alexakis N, Albanopoulos K, et al. Hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery with a Pfannenstiel incision in beta-thalassemia patients: initial experience. World J Surg. 2006;30:1216-1220.
29. Hubner M, Hahnloser D, Hetzer F, et al. A prospective randomized comparison of two instruments for dissection and vessel sealing in laparoscopic colorectal surgery. Surg Endosc. 2007;21:592-594.
30. Scholz T, Hetzer FH, Dindo D, et al. Long-term follow-up after combined fissurectomy and botox injection for chronic anal fissures. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2007;22:1077-1081.
31. Kyoden Y, Tamura S, Sugawara Y, et al. Biliary complications in right lateral sector graft live donor liver transplantation. Transpl Int. 2008;21: 332-339.
32. Bingener J, Buck L, Richards M, et al. Long-term outcomes in laparoscopic vs. open ventral hernia repair. Arch Surg. 2007;142:562-567.
33. Arru M, Pulitano C, Aldrighetti L, et al. A prospective evaluation of ultrasonic dissector plus harmonic scalpel in liver resection. Am Surg. 2007;73:256-260.
34. Jaffe J, Stakhovsky O, Cathelineau X, et al. Surgical outcomes for men undergoing laparoscopic radical prostatectomy after transurethral resection of the prostate. J Urol. 2007;178:483-487; discussion 487.
35. Zorzi D, Chun YS, Madoff DC, et al. Chemotherapy with bevacizumab does not affect liver regeneration after portal vein embolization in the treatment of colorectal liver metastases. Ann Surg Oncol. 2008;15:2765-2772.
36. Mullen JT, Ribero D, Reddy SK, et al. Hepatic insufficiency and mortality in 1059 noncirrhotic patients undergoing major hepatectomy. J Am Coll Surg. 2007;204:854-862; discussion 862-864.
37. Petrowsky H, McCormack L, Trujillo M, et al. A prospective, randomized, controlled trial comparing intermittent portal triad clamping versus ischemic preconditioning with continuous clamping for major liver resection. Ann Surg. 2006;244:921-928; discussion 928-930.
38. Lesurtel M, Selzner M, Petrowsky H, et al. How should transection of the liver be performed? A prospective randomized study in 100 consecutive patients: comparing four different transection strategies. Ann Surg. 2005; 242:814-822; discussion 822-823.
39. Wicherts DA, Miller R, de Haas RJ, et al. Long-term results of two-stage hepatectomy for irresectable colorectal cancer liver metastases. Ann Surg. 2008;248:994-1005.
40. Ko EY, Castle EP, Desai PJ, et al. Utility of the endovascular stapler for right-sided laparoscopic donor nephrectomy: a 7-year experience at Mayo Clinic. J Am Coll Surg. 2008;207:896-903.
41. Heinrich S, Schafer M, Weber A, et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy generates a significant tumor response in resectable pancreatic cancer without increasing morbidity: results of a prospective phase II trial. Ann Surg. 2008;248:1014-1022.
42. de Rougemont O, Dutkowski P, Weber M, et al. Abdominal drains in liver transplantation: useful tool or useless dogma? A matched case-control study. Liver Transpl. 2009;15:96-101.
43. Constantinides CA, Tyritzis SI, Skolarikos A, et al. Short-and long-term complications of open radical prostatectomy according to the Clavien classification system. BJU Int. 2009;103:336-340.
44. Yoon YS, Han HS, Shin SH, et al. Laparoscopic treatment for intrahepatic duct stones in the era of laparoscopy: laparoscopic intrahepatic duct exploration and laparoscopic hepatectomy. Ann Surg. 2009;249:286-291.
45. Shen P, Thai K, Stewart JH, et al. Peritoneal surface disease from colorectal cancer: comparison with the hepatic metastases surgical paradigm in optimally resected patients. Ann Surg Oncol. 2008;15:3422-3432.
46. de la Rosette JJ, Zuazu JR, Tsakiris P, et al. Prognostic factors and percutaneous nephrolithotomy morbidity: a multivariate analysis of a contemporary series using the Clavien classification. J Urol. 2008;180:2489-2493.
47. Muller MK, Dedes KJ, Dindo D, et al. Impact of clinical pathways in surgery. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2009;394:31-39.
48. Fuks D, Verhaeghe P, Brehant O, et al. Results of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy: a prospective study in 135 patients with morbid obesity. Surgery. 2009;145:106-113.
