Expanding the "toolbox" for studying the biological responses of individual fish to hydropower infrastructure and operating strategies

Environmental Reviews

Volumn 17, Issue , 2009, Pages 179-197

  Hasler, Caleb T ^a   Pon, Lucas B ^b   Roscoe, David W ^b   Mossop, Brent ^c   Patterson, David A ^d   Hinch, Scott G ^b   Cooke, Steven J ^a  

^a CARLETON UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^c BC HYDRO   (Canada)

^d SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Anthropogenic impacts; Enzymes; Genomics; Ions; Pacific salmonids; Telemetry

Indexed keywords

ANTHROPOGENIC IMPACTS; BIOLOGICAL RESPONSE; COMMUNITY STRUCTURES; CRITICAL ASSESSMENT; DRINKING WATER; FISH RESPONSE; GENOMICS; HYDRO-POWER DEVELOPMENT; LOW FLOW; MIGRATION DELAY; OPERATING PROCEDURES; OPERATING STRATEGY; PACIFIC SALMONIDS; RIVER REGULATION; TELEMETRY; WATER WITHDRAWAL;

CATALYSTS; ENZYMES; FISH; FISHERIES; FISHWAYS; MEATS; POTABLE WATER; TELEMETERING EQUIPMENT; WATER SUPPLY;

PHYSIOLOGICAL MODELS;

SALMONIDAE;

EID: 68649103050     PISSN: 11818700     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/A09-008     Document Type: Article

References (149)

