Cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney disease

Therapeutic Advances in Cardiovascular Disease

Volumn 2, Issue 6, 2008, Pages 425-434

  Saran, Anita M ^a   Dubose, Thomas D ^a  

^a WAKE FOREST SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular disease; Chronic kidney disease

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ALBUMIN; ALISKIREN; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; INDAPAMIDE; LOSARTAN; PERINDOPRIL; PLACEBO; SPIRONOLACTONE; TAMM HORSFALL GLYCOPROTEIN; VALSARTAN;

ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COUGHING; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG DOSE COMPARISON; DRUG DOSE TITRATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG RESPONSE; ECONOMIC ASPECT; GLOMERULUS FILTRATION RATE; HEALTH CARE COST; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPERKALEMIA; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; KIDNEY FAILURE; LOW DRUG DOSE; MICROALBUMINURIA; MONOTHERAPY; MORTALITY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEINURIA; RACE DIFFERENCE; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SCREENING TEST; SMOKING CESSATION; TREATMENT DURATION; URINARY EXCRETION;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; HUMANS; PREVALENCE; RENAL INSUFFICIENCY, CHRONIC; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 68749119964     PISSN: 17539447     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1753944708096379     Document Type: Review

References (70)

1. Alexander, C.M., Lyle, P.A., Keane, W.F., Carides, G.W., Zhang, Z. and Shahinfar, S. (2004) Losartan and the United States costs of end-stage renal disease by baseline albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. Kidney Int Suppl 92: S115-S117.
2. Anavekar, N.S. and Pfeffer, M.A. (2004 b) Cardiovascular risk in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int Suppl 92: S11-S15.
3. Anavekar, N.S., McMurray, J.J., Velazquez, E.J., Solomon, S.D., Kober, L., Rouleau, J.L. et al. (2004 a) Relation between renal dysfunction and cardiovascular outcomes after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 351 (13): 1285-1295.
4. Araki, S., Haneda, M., Koya, D., Hidaka, H., Sugimoto, T., Isono, M. et al. (2007) Reduction in microalbuminuria as an integrated indicator for renal and cardiovascular risk reduction in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 56 (6): 1727-1730.
5. Atkins, R.C., Briganti, E.M., Lewis, J.B., Hunsicker, L.G., Braden, G., Champion de Crespigny, P.J. et al. (2005) Proteinuria reduction and progression to renal failure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and overt nephropathy. Am J Kidney Dis 45 (2): 281-287.
6. Bauer, C., Melamed, M.L. and Hostetter, T.H. (2008) Staging of Chronic Kidney Disease: Time for a Course Correction. J Am Soc Nephrol 19 (5): 844-846.
7. Beckett, N.S., Peters, R., Fletcher, A.E., Staessen, J.A., Liu, L., Dumitrascu, D. et al. (2008) Treatment of hypertension in patients 80 years of age or older. N Engl J Med 358 (18): 1887-1898.
8. Berl, T. and Henrich, W. (2006) Kidney-heart interactions: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 1 (1): 8-18.
9. Brosius, F.C.III, Hostetter, T.H., Kelepouris, E., Mitsnefes, M.M., Moe, S.M., Moore, M.A. et al. (2006) Detection of chronic kidney disease in patients with or at increased risk of cardiovascular disease: a science advisory from the American Heart Association Kidney And Cardiovascular Disease Council; the Councils on High Blood Pressure Research, Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and Epidemiology and Prevention; and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group: developed in collaboration with the National Kidney Foundation. Circulation 114 (10): 1083-1087.
10. Cao, J.J., Biggs, M.L., Barzilay, J., Konen, J., Psaty, B.M., Kuller, L. et al. (2008) Cardiovascular and mortality risk prediction and stratification using urinary albumin excretion in older adults ages 68-102: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Atherosclerosis 197 (2): 806-813.
11. Charytan, D. and Kuntz, R.E. (2006) The exclusion of patients with chronic kidney disease from clinical trials in coronary artery disease. Kidney Int 70 (11): 2021-2030.