49. Bonvalot S, Rivoire M, Castaing M, et al. Primary retroperitoneal sarcomas: a multivariate analysis of surgical factors associated with local control. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:31-37.
50. Gumbs AA, Gres P, Madureira FA, et al. Laparoscopic vs. open resection of noninvasive intraductal pancreatic mucinous neoplasms. J Gastrointest Surg. 2008;12:707-712.
51. Gumbs AA, Gres P, Madureira F, et al. Laparoscopic vs. open resection of pancreatic endocrine neoplasms: single institution's experience over 14 years. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2008;393:391-395.
52. Beck-Schimmer B, Breitenstein S, Urech S, et al. A randomized controlled trial on pharmacological preconditioning in liver surgery using a volatile anesthetic. Ann Surg. 2008;248:909-918.
53. Erekson EA, Sung VW, Myers DL. Pay for performance: what the urogy-necologist should know. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2008;19: 1039-1041.
54. Chan SC, Fan ST. Historical perspective of living donor liver transplantation. World J Gastroenterol. 2008;14:15-21.
55. Gonzalgo ML, Pavlovich CP, Trock BJ, et al. Classification and trends of perioperative morbidities following laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. J Urol. 2005;174:135-139; discussion 139.
56. Yi NJ, Suh KS, Cho JY, et al. Three-quarters of right liver donors experienced postoperative complications. Liver Transpl. 2007;13:797-806.
57. Lermite E, Pessaux P, Teyssedou C, et al. Effect of preoperative endoscopic biliary drainage on infectious morbidity after pancreatoduodenectomy: a case-control study. Am J Surg. 2008;195:442-446.
58. Patel S, Orloff M, Tsoulfas G, et al. Living-donor liver transplantation in the United States: identifying donors at risk for perioperative complications. Am J Transplant. 2007;7:2344-2349.
59. Bucher P, Oulhaci W, Morel P, et al. Results of conservative treatment for perforated gastroduodenal ulcers in patients not eligible for surgical repair. Swiss Med Wkly. 2007;137:337-340.
60. Lucidi V, Lemye AC, Baire L, et al. Use of marginal donors for liver transplantation: a single-center experience within the Eurotransplant patient-driven allocation system. Transplant Proc. 2007;39:2668-2671.
61. Pratt W, Joseph S, Callery MP, et al. POSSUM accurately predicts morbidity for pancreatic resection. Surgery. 2008;143:8-19.
62. Feldman LS, Demyttenaere SV, Polyhronopoulos GN, et al. Refining the selection criteria for laparoscopic versus open splenectomy for splenomegaly. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 2008;18:13-19.
63. Lermite E, Pessaux P, Brehant O, et al. Risk factors of pancreatic fistula and delayed gastric emptying after pancreaticoduodenectomy with pancreatico-gastrostomy. J Am Coll Surg. 2007;204:588-596.
64. Stolzenburg JU, Rabenalt R, Do M, et al. Categorisation of complications of endoscopic extraperitoneal and laparoscopic transperitoneal radical prostatectomy. World J Urol. 2006;24:88-93.
65. Tan HP, Shapiro R, Montgomery RA, et al. Proposed live donor nephrectomy complication classification scheme. Transplantation. 2006;81:1221-1223.
66. Kocak B, Koffron AJ, Baker TB, et al. Proposed classification of complications after live donor nephrectomy. Urology. 2006;67:927-931.
67. Goeman L, Salomon L, La De Taille A, et al. Long-term functional and oncological results after retroperitoneal laparoscopic prostatectomy according to a prospective evaluation of 550 patients. World J Urol. 2006;24:281-288.
68. Teber D, Tefekli A, Eskicorapci S, et al. Retroperitoneoscopy: a Versatile Access for Many Urologic Indications. Eur Urol Suppl 2006;5:975-982.
69. Chan SC, Fan ST, Lo CM, et al. Toward current standards of donor right hepatectomy for adult-to-adult live donor liver transplantation through the experience of 200 cases. Ann Surg. 2007;245:110-117.
70. Vanounou T, Pratt W, Fischer JE, et al. Deviation-based cost modeling: a novel model to evaluate the clinical and economic impact of clinical pathways. J Am Coll Surg. 2007;204:570-579.
71. Vanounou T, Pratt WB, Callery MP, et al. Selective administration of prophylactic octreotide during pancreaticoduodenectomy: a clinical and cost-benefit analysis in low-and high-risk glands. J Am Coll Surg. 2007; 205:546-557.