1. Adams, S.M. 1990. Biological indicators of stress in fish. Symposium 8. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Md.
2. Adams, S.M. 1999. Ecological role of lipids in the health and success of fish populations. In Lipids in Freshwater Ecosystems. Edited by M.T. Arts and B.C. Wainman. Springer, New York. pp. 132-160.
3. Adams, S.M., McLean, R.B., and Parrotta, J.A. 1982. Energy partitioning in largemouth bass under conditions of seasonality fluctuating prey availability. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 111(5): 549-558. doi:10.1577/1548- 8659(1982)111<549:EPILBU>2.0.CO;2.
4. Ahmad, I., Pacheco, M., and Santos, M.A. 2006. Anguilla anguillaL. oxidative stress biomarkers: An in situ study of freshwater wetland ecosystem (Pateira de Fermentelos, Portugal). Chemosphere 65: 952-962.
5. Alò, D., and Turner, T.F. 2005. Effects of habitat fragmentation on effective population size in the endangered Rio Grande silvery minnow. Conserv. Biol. 19(4): 1138-1148. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00081.x.
6. Andreasen, P. 1985. Free and total calcium concentrations in the blood of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, during 'stress' conditions. J. Exp. Biol. 118: 111-120.
7. Arcand-Hoy, L.D., and Benson, W.H. 1998. Fish reproduction: An ecologically relevant indicator of endocrine disruption. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17(1): 49-57. doi:10.1897/1551-5028(1998) 017<0049:FRAERI>2.3. CO;2.
8. Aubin-Horth, N., Landry, C.R., Letcher, B.H., and Hofmann, H.A. 2005a. Alternative life histories shape brain gene expression profiles in males of the same population. Proc Biol Sci, 272(1573): 1655-1662. doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3125. PMID: 16087419.
9. Aubin-Horth, N., Letcher, B.H., and Hofmann, H.A. 2005b. Interaction of rearing environment and reproductive tactic on gene expression profiles in Atlantic salmon. J. Hered. 96(3): 261-278. doi:10.1093/jhered/esi030. PMID:15653555.
10. Barton, B.A. 2002. Stress in Fishes: a diversity of responses with particular reference to changes in circulating corticosteroids. Integr. Comp. Biol. 42(3): 517-525. doi:10.1093/icb/42.3.517.
11. Barton, B.A., Morgan, J.D., and Vijayan, M.M. 2002. Physiological and condition-related indicators of environmental stress in fish. In Biological indicators of aquatic ecosystem stress. Edited byS.M. Adams. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Md. pp. 111-148.
12. Basu, N., Todgham, A.E., Ackerman, P.A., Bibeau, M.R., Nakano, K., Schulte, P.M., and Iwama, G.K. 2002. Heat shock protein genes and their functional significance in fish. Gene, 295(2): 173-183. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(02)00687-X. PMID:12354651.
13. Behrmann-Godel, J., and Eckmann, R. 2003. A preliminary telemetry study of the migration of silver European eel (Anguilla anguillaL.) in the River Mosel, Germany. Ecol. Freshwat. Fish, 12(3): 196-202. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0633.2003.00015.x.
14. Berman, C.H., and Quinn, T.P. 1991. Behavioural thermoregulation and homing by spring chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha(Walbaum), in the Yakima River. J. Fish Biol. 39(3): 301-312. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649. 1991.tb04364.x.
15. Bligh, E.G., and Dyer, W.J. 1959. A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Can. J. Biochem. Physiol. 37(8): 911-917. PMID:13671378.
16. Brantley, R.K., Wingfield, J.C., and Bass, A.H. 1993. Sex steroid levels in Porichthys notatus, a fish with alternative reproductive tactics, and a review of the hormonal bases for male dimorphism among teleost fishes. Horm. Behav. 27(3): 332-347. doi:10. 1006/hbeh.1993.1025. PMID:8225257.
17. Brett, J.R. 1995. Energetics. In Physiological Ecology of Pacific Salmon. Edited by C. Groot, L. Margolis, and W.C. Clarke. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver. pp. 3-68.
18. Briggs, C.T., and Post, J.R. 1997a. Field metabolic rates of rainbow trout estimated using electromyogram telemetry. J. Fish Biol. 51(4): 807-823. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1997.tb02001.x.