12. Chrysostomou, A., Pedagogos, E., MacGregor, L. and Becker, G.J. (2006) Double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the effect of the aldosterone receptor antagonist spironolactone in patients who have persistent proteinuria and are on long-term angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy, with or without an angiotensin II receptor blocker. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 1 (2): 256-262.
13. Coca, S.G., Krumholz, H.M., Garg, A.X. and Parikh, C.R. (2006) Underrepresentation of renal disease in randomized controlled trials of cardiovascular disease. JAMA 296 (11): 1377-1384.
14. Coresh, J., Astor, B.C., Greene, T., Eknoyan, G. and Levey, A.S. (2003) Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and decreased kidney function in the adult US population: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Kidney Dis 41 (1): 1-12.
15. Coresh, J., Selvin, E., Stevens, L.A., Manzi, J., Kusek, J.W., Eggers, P. et al. (2007) Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease in the United States. JAMA 298 (17): 2038-2047.
16. DuBard, A. (2007) Talk presented to: Primary Care Workgroup of Chronic Kidney Disease Task Force: April 23, 2007; Cary, NC.
17. DuBose Jr, T.D. (2007) American Society of Nephrology Presidential Address 2006: chronic kidney disease as a public health threat-new strategy for a growing problem. J Am Soc Nephrol 18 (4): 1038-1045.
18. DuBose Jr, T.D. (2008) Automatic Reporting of the Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR). NC Med J 69 (3): 215-218.
19. Elsayed, E.F., Tighiouart, H., Griffith, J., Kurth, T., Levey, A.S., Salem, D. et al. (2007) Cardiovascular disease and subsequent kidney disease. Arch Intern Med 167 (11): 1130-1136.
20. Feldman, H.I., Appel, L.J., Chertow, G.M., Cifelli, D., Cizman, B., Daugirdas, J. et al. (2003) The Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study: Design and Methods. J Am Soc Nephrol 14(7 Suppl 2): S148-S153.
21. Filler, G., Bokenkamp, A., Hofmann, W., Le Bricon, T., Martinez-Bru, C. and Grubb, A. (2005) Cystatin C as a marker of GFR-history, indications, and future research. Clin Biochem 38 (1): 1-8.
22. Freedman, B.I., Hsu, F.C., Langefeld, C.D., Rich, S.S., Herrington, D.M., Carr, J.J. et al. (2005 a) The impact of ethnicity and gender on subclinical cardiovascular disease: The Diabetes Heart Study. Diabetologia 48 (12): 2511-2518.
23. Freedman, B.I., Volkova, N.V., Satko, S.G., Krisher, J., Jurkovitz, C., Soucie, J.M. et al. (2005 b) Population-based screening for family history of end-stage renal disease among incident dialysis patients. Am J Nephrol 25: 529-535.
24. Freedman, B.I., Du Bose and Thomas Jr, D. (2007) Chronic Kidney Disease: Cause and Consequence of Cardiovascular Disease. Arch Intern Med 167: 1113-1115.
25. Garg, A.X., Clark, W.F., Haynes, R.B. and House, A.A. (2002) Moderate renal insufficiency and the risk of cardiovascular mortality: results from the NHANES I. Kidney Int 61 (4): 1486-1494.
26. Go, A.S., Chertow, G.M., Fan, D., McCulloch, C.E. and Hsu, C.Y. (2004) Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization. N Engl J Med 351 (13): 1296-1305.
27. Gross, J.L., de Azevedo, M.J., Silveiro, S.P., Canani, L.H., Caramori, M.L. and Zelmanovitz, T. (2005) Diabetic nephropathy: diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. Diabetes Care 28 (1): 164-176.
28. Hollenberg, N.K., Parving, H.H., Viberti, G., Remuzzi, G., Ritter, S., Zelenkofske, S. et al. (2007) Albuminuria response to very high-dose valsartan in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Hypertens 25 (9): 1921-1926.
29. Hou, F.F., Xie, D., Zhang, X., Chen, P.Y., Zhang, W.R., Liang, M. et al. (2007) Renoprotection of Optimal Antiproteinuric Doses (ROAD) Study: A Randomized Controlled Study of Benazepril and Losartan in Chronic Renal Insufficiency. J Am Soc Nephrol 18 (6): 1889-1898.
30. Hunsicker, L.G. (2004) The consequences and costs of chronic kidney disease before ESRD. J Am Soc Nephrol 15 (5): 1363-1364.
31. Ix, J.H., Shlipak, M.G., Liu, H.H., Schiller, N.B. and Whooley, M.A. (2003) Association between renal insufficiency and inducible ischemia in patients with coronary artery disease: the heart and soul study. J Am Soc Nephrol 14 (12): 3233-3238.
32. Jennings, D.L., Kalus, J.S., Coleman, C.I., Manierski, C. and Yee, J. (2007) Combination therapy with an ACE inhibitor and an angiotensin receptor blocker for diabetic nephropathy: a meta-analysis. Diabet Med 24 (5): 486-493.