72. Vollmer CM Jr, Pratt W, Vanounou T, et al. Quality assessment in high-acuity surgery: volume and mortality are not enough. Arch Surg. 2007;142: 371-380.
73. Bergman S, Feifer A, Feldman LS, et al. Laparoscopic live donor nephrectomy: the pediatric recipient in a dual-site program. Pediatr Transplant. 2007;11:429-432.
74. Gali B, Findlay JY, Plevak DJ, et al. Right hepatectomy for living liver donation vs. right hepatectomy for disease: intraoperative and immediate postoperative comparison. Arch Surg. 2007;142:467-471; discussion 471-472.
75. Khalaf H, Al-Sofayan M, El-Sheikh Y, et al. Donor outcome after living liver donation: a single-center experience. Transplant Proc. 2007;39:829-834.
76. Yi NJ, Suh KS, Lee HW, et al. An artificial vascular graft is a useful interpositional material for drainage of the right anterior section in living donor liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. 2007;13:1159-1167.
77. Tefekli A, Ali Karadag M, Tepeler K, et al. Classification of percutaneous nephrolithotomy complications using the modified Clavien grading system: looking for a standard. Eur Urol. 2008;53:184-190.
78. Bagry H, de la Cuadra Fontaine JC, Asenjo JF, et al. Effect of a continuous peripheral nerve block on the inflammatory response in knee arthroplasty. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2008;33:17-23.
79. Zavorsky GS, Kim do J, Sylvestre JL, et al. Alveolar-membrane diffusing capacity improves in the morbidly obese after bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2008;18:256-263.
80. Bergman S, Feldman LS, Anidjar M, et al. "First, do no harm": monitoring outcomes during the transition from open to laparoscopic live donor nephrectomy in a Canadian centre. Can J Surg. 2008;51:103-110.
81. Schieman C, MacLean AR, Buie WD, et al. Does surgeon fatigue influence outcomes after anterior resection for rectal cancer? Am J Surg. 2008;195: 684-687; discussion 687-688.
82. Finley DS, Beck S, Box G, et al. Percutaneous and laparoscopic cryoablation of small renal masses. J Urol. 2008;180:492-498; discussion 498. 83.
83. Regenbogen SE, Lancaster RT, Lipsitz SR, et al. Does the Surgical Apgar Score measure intraoperative performance? Ann Surg. 2008;248:320-328.
84. Yi NJ, Suh KS, Cho YB, et al. The right small-for-size graft results in better outcomes than the left small-for-size graft in adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation. World J Surg. 2008;32:1722-1730.
85. Ishizaki Y, Yoshimoto J, Sugo H, et al. Hepatectomy using traditional Pean clamp-crushing technique under intermittent Pringle maneuver. Am J Surg. 2008;196:353-357.
86. Ghobrial RM, Freise CE, Trotter JF, et al. Donor morbidity after living donation for liver transplantation. Gastroenterology. 2008;135:468-476.
87. Bellavance EC, Lumpkins KM, Mentha G, et al. Surgical management of early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma: resection or transplantation? J Gas-trointest Surg. 2008;12:1699-1708.
88. Kondo K, Chijiiwa K, Funagayama M, et al. Hepatic resection is justified for elderly patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Surg. 2008;32: 2223-2229.
89. Medina-Franco H, Garcia-Alvarez MN, Ortiz-Lopez LJ, et al. Predictors of adverse surgical outcome in the management of malignant bowel obstruction. Rev Invest Clin. 2008;60:212-216.
90. Gjertson CK, Sundaram CP. Testicular pain following laparoscopic renal surgery. J Urol. 2008;180:2037-2040; discussion 2040-2041.
91. Matsui Y, Sugawara Y, Yamashiki N, et al. Living donor liver transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure. Hepatol Res. 2008;38:987-996.
92. Goh BK, Tan YM, Chung YF, et al. Critical appraisal of 232 consecutive distal pancreatectomies with emphasis on risk factors, outcome, and management of the postoperative pancreatic fistula: a 21-year experience at a single institution. Arch Surg. 2008;143:956-965.
93. de Haas RJ, Wicherts DA, Flores E, et al. R1 resection by necessity for colorectal liver metastases: is it still a contraindication to surgery? Ann Surg. 2008;248:626-637.
94. Friedman AL, Peters TG, Jones KW, et al. Fatal and nonfatal hemorrhagic complications of living kidney donation. Ann Surg. 2006;243:126-130.
