Emotional intelligence: Factorial structure and construct validity across cultures

International Journal of Cross Cultural Management

Volumn 9, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 217-236

  Sharma, Sudeep ^a,b,e   Deller, Jürgen ^c,d,f   Biswal, Ramakrishna ^c,e   Mandal, Manas K ^d,g  

^a LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS   (United Kingdom)

^b WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY IN ST LOUIS   (United States)

^c LEUPHANA UNIVERSITY OF LÜNEBURG   (Germany)

^d SAN JOSE STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF DELHI   (India)

^f INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (India)

^g Government of India   (India)

Author keywords

Big Five; Construct validity; Emotional intelligence; Factorial structure; Germany; India; Personality

Indexed keywords

EID: 68849085812     PISSN: 14705958     EISSN: 17412838     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1470595809335725     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. Ackerman, P.L. and Heggestad, E.D. (1997) 'Intelligence, Personality and Interests: Evidence for Overlapping Traits', Psychological Bulletin 121 (2). 219-245
2. Amir, Y. and Sharon, I. (1987) 'Are Social Psychological Laws Cross-culturally Valid ? ' Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 18 (4). 383-470
3. Ashkanasy, N.M. (2003) 'Emotions in Organizations: A Multilevel Perspective', in F.Dansereau, and F. J. Yammarino (eds). Research in Multi-level Issues: Multi-level Issues in Organizational Behavior and Strategy, Vol. 2 pp. 9-54. Oxford: Elsevier Science
4. Ashkenasy, N.M. and Daus, C.S. (2002) 'Emotion in the Workplace: The New Challenge for Managers', Academy of Management Executive 16 (1). 76-86
5. Austin, E.J., Saklofske, D.H., Huang, S.H.S., and McKenney, D. (2004) 'Measurement of Trait Emotional Intelligence: Testing and Cross-validating a Modified Version of Schutte et al.'s (1998) Measure', Personality and Individual Differences 36: 555-62
6. Bar-On, R. (1997 a) The Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i). A Test of Emotional Intelligence. Toronto, Canada: Multi-Health Systems, Inc
7. Bar-On, R. (1997 b) The Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i). Technical Manual. Toronto, Canada: Multi-Health Systems, Inc
8. Bar-On, R. (2000) 'Emotional and Social Intelligence: Insights from the Emotional Quotient Inventory', in R. Bar-On and J.D.A. Parker (eds). The Handbook of EI, pp. 363-388. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass
9. Bar-On, R. (2006) The Bar-On Model of Emotional-Social Intelligence (ESI), Psicothema 18 (supl.). 13-25
10. Bentler, P.M. (1989) EQS: A structural equations program manual. Los Angeles: BMDP Statistical Software
11. Bentler, P.M. and Bonett, D.G. (1980) 'Significance Tests and Goodness of Fit in the Analysis of Co-variance Structures', Psychological Bulletin 88 (3). 588-606
12. Bond, M.H. (1987) 'Chinese Culture Connection: Chinese Values and the Search for Culture-free Dimensions of Culture', Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 18 (2). 143-64
13. Bond, M.H. (1996) 'Chinese Values', in M.H. Bond (ed.). The Handbook of Chinese Psychology. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press
14. Borkenau, P. and Ostendorf, F. (1993) NEO-F1/4nf-Faktoren Inventar (NEO-FFI) nach Costa und McCrae. G¶ttingen: Hogrefe
15. Boyatzis, R.E., Goleman, D. and Rhee, K. (2000) 'Clustering Competence in Emotional Intelligence: Insights from the Emotional Competence Inventory (ECI)', in R. Bar-On and J. D. Parker, (eds). Handbook of Emotional Intelligence, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass
16. Brackett, M.A. and Mayer, J.D. (2003) 'Convergent, Discriminant, and Incremental Validity of Competing Measures of EI', Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 29 (9). 1147-1158
17. Browne, M.W. and Cudeck, R. (1993) 'Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit', in K. A. Bollen and J. S. Long (eds). Testing structural equation models, pp. 136-162. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage
18. Caprara, G.V., Barbaranelli, C., Bermez, J., Maslach, C. and Ruch, W. (2000) 'Multivariate Methods for the Comparison of Factor Structures in Cross-cultural Research: An Illustration With the Big Five Questionnaire', Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 31 (4). 437-464
19. Church, A.T. and Burke, P.J. (1994) 'Exploratory and Confirmatory Tests of the Big Five and Tellegen's Three- and Four-dimensional Models', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 66 (1). 93-114
20. Ciarrochi, J.V., Chan, A.Y.C. and Caputi, P. (2000) 'A Critical Evaluation of the Emotional Intelligence Construct', Personality and Individual Differences 28 (3). 539-561
21. Ciarrochi, J., Deane, F.P. and Anderson, S. (2002) 'EI Moderates the Relationship Between Stress and Mental Health', Personality and Individual Differences 32 (2). 197-209
22. Conte, J.M. (2005) 'A Review and Critique of EI Measures', Journal of Organizational Behavior 26 (4). 433-440
23. Cooper, R. and Ayman, S. (1997) Executive EQ: Emotional Intelligence in Leadership and Organizations. London: Orion Books
24. Costa, P.T. and McCrae, R.R. (1988) The NEO PI/FFI Manual Supplement. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources
25. Davies, M., Stankov, L. and Roberts, R.D. (1998) 'Emotional Intelligence: In Search of an Elusive Construct', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 75 (4). 989-1015
26. Day, A.L. and Carroll, S.A. (2004) 'Using
27. an Ability-based Measure of Emotional Intelligence to Predict Individual Performance, Group Performance, and Group Citizenship Behaviours', Personality and Individual Differences 36 (6). 1443-58
28. Drusket, V.U. and Wolff, S.V. (2001) 'Building the Emotional Intelligence of Groups', Harvard Business Review (March). 80-90
29. Dwada, D. and Hart, S.D. (2000) 'Assessing Emotional Intelligence: Reliability and Validity of the Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i) in University Students', Personality and Individual Differences 28 (4). 797-812
30. Ekman, P. (1972) 'Universals and Cultural Differences in Facial Expressions of Emotion', in J. Cole (ed.). Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 1971, Vol. 19, pp. 207-282. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press
31. Ekman, P. (1993) 'Facial Expression and Emotion', American Psychologist 48 (4). 384-392
32. Elfenbein, H.A. and Ambady, N. (2002 a) 'Is There an In-group Advantage in Emotion?', Psychological Bulletin 128 (2). 243-249
33. Elfenbein, H.A. and Ambady, N. (2003) 'When Familiarity Breeds Accuracy: Cultural Exposure and Facial Emotion Recognition', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 85 (2). 276-290
34. Friesen, W.V. (1972). 'Cultural Difference in Facial Expressions in a Social Situation: An Experimental Test of the Concept of Display Rules', Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of California, San Francisco
35. Gabel, R.S., Dolan, S.L. and Cerdin, J.L. (2005) 'Emotional Intelligence as a Predictor of Cultural Adjustment for Success in Global Assignments', Career Development International 10 (5). 359-374
36. Gangopadhyay, M. and Mandal, M.K. (2008) 'Emotional Intelligence: A Universal or a Culture-specific Construct?', In R.J. Emmerling, V.K. Shanwal and M.K. Mandal (eds). Emotional Intelligence: Theoretical and Cultural Perspectives, New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc
37. Gignac, G.E., Palmer, B.R., Manocha, R. and Stough, C. (2005) 'An Examination of the Factor Structure of the Schutte Self-report Emotional Intelligence (SSREI) Scale via Confirmatory Factor Analysis', Personality and Individual Differences 39 (6). 1029-1042
38. Goleman, D. (1995) Emotional Intelligence. New York: Bantam Books
39. Goleman, D. (1998) Working with Emotional Intelligence. New York: Bantam
40. Hedlund, J. and Sternberg, R.J. (2000) 'Too Many Intelligences? Integrating Social, Emotional, and Practical Intelligence', in R. Bar-On and J. D. A. Parker (eds). The Handbook of Emotional Intelligence, pp. 136-167. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass
41. Hofstede, G. (1980) Culture's Consequences: International Differences in Work-related Values. Los Angeles, CA: Sage
42. Hofstede, G. (1983) 'Dimensions of Natural Cultures in Fifty Countries and Three Regions', in J.B. Deregowski, S. Dziurawiec and R.C. Annis (eds). Expiscations in Cross-cultural Psychology, pp. 335-355. Lisse, NL: Swets and Zeitlinger
43. Hofstede, G. (1991) Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind. London: McGraw-Hill
44. Hofstede, G. (1994) 'Value Survey Module 94', http://feweb.uvt.nl/center/ hofstede/VSM.html (accessed 9 February 2008 )
45. Hofstede, G. (2001) Culture's Consequences (2 nd edn). Los Angeles, CA: Sage
46. House, R.J., Hanges, P.J., Javidan, M., Dorfman, P.W. and Gupta, V. (2004) Leadership, Culture, and Organizations: The GLOBE Study of 62 Societies. Los Angeles, CA: Sage
47. Joreskog, K.G. and Sorbom, D. (1989) LISREL 7: User's Reference Guide. Mooresville, IN: Scientific Software
48. Law, K.S., Wong, C.S. and Song, L.J. (2004) 'The Construct and Criterion Validity of Emotional Intelligence and its Potential Utility for Management Studies', Journal of Applied Psychology 89 (3). 483-496
49. Lopes, P.N., Salovey, P. and Strauss, R. (2003) 'Emotional Intelligence, Personality and the Perceived Quality of Social Relationships', Personality and Individual Differences 35 (3). 641-658
50. Mandal, M.K., Bryden, M.P. and Bulman-Fleming, M.B. (1996) 'Similarities and Variations in Facial Expressions of Emotions: Cross-cultural Evidence', International Journal of Neuroscience 31 (1). 49-58
51. Mandal, M.K., Harizuka, S., Bhushan, B. and Mishra, R.C. (2001) 'Cultural Variation in Hemi Facial Asymmetry of Emotional Expressions', British Journal of Social Psychology 40 (3). 385-398
52. Markus, H. and Kitayama, S. (1991) 'Culture and the Self: Implications for Cognition, Emotion, and Motivation', Psychological Review 98 (2). 224-253
53. Markus, H.R. and Kitayama, S. (1994) 'The Cultural Construction of Self and Emotion: Implications for Social Behaviour', in S. Kitayama, and H.R. Markus (eds). Emotion and Culture: Empirical Studies of Mutual Influence, pp. 89-130. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association
54. Matsumoto, D. (1989) 'Cultural Influences on the Perception of Emotion', Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology 20 (1). 92-105
55. Matsumoto, D. (1993) 'Ethnic Differences in Affect Intensity, Emotion Judgments, Display Rule Attitudes, and Self-reported Emotional Expression in an American Sample', Motivation and Emotion 17 (2). 107-123
56. Matsumoto, D. (2002) 'Methodological Requirements to Test a Possible In-Group Advantage in Judging Emotions Across Cultures: Comments on Elfenbein and Ambady and Evidence', Psychological Bulletin 128 (2). 236-242
57. Matsumoto, D. et al. (2008) 'Mapping Expressive Differences Around the World: The Relationship Between Emotional Display Rules and Individualism Versus Collectivism', Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology 39 (1). 55-74
58. Mayer, J.D., Caruso, D.R. and Salovey, P. (1999) 'Emotional Intelligence Meets Traditional Standards for Emotional Intelligence', Intelligence 27 (4). 267-298
59. Mayer, J.D. and Salovey, P. (1997) 'What is Emotional Intelligence?', in P. Salovey, and D. Sluyter (Eds.). Emotional Development and Emotional Intelligence: Educational Implications, pp. 3-31. New York: Basic Books
60. Mayer, J.D., Salovey, P. and Caruso, D. (2000) 'Models of Emotional Intelligence', in R.J. Sternberg (ed.). Handbook of Intelligence, pp. 396-420. New York: Cambridge University Press
61. Mayer, J.D., Salovey, P. and Caruso, D. (2002) Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT). Version 2.0. Toronto, Canada: Multi-Health Systems
62. Mayer, J.D., Salovey, P. and Caruso, D. (2004) 'Emotional Intelligence: Theory, Findings, and Implications', Psychological Inquiry 15 (3). 197-215
63. McCrae, R.R. (2000) 'EI from the Perspective of the Five-factor Model of Personality', in R. Bar-On and J.D.A. Parker (eds). Handbook of EI, pp. 263-276. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass
64. Mesquita, B., Frijda, N.H. and Scherer, K.R. (1997) 'Culture and Emotion', in J.E. Berry, P.B. Daisen, and T.S. Saraswathi (eds). Handbook of Cross-cultural Psychology: Vol. 2. Basic Processes and Developmental Psychology, pp. 255-297. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon
65. Newsome, S., Day, A.L. and Catano, V.M. (2000) 'Assessing the Predictive Validity of Emotional Intelligence', Personality and Individual Differences 29 (6). 1005-1016
66. Pant, N. and Prakash, A. (2004) 'Multi-factor EI Scale (MEIS) in India: An Evaluation', Psychological Studies 49 (1). 142-146
67. Parker, J.D.A., Saklofske, D.H., Shaughnessy, P.A., Huang, S.H.S., Wood, L.M. and Eastabrook, J.M. (2005) 'Generalizability of the Emotional Intelligence Construct: A Cross-cultural Study of North American Aboriginal Youth', Personality and Individual Differences 39 (1). 215-227
68. Perez, J.C., Petrides, K.V. and Furnham, A. (2005) 'Measuring Trait EI', in R. Schulze and R.D. Roberts (eds). EI -An International Handbook, pp. 181-201. Cambridge, MA: Hogrefe and Huber Publishers
69. Petrides, K.V. and Furnham, A. (2000) 'On the Dimensional Structure of Emotional Intelligence', Personality and Individual Differences 29 (2). 313-320
70. Prabhupada, A.C.B.S. (1986) Bhagavad Gita as it is. Mumbai: The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust
71. R. Project (1994) 'R Statistic- version 2.6', http://www.r-project.org/ (accessed 24 December 2007 )
72. Saklofske, D.H., Austin, E.J. and Minski, P.S. (2003) 'Factor Structure and Validity of a Trait Emotional Intelligence Measure', Personality and Individual Differences 34 (4). 707-721
73. Salacuse, J. (1998) 'Ten Ways That Culture Affects Negotiating Style: Some Survey Results', Negotiation Journal 14 (3). 221-235
74. Salovey, P. and Mayer, J.D. (1990) 'Emotional Intelligence', Imagination, Cognition and Personality 9 (3). 185-211
75. Schermerhorn, J.R. and Bond, M.H. (1997) 'Cross-cultural Leadership Dynamics in Collectivism and High Power Distance Settings', Leadership and Organizational Development Journal 18 (4). 187-202
76. Schutte, N.S., Malouff, J.M., Hall, L.E., Haggerty, D.J., Cooper, J.T., Golden, C.J. and Dornheim, L. (1998) 'Development and Validation of a Measure of Emotional Intelligence', Personality and Individual Differences 25 (2). 167-177
77. Schwartz, S.H. (1994) 'Cultural Dimensions of Values: Toward an Understanding of National Differences', in U. Kam, H.C. Triandis, C. Kagitcibasi, S.C. Choi, and G. Yoon (eds). Individualism and Collectivism: Theory, Method, and Application, pp. 85-119. Los Angeles, CA: Sage
78. Sibia, A., Srivastava, A.K. and Misra G. (2003) 'Emotional Intelligence: Western and Indian perspectives, Indian Psychological Abstracts and Reviews 10 (1). 3-41
79. Shweder, R. and Much, N. (1987) 'Determinations of Meaning: Discourse and Moral Socialization', in W. Kurtines, and J. Gewirtz (eds). Moral Development Through Social Interaction, pp. 197-244. New York: Wiley
80. Spielberger, C. (ed.) (2004) Encyclopedia of Applied Psychology. Academic Press
81. Tanaka, J.S. (1993) 'Multifaceted Conceptions of Fit in Structural Equation Models', in K.A. Bollen and J.S. Long (eds). Testing Structural Equation Models, pp. 10-39. Los Angeles, CA: Sage
82. Thomas, D.C. (2006) 'Domain and Development of Cultural Intelligence: The Importance of Mindfulness', Group Organization Management 31 (1). 78-99
83. Triandis, H.C. (1989) 'The Self and Social Behaviour in Differing Cultural Contexts', Psychological Review 96 (3). 506-520
84. Triandis, H.C. (1995) Individualism and Collectivism. Boulder, CO: Westview Press
85. Tucker, L.R. and Lewis, C. (1973) 'A Reliability Coefficient for Maximum Likelihood Factor Analysis', Psychometrika 38 (1). 1-10
86. Van Hemert, D.A., Poortinga, Y.H. and Van de Vijver, F.J.R. (2007) 'Emotion and Culture: A Meta-analysis', Cognition and Emotion 21 (5). 913-943
87. Van Rooy, D.L. and Viswesvaran, C. (2004) 'Emotional Intelligence: A Meta-Analytic Investigation of Predictive Validity and Nomological Net', Journal of Vocational Behaviour 65 (1). 71-95