33. Kasiske, B., Bertram, C.R., William, F. and Keane, W.F. (2000) Laboratory assessment of renal disease: clearance, urinalysis, and renal biopsy. In Brenner, B.M. (ed.) Brenner and Rector., 6th edition. Philadelphia W.B. Saunders Company, 1129-1170.
34. Keith, D.S., Nichols, G.A., Gullion, C.M., Brown, J.B. and Smith, D.H. (2004) Longitudinal follow-up and outcomes among a population with chronic kidney disease in a large managed care organization. Arch Intern Med 164 (6): 659-663.
35. Kent, D.M., Jafar, T.H., Hayward, R.A., Tighiouart, H., Landa, M., de Jong, P. et al. (2007) Progression risk, urinary protein excretion, and treatment effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in nondiabetic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 18 (6): 1959-1965.
36. Kronmal, R.A., McClelland, R.L., Detrano, R., Shea, S., Lima, J.A., Cushman, M. et al. (2007) Risk factors for the progression of coronary artery calcification in asymptomatic subjects: results from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Circulation 115 (21): 2722-2730.
37. Lea, J., Greene, T., Hebert, L., Lipkowitz, M., Massry, S., Middleton, J. et al. (2005) The relationship between magnitude of proteinuria reduction and risk of end-stage renal disease: results of the African American study of kidney disease and hypertension. Arch Intern Med 165 (8): 947-953.
38. LeLevey, A.S., Bosch, J.P., Lewis, J.B., Greene, T., Rogers, N. and Roth, D. (1999) A more accurate method to estimate glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine: a new prediction equation. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group. Ann Intern Med 130 (6): 461-470.
39. Levey, A.S., Coresh, J., Greene, T., Stevens, L.A., Zhang, Y.L., Hendriksen, S. et al. (2006) Using standardized serum creatinine values in the modification of diet in renal disease study equation for estimating glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med 145 (4): 247-254.
40. Levin, A., Singer, J., Thompson, C.R., Ross, H. and Lewis, M. (1996) Prevalent left ventricular hypertrophy in the predialysis population: identifying opportunities for intervention. Am J Kidney Dis 27 (3): 347-354.
41. Manjunath, G., Tighiouart, H., Coresh, J., MacLeod, B., Salem, D.N., Griffith, J.L. et al. (2003 a) Level of kidney function as a risk factor for cardiovascular outcomes in the elderly. Kidney Int 63 (3): 1121-1129.
42. Manjunath, G., Tighiouart, H., Ibrahim, H., MacLeod, B., Salem, D.N., Griffith, J.L. et al. (2003 b) Level of kidney function as a risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular outcomes in the community. J Am Coll Cardiol 41 (1): 47-55.
43. Maschio, G., Alberti, D., Janin, G., Locatelli, F., Mann, J.F., Motolese, M. et al. (1996) Effect of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor benazepril on the progression of chronic renal insufficiency. The Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme Inhibition in Progressive Renal Insufficiency Study Group. N Engl J Med 334 (15): 939-945.
44. McClellan, W.M., Ramirez, S.P. and Jurkovitz, C. (2003) Screening for chronic kidney disease: unresolved issues. J Am Soc Nephrol 14(7 Suppl 2): S81-S87.
45. McCullough, P.A., Jurkovitz, C.T., Pergola, P.E., McGill, J.B., Brown, W.W., Collins, A.J. et al. (2007) Independent components of chronic kidney disease as a cardiovascular risk state: results from the Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP). Arch Intern Med 167 (11): 1122-1129.
46. Mehrotra, R., Kermah, D., Fried, L., Adler, S. and Norris, K. (2008) Racial Differences in Blockers to Decrease Proteinuria in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 19 (7): 1403-1410.
47. Muntner, P., Hamm, L.L., Kusek, J.W., Chen, J., Whelton, P.K. and He, J. (2004) The prevalence of nontraditional risk factors for coronary heart disease in patients with chronic kidney disease. Ann Intern Med 140 (1): 9-17.
48. National Kidney Disease Education Program ( 2008). Information for Laboratory Professionals; Creatinine Standardization Program. National Kindy Disease Education Program Website. http://www.nkdep.nih.gov/labprofessionals_estimatinggfr.htm#mdrd. Updated July 18, 2008. Accessed August 31, 2008.
49. National Kidney Foundation. (2002) NKF-K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification and stratification. Am J Kidney Dis 39(Suppl 1): S1-S266.
50. Oates, D.J., Berlowitz, D.R., Glickman, M.E., Silliman, R.A. and Borzecki, A.M. (2007) Blood pressure and survival in the oldest old. J Am Geriatr Soc 55 (3): 383-388.