95. Porpiglia F, Terrone C, Tarabuzzi R, et al. Transperitoneal versus extraperi-toneal laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: experience of a single center. Urology. 2006;68:376-380.
96. Albo ME, Richter HE, Brubaker L, et al. Burch colposuspension versus fascial sling to reduce urinary stress incontinence. N Engl J Med. 2007;356: 2143-2155.
97. Zullo MA, Plotti F, Calcagno M, et al. One-year follow-up of tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) and trans-obturator suburethral tape from inside to outside (TVT-O) for surgical treatment of female stress urinary incontinence: a prospective randomized trial. Eur Urol. 2007;51:1376-1382; discussion 1383-1384.
98. Laurent C, Leblanc F, Gineste C, et al. Laparoscopic approach in surgical treatment of rectal cancer. Br J Surg. 2007;94:1555-1561. (Pubitemid 350275638)
99. Laurent C, Leblanc F, Bretagnol F, et al. Long-term wound advantages of the laparoscopic approach in rectal cancer. Br J Surg. 2008;95:903-908.
100. Zullo MA, Ruggiero A, Plotti F, et al. Anterior colporrhaphy plus inside-out tension-free vaginal tape for associated stress urinary incontinence and cystocele. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2008;15:446-451.
101. Alperin M, Sutkin G, Ellison R, et al. Perioperative outcomes of the Prolift(R) pelvic floor repair systems following introduction to a urogyne-cology teaching service. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2008;19: 1617-1622.
102. Lelong B, Bege T, Esterni B, et al. Short-term outcome after laparoscopic or open restorative mesorectal excision for rectal cancer: a comparative cohort study. Dis Colon Rectum. 2007;50:176-183.
103. Strasberg SM, Linehan DC, Clavien PA, et al. Proposal for definition and severity grading of pancreatic anastomosis failure and pancreatic occlusion failure. Surgery. 2007;141:420-426.
104. Rozet F, Jaffe J, Braud G, et al. A direct comparison of robotic assisted versus pure laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: a single institution experience. J Urol. 2007;178:478-482.
105. Strasberg SM, Linehan DC, Hawkins WG. Radical antegrade modular pancreatosplenectomy procedure for adenocarcinoma of the body and tail of the pancreas: ability to obtain negative tangential margins. J Am Coll Surg. 2007;204:244-249.
106. Nadalin S, Malago M, Radtke A, et al. Current trends in live liver donation. Transpl Int. 2007;20:312-330.
107. Belli G, Fantini C, D'Agostino A, et al. Laparoscopic versus open liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with histologically proven cirrhosis: short-and middle-term results. Surg Endosc. 2007;21:2004-2011.
108. Elias D, Goere D, Di Pietrantonio D, et al. Results of systematic second-look surgery in patients at high risk of developing colorectal peritoneal carcinomatosis. Ann Surg. 2008;247:445-450.
109. Mohebati A, Schwarz RE. Extended left-sided pancreatectomy with spleen preservation. J Surg Oncol. 2008;97:150-155.
110. Murakami Y, Uemura K, Hayashidani Y, et al. No mortality after 150 consecutive pancreatoduodenctomies with duct-to-mucosa pancreaticogastrostomy. J Surg Oncol. 2008;97:205-209.
111. Elias D, Honore C, Ciuchendea R, et al. Peritoneal pseudomyxoma: results of a systematic policy of complete cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy. Br J Surg. 2008;95:1164-1171.
112. Aldrighetti L, Pulitano C, Catena M, et al. A prospective evaluation of laparoscopic versus open left lateral hepatic sectionectomy. J Gastrointest Surg. 2008;12:457-462.
113. Muscari F, Suc B, Kirzin S, et al. Risk factors for mortality and intra-abdominal complications after pancreatoduodenectomy: multivariate analysis in 300 patients. Surgery. 2006;139:591-598.
114. Veen EJ, Steenbruggen J, Roukema JA. Classifying surgical complications: a critical appraisal. Arch Surg. 2005;140:1078-1083.
115. Bargman V, Sundaram CP, Bernie J, et al. Randomized trial of laparoscopic donor nephrectomy with and without hand assistance. J Endourol. 2006;20: 717-722.
116. Noblett SE, Snowden CP, Shenton BK, et al. Randomized clinical trial assessing the effect of Doppler-optimized fluid management on outcome after elective colorectal resection. Br J Surg. 2006;93:1069-1076.