19. Briggs, C.T., and Post, J.R. 1997b. In situ activity metabolism of rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss): estimates obtained from telemetry of axial muscle electromyograms. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 54(4): 859-866. doi:10.1139/cjfas-54-4-859.
20. Brobbel, M.A., Wilkie, M.P., Davidson, K., Kieffer, J.D., Bielak, A.T., and Tufts, B.L. 1996. Physiological effects of catch and release angling in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) at different stages of freshwater migration. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 53(9): 2036-2043. doi:10.1139/cjfas-53-9-2036.
21. Brown, R.S., Geist, D.R., and Mesa, M.G. 2006. Use of electromyogram telemetry to assess swimming activity of adult Chinook salmon migrating past a Columbia River dam. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 135(2): 281-287. doi:10.1577/T05-223.1.
22. Bunt, C.M., Katopodis, C., and McKinley, R.S. 1999. Attraction and passage efficiency of white suckers and smallmouth bass by two denil fishways. N. Am. J. Fish. Manage. 19(3): 793-803. doi:10.1577/1548-8675(1999) 019<0793:AAPEOW>2.0.CO;2.
23. Burke, B.J., and Jepson, M.A. 2006. Performance of passive integrated transponder tags and radio tags in determining dam passage behavior of adult Chinook salmon and steelhead. N. Am. J. Fish. Manage. 26(3): 742-752. doi:10.1577/M05-138.1.
24. Carruth, L.L., Dores, R.M., Maldonado, T.A., Norris, D.O., Ruth, T., and Jones, R.E. 2000. Elevation of plasma cortisol during the spawning migration of a landlocked kokanee salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka kennerlyi). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C, 127: 123-131.
25. Castro-Santos, T. 2004. Quantifying the combined effects of attempt rate and swimming capacity on passage through velocity barriers. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 61: 1602-1615.
26. Chagnaud, B.P., Bleckmann, H., and Engelmann, J. 2006. Neural responses of goldfish lateral line afferents to vortex motions. J. Exp. Biol. 209(2): 327-342. doi:10.1242/jeb.01982. PMID: 16391355.
27. Cleary, J. 2006. Examining the use of lipid analysis as an indicator of fish habitat condition and overwinter survival of chinook salmon in large rivers of central British Columbia. M.Sc. thesis, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby BC.
28. Colotelo, A.H., Cooke, S.J., and Smokorowski, K.E. 2009. Application of forensic techniques to enhance fish conservation and management: Injury detection, using presumptive tests for blood. Endanger. Species Res. for: 1-10. doi:10.3354/esr00178.
29. Cooke, S.J., and Suski, C.D. 2008. Ecological restoration and physiology: An overdue integration. Bioscience, 58(10): 957-968. doi:10.1641/B581009.
30. Cooke, S.J., Crossin, G.T., Patterson, D., English, K., Hinch, S.G., Young, J.L., Alexander, R., Healey, M.C., Van Der Kraak, G., and Farrell, A.P. 2005. Coupling non-invasive physiological assessments with telemetry to understand inter-individual variation in behaviour and survivorship of sockeye salmon: development and validation of a technique. J. Fish Biol. 67(5): 1342-1358. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2005.00830.x.
31. Cooke, S.J., Hinch, S.G., Wikelski, M., Andrews, R.D., Juchel, L.J., Wolcott, T.G., and Butler, P.J. 2004a. Biotelemetry: a mechanistic approach to ecology. Trends Ecol. Evol. 19(6): 334-343. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2004.04.003.
32. Cooke, S.J., Thorstad, E.B., and Hinch, S.G. 2004b. Activity and energetics of free-swimming fish: Insights from electromyogram telemetry. Fish Fish. 5: 21-52.
33. Costa, D.P., and Sinervo, B. 2004. Field physiology: physiological insights from animals in nature. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 66(1): 209-238. doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.66.032102.114245. PMID: 14977402.
34. Cowx, I.G. 2002. Analysis of threats to freshwater fish conservation: past and present challenges. In Conservation of Freshwater Fishes: Options for the Future. Edited by M.J. Collares-Pereira, I.G. Cowx, and M.M. Coelho. Blackwell Scientific Press, UK. pp 201-220.
35. Crossin, G.T., and Hinch, S.G. 2005. A nonlethal, rapid method for assessing the somatic energy content of migrating adult Pacific salmon. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 134(1): 184-191. doi:10.1577/ FT04-076.1.