51. O'Hare, A.M., Choi, A.I., Bertenthal, D., Bacchetti, P., Garg, A.X., Kaufman, J.S. et al. (2007) Age affects outcomes in chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 18 (10): 2758-2765.
52. Palmer, B.F. (2008) supratherapeutic doses of angiotensin receptor blockers to decrease proteinuria in patients with chronic kidney disease. Am J Nephrol 28 (3): 381-390.
53. Parving, H.H., Persson, F., Lewis, J.B., Lewis, E.J. and Hollenberg, N.K. (2008) Aliskiren combined with losartan in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 358 (23): 2433-2446.
54. Reis, S.E., Olson, M.B., Fried, L., Reeser, V., Mankad, S., Pepine, C.J. et al. (2002) Mild renal insufficiency is associated with angiographic coronary artery disease in women. Circulation 105 (24): 2826-2829.
55. Rossing, K., Schjoedt, K.J., Jensen, B.R., Boomsma, F. and Parving, H.H. (2005) Enhanced renoprotective effects of ultrahigh doses of irbesartan in patients with type 2 diabetes and microalbuminuria. Kidney Int 68 (3): 1190-1198.
56. Ruggenenti, P., Perna, A., Gherardi, G., Gaspari, F., Benini, R. and Remuzzi, G. (1998) Renal function and requirement for dialysis in chronic nephropathy patients on long-term ramipril: REIN follow-up trial. Gruppo Italiano di Studi Epidemiologici in Nefrologia (GISEN). Ramipril Efficacy in Nephropathy. Lancet 352 (9136): 1252-1256.
57. Sarnak, M.J., Levey, A.S., Schoolwerth, A.C., Coresh, J., Culleton, B., Hamm, L.L. et al. (2003) Kidney disease as a risk factor for development of cardiovascular disease: a statement from the American Heart Association Councils on Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease, High Blood Pressure Research, Clinical Cardiology, and Epidemiology and Prevention. Circulation 108 (17): 2154-2169.
58. Schoolwerth, A.C., Engelgau, M.M., Hostetter, T.H., Rufo, K.H., Chianchiano, D., McClellan, W.M. and et al. (2006) Chronic kidney disease: A public health problem that needs a public health action plan. Prev Chronic Dis 3 (2): 57.
59. Shlipak, M.G., Smith, G.L., Rathore, S.S., Massie, B.M. and Krumholz, H.M. (2004) Renal function, digoxin therapy, and heart failure outcomes: evidence from the digoxin intervention group trial. J Am Soc Nephrol 15 (8): 2195-2203.
60. Taal, M.W. and Brenner, B.M. (2008) Renal risk scores: Progress and prospects. Kidney Int 73 (11): 1216-1219.
61. Trivedi, H.S., Pang, M.M., Campbell, A. and Saab, P. (2002) Slowing the progression of chronic renal failure: economic benefits and patients' perspectives. Am J Kidney Dis 39 (4): 721-729.
62. Tseng, C.L., Kern, E.F., Miller, D.R., Tiwari, A., Maney, M., Rajan, M. et al. (2008) Survival benefit of nephrologic care in patients with diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease. Arch Intern Med 168 (1): 55-62.
63. United States Renal Data System, (2005) USRDS 2005 Annual Data Report; Atlas of End-Stage Renal Disease in the United States, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD 2005.
64. United States Renal Data Systems Annual (USRDS) ( 2007). 2006 Annual Data Report. Am J Kidney Dis 49(S1): S1-S296.
65. US Renal Data System. (2006). USRDS 2006 Annual Data Report. Atlas of end-stage renal disease in the United States. National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD 2006.
66. van Bemmel, T., Woittiez, K., Blauw, G.J., van der Sman-de Beer, F., Dekker, F.W., Westendorp, R.G. et al. (2006) Prospective study of the effect of blood pressure on renal function in old age: the Leiden 85-Plus Study. J Am Soc Nephrol 17 (9): 2561-2566.
67. Weiner, D.E., Tighiouart, H., Elsayed, E.F., Griffith, J.L., Salem, D.N., Levey, A.S. et al. (2008) The relationship between nontraditional risk factors and outcomes in individuals with stage 3 to 4 CKD. Am J Kidney Dis 51 (2): 212-223.
68. Weir, M.R. (2007) Microalbuminuria and cardiovascular disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2 (3): 581-590.
69. Xue, J.L., Eggers, P.W., Agodoa, L.Y., Foley, R.N. and Collins, A.J. (2007) Longitudinal study of racial and ethnic differences in developing end-stage renal disease among aged medicare beneficiaries. J Am Soc Nephrol 18 (4): 1299-1306.
70. Young, B.A., Rudser, K., Kestenbaum, B., Seliger, S.L., Andress, D. and Boyko, E.J. (2006) Racial and ethic differences in incident myocardial infarction in end-stage renal disease patients: The USRDS. Kidney Int 69 (9): 1691-1698.