117. Hwang S, Lee SG, Lee YJ, et al. Lessons learned from 1000 living donor liver transplantations in a single center: how to make living donations safe. Liver Transpl. 2006;12:920-927.
118. DeOliveira ML, Winter JM, Schafer M, et al. Assessment of complications after pancreatic surgery: a novel grading system applied to 633 patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy. Ann Surg.2006; 244:931-937; discussion 937-939.
119. Martin RC II, Brennan MF, Jaques DP. Quality of complication reporting in the surgical literature. Ann Surg. 2002;235:803-813.
120. Guo DY, Eteuati J, Nguyen MH, et al. Laparoscopic assisted colectomy: experience from a rural centre. ANZ J Surg. 2007;77:283-286.
121. Wolff BG, Weese JL, Ludwig KA, et al. Postoperative ileus-related morbidity profile in patients treated with alvimopan after bowel resection. J Am Coll Surg. 2007;204:609-616.
122. Donat SM. Standards for surgical complication reporting in urologic oncology: time for a change. Urology. 2007;69:221-225.
123. de Reuver PR, Grossmann I, Busch OR, et al. Referral pattern and timing of repair are risk factors for complications after reconstructive surgery for bile duct injury. Ann Surg. 2007;245:763-770.
124. McKay A, Motamedi M, Temple W, et al. Vascular reconstruction with the superficial femoral vein following major oncologic resection. J Surg Oncol. 2007;96:151-159.
125. Nakano H, Oussoultzoglou E, Rosso E, et al. Sinusoidal injury increases morbidity after major hepatectomy in patients with colorectal liver metas-tases receiving preoperative chemotherapy. Ann Surg. 2008;247:118-124.
126. Schiesser M, Chen JW, Maddern GJ, et al. Perioperative morbidity affects long-term survival in patients following liver resection for colorectal metastases. J Gastrointest Surg. 2008;12:1054-1060.
127. McCormack L, Petrowsky H, Jochum W, et al. Hepatic steatosis is a risk factor for postoperative complications after major hepatectomy: a matched case-control study. Ann Surg. 2007;245:923-930.
128. Hubner M, Demartines N, Muller S, et al. Prospective randomized study of monopolar scissors, bipolar vessel sealer and ultrasonic shears in laparo-scopic colorectal surgery. Br J Surg. 2008;95:1098-1104.
129. Muller S, Zalunardo MP, Hubner M, et al. A fast-track program reduces complications and length of hospital stay after open colonic surgery. Gas-troenterology. 2009;136:842-847.
130. Birkmeyer JD, Stukel TA, Siewers AE, et al. Surgeon volume and operative mortality in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:2117-2127.
131. Birkmeyer JD, Siewers AE, Finlayson EV, et al. Hospital volume and surgical mortality in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:1128-1137.
132. Bassi C, Dervenis C, Butturini G, et al. Postoperative pancreatic fistula: an international study group (ISGPF) definition. Surgery. 2005;138:8-13.
133. Wente MN, Bassi C, Dervenis C, et al. Delayed gastric emptying (DGE) after pancreatic surgery: a suggested definition by the International Study Group of Pancreatic Surgery (ISGPS). Surgery. 2007;142:761-768.
134. Wente MN, Veit JA, Bassi C, et al. Postpancreatectomy hemorrhage (PPH): an International Study Group of Pancreatic Surgery (ISGPS) definition. Surgery. 2007;142:20-25.
135. Antonacci AC, Lam S, Lavarias V, et al. A morbidity and mortality conference-based classification system for adverse events: surgical outcome analysis: part I. J Surg Res. 2008;147:172-177.
136. Clavien PA, Camargo CA Jr, Croxford R, et al. Definition and classification of negative outcomes in solid organ transplantation: application in liver transplantation. Ann Surg. 1994;220:109-120.
137. Tamura S, Sugawara Y, Kukudo N, et al. Systematic grading of morbidity after living donation for liver transplantation. Gastroenterology. 2008;135:1804.
138. D'Angelica M, Kornprat P, Gonen M, et al. Lack of evidence for increased operative morbidity after hepatectomy with perioperative use of bevaci-zumab: a matched case-control study. Ann Surg Oncol. 2007;14:759-765.
139. DeMatteo RP, Maki RG, Singer S, et al. Results of tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy followed by surgical resection for metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Ann Surg. 2007;245:347-352.