36. Crossin, G.T., Hinch, S.G., Cooke, S.J., Welch, D.W., Patterson, D.A., Jones, S.R.M., Lotto, A.G., Leggatt, R.A., Mathes, M.T., Shrimpton, J.M., Van Der Kraak, G., and Farrell, A.P. 2008. Exposure to high temperature influences the behaviour, physiology, and survival of sockeye salmon during spawning migrations. Can. J. Zool. 86(2): 127-140. doi:10.1139/Z07-122.
37. Currie, S., and Tufts, B.L. 1997. Synthesis of stress protein 70 (Hsp70) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) red blood cells. J. Exp. Biol. 200(Pt 3): 607-614. PMID:9318323.
38. Davis, M.W., and Ottmar, M.L. 2006. Wounding and reflex impairment may be predictors for mortality in discarded or escaped fish. Fish. Res. 82(1-3): 1-6. doi:10.1016/j.fishres.2006.09.004.
39. Deniro, M.J., and Epstein, S. 1978. Influence of the diet on the distribution of carbon isotopes in animals. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 42(5): 495-506. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(78)90199-0.
40. Deniro, M.J., and Epstein, S. 1981. Influence of the diet on the distribution of nitrogen isotopes in animals. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 45(3): 341-351. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(81)90244-1.
41. Bleckmann, H., Engelmann, J., Hanke, W., and Mogdans, J. 2000. Hydrodynamic stimuli and the fish lateral line. Nature, 408(6808): 51-52. doi:10.1038/35040706. PMID:11081502.
42. Fagan, W.F. 2002. Connectivity, fragmentation and extinction risk in dendritic metapopulations. Ecology, 83: 3243-3249.
43. Fagerlund, U.H.M., McBride, J.R., and Williams, I.V. 1995. Stress and Tolerance. In Physiological Ecology of Pacific Salmon. Edited by C. Groot, L. Margolis, and W.C. Clarke. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver, BC. pp. 461-503.
44. Fisher, M.A., and Oleksiak, M.F. 2007. Convergence and divergence in gene expression among natural populations exposed to pollution. BMC Genomics, 8(1): 108. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-8-108. PMID:17459166.
45. Flodmark, L.E.W., Urke, H.A., Halleraker, J.H., Arnekleiv, J.V., Vøllestad, L.A., and Poléo, A.B.S. 2002. Cortisol and glucose responses in juvenile brown trout subjected to a fluctuating flow regime in an artificial stream. J. Fish Biol. 60(1): 238-248. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649. 2002.tb02401.x.
46. Gamperl, A.K., Vijayan, M.M., and Boutilier, R.G. 1994. Experimental control of stress hormone levels in fishes: techniques and applications. Rev. Fish Biol. Fish. 4(2): 215-255. doi:10. 1007/BF00044129.
47. Garenc, C., Couture, P., Laflamme, M.A., and Guderley, H. 1999. Metabolic correlates of burst swimming capacity of juvenile and adult threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). J. Comp. Physiol. 169: 113-122.
48. Giles, M.A., and Vanstone, W.E. 1976. Changes in ouabain-sensitive adenosine triphosphate activity in gills of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) during parr-smolt transformation. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 33: 54-62.
49. Giorgi, A.E., Swan, G.A., Zaugg, W.S., Coley, T., and Barila, T.Y. 1988. Susceptibility of Chinook salmon smolts to bypass systems at hydroelectric dams. N. Am. J. Fish. Manage. 8(1): 25-29. doi:10.1577/1548-8675(1988) 008<0025:SOCSST>2.3.CO;2.
50. Gowans, A.R.D., Armstrong, J.D., Priede, I.G., and McKelvey, S. 2003. Movements of Atlantic salmon migrating upstream through a fish-pass complex in Scotland. Ecol. Freshwat. Fish, 12(3): 177-189. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0633. 2003.00018.x.
51. Grizzle, J.M., Chen, J., Williams, J.C., and Spano, J.S. 1992. Skin injuries and serum enzyme activities of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) harvested by fish pumps. Aquaculture, 107(4): 333-346. doi:10.1016/0044-8486(92)90081-U.
52. Hara, T., and Zielinski, B. 2006. Sensory systems neuroscience. InFish Physiology. Vol. 25. Academic Press, New York.
53. Henderson, R.J., and Tocher, D.R. 1987. The lipid composition and biochemistry of freshwater fish. Prog. Lipid Res. 26(4): 281-347. doi:10.1016/0163-7827(87)90002-6. PMID:3324105.
54. Higgins, P.J., and Talbot, C. 1985. Growth and feeding in juvenile Atlantic salmon. In Nutrition and Feeding in Fish. Edited byC.B. Cowey, A.M. Mackie, and J.G. Bell. Academic Press, London. pp. 243-263.
55. Hinch, S.G., and Rand, P.S. 1998. Swim speeds and energy use of upriver-migrating sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka): role of local environment and fish characteristics. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 55(8): 1821-1831. doi:10.1139/cjfas-55-8-1821.
56. Hoeinghaus, D.J., Winemiller, K.O., and Agostinho, A.A. 2007. Landscape-scale hydrologic characteristics differentiate patterns of carbon flow in large-river food webs. Ecosystems (N. Y., Print), 10(6): 1019-1033. doi:10.1007/s10021-007-9075-2.
57. Hoeinghaus, D.J., and Zeug, S.C. 2008. Can stable isotope ratios provide for community-wide measures of trophic structure? Comment. Ecology, 89(8): 2353-2357, discussion 2358-2359 . [Comment.] doi:10.1890/07-1143. 1. PMID:18724745.
58. Hontela, A., Rasmussen, J.B., Audet, C., and Chevalier, G. 1992. Impaired cortisol stress response in fish from environments polluted by PAHs, PCBs, and mercury. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 22(3): 278-283. doi:10.1007/BF00212086. PMID: 1616312.
59. Hook, S.E., Skillman, A.D., Small, J.A., and Schultz, I.R. 2006. Gene expression patterns in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, exposed to a suite of model toxicants. Aquat. Toxicol. 77(4): 372-385. doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2006.01.007. PMID: 16488489.
60. Imsland, A.K., François, N.R.L., Lamarre, S.G., Ditlecadet, D., Sigurosson, S., and Foss, A. 2006. Myosin expression levels and enzyme activity in juvenile spotted wolffish (Anarhichas minor) muscle: A method for monitoring growth rates. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 63(9): 1959-1967. doi:10.1139/F06-091.
61. IUCN. 2008. IUCN Red List-An overview of the IUCN red list. Available from www.iucnredlist.org/info/programme [Accessed 2008 Jan. 16].
62. Iwama, G.K., Thomas, P.T., Forsyth, R.B., and Vijayan, M.M. 1998. Heat shock protein expression in fish. Rev. Fish Biol. Fish. 8(1): 35-56. doi:10.1023/A:1008812500650.
63. Iwama, G.K., Vijayan, M.M., Forsyth, R.B., and Ackerman, P.A. 1999. Heat shock proteins and physiological stress in fish. Am. Zool. 39: 901-909.
64. Iwama, G.K., Afonso, L.O.B., Todgham, A., Ackerman, P., and Nakano, K. 2004. Are hsps suitable for indicating stressed states in fish? J. Exp. Biol. 207(1): 15-19. doi:10.1242/jeb.00707. PMID:14638828.
65. Jager, H.I. 2006. Chutes and ladders and other games we play with rivers I. Simulated effects of upstream passage on white sturgeon. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 63(1): 165-175. doi:10.1139/f05-226.
66. Jardine, T.D., Gray, M.A., McWilliam, S.M., and Cunjak, R.A. 2005. Stable isotope variability in tissues of temperate stream fishes. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 134(5): 1103-1110. doi:10.1577/ T04-124.1.
67. Jelks, H.L., Walsh, S.J., Burkhead, N.M., Contreras-Balderas, S., Diaz-Pardo, E., Hendrickson, D.A., Lyons, J., Mandrak, N.E., McCormick, F., Nelson, J.S., Platania, S.P., Porter, B.A., Renaud, C.B., Schmitter-Soto, J.J., Taylor, E.B., and Warren, M.L., Jr. 2008. Conservation status of imperiled North American freshwater diaddromous fishes. Fisheries, 33: 372-407.
68. Jobling, M., Johansen, S.J.S., Foshaug, H., Burkow, I.C., and Jorgensen, E.H. 1998. Lipid dynamics in anadromous Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus (L.): seasonal variations in lipid storage depots and lipid class composition. Fish Physiol. Biochem. 18(3): 225-240. doi:10.1023/A:1007747201521.
69. Ju, Z., Wells, M.C., Heater, S.J., and Walter, R.B. 2007. Multiple tissue gene expression analysis in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) exposed to hypoxia. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol, 145(1): 134-144. doi:10.1016/j.cbpc.2006.06.012. PMID:16916623.
70. Kaufman, S.D., Gunn, J.M., Morgan, G.E., and Couture, P. 2006. Muscle enzymes reveal walleye (Sander vitreus) are less active when larger prey (cisco, Coregonus artedi) are present. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 63(5): 970-979. doi:10.1139/F06-004.
71. Kebus, M.J., Collins, M.T., Brownfield, M.S., Amundson, C.H., Kayes, T.B., and Malison, J.A. 1992. Effects of rearing density on the stress response and growth of rainbow trout. J. Aquat. Anim. Health, 4(1): 1-6. doi:10.1577/1548-8667(1992) 004<0001:EORDOT>2.3.CO;2.
72. Keefer, M.L., Peery, C.A., and Heinrich, M.J. 2008. Temperaturemediated en route migration mortality and travel rates of endangered Snake River sockeye salmon. Ecol. Freshwat. Fish, 17(1): 136-145. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0633.2007.00267.x.
73. Koskinen, H., Pehkonen, P., Vehniäinen, E., Krasnov, A., Rexroad, C.E., Afanasyev, S., Mölsa, H., and Oikari, A. 2004. Response of rainbow trout transcriptome to model chemical contaminants. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 320(3): 745-753. doi:10. 1016/j.bbrc.2004.06.024. PMID:15240111.
74. Kushner, R.F. 1992. Bioelectrical impedance analysis: a review of principles and applications. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 11(2): 199-209. PMID:1578098.
75. Lamarre, S.G., Le François, N.R., Falk-Petersen, I.B., and Blier, P.U. 2004. Can digestive and metabolic enzyme activity levels predict growth rate and survival of newly hatched Atlantic wolffish (Anarhichas lupus Olafsen)? Aquat. Res. 35(6): 608-613. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2004.01061. x.
76. Liao, J.C., Beal, D.N., Lauder, G.V., and Triantafyllou, M.S. 2003. Fish exploiting vortices decrease muscle activity. Science, 302(5650): 1566-1569. doi:10.1126/science.1088295. PMID: 14645849.
77. Lloret, J., Galzin, R., Gil de Sola, L., Souplet, A., and Demestre, M. 2005. Habitat related differences in lipid reserves of some exploited fish species in the north-western Mediterranean continental shelf. J. Fish Biol. 67(1): 51-65. doi:10.1111/j.0022-1112. 2005.00708.x.
78. Macdonald, J.S., Morrison, J., Patterson, D.A., Heinonen, J., and Foreman, M. 2007. Examination of Factors Influencing Nechako River Discharge, Temperature, and Aquatic Habitats. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2773: vii + 32p.
79. Magnoni, L.J., Patterson, D.A., Farrell, A.P., and Weber, J.M. 2006. Effects of long-distance migration on circulating lipids of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). Can. J. Fish. Aq, 63(8): 1822-1829. doi:10.1139/F06-083.
80. Malmqvist, B., and Rundle, S. 2002. Threats to running water ecosystems of the world. Environ. Conserv. 29: 134-153.
81. Marshall, N.J. 1996. Vision and sensory physiology: the lateral line systems of three deep-sea fish. J. Fish Biol. 49(sa Suppl. A): 239-258. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1996.tb06079.x.
82. Martínez, M., Guderley, H., Dutil, J.D., Winger, P.D., He, P., and Walsh, S.J. 2003. Condition, prolonged swimming performance and muscle metabolic capabilities of cod Gadus morhua. J. Exp. Biol. 206(3): 503-511. doi:10.1242/jeb.00098. PMID: 12502771.
83. Mazeaud, M.M., Mazeaud, F., and Donaldson, E.M. 1977. Primary and secondary effects of stress in fish: some new data with a general review. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 106(3): 201-212. doi:10. 1577/1548-8659(1977)106<201: PASEOS>2.0.CO;2.
84. McDonald, D.G., and Milligan, C.L. 1992. Chemical properties of the blood. In Fish Physiology. Edited by W.S. Hoar, D.H. Randall, and A.P. Farrell. Academic Press, New York. pp. 56-135.
85. McDonald, G., and Milligan, L. 1997. Ionic, osmotic and acid-base regulation in stress. In Fish Stress and Health in Aquaculture. Edited by G.K. Iwama, A.D. Pickering, J.P. Sumpter, and C.B. Schreck. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. pp. 119-144.
86. McKinley, S., Van Der Kraak, G., and Power, G. 1998. Seasonal migrations and reproductive patterns in the lake sturgeon, Acipenser fulvescens, in the vicinity of hydroelectric stations in northern Ontario. Environ. Biol. Fishes, 51(3): 245-256. doi:10. 1023/A:1007493028238.
87. McKinney, T., Speas, D.W., Rogers, R.S., and Persons, W.R. 2001. Rainbow trout in a regulated river below Glen Canyon dam, Arizona, following increased minimum flows and reduced discharge variability. N. Am. J. Fish. Manage. 21(1): 216-222. doi:10.1577/1548-8675(2001)021<0216:RTIARR>2.0. CO;2.
88. Medford, B.A., and Mackay, W.C. 1978. Protein and lipid conent of gonads, liver, and muscle of northern pike (Esox lucius) in relation to gonad growth. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 35: 213-219.
89. Meldgaard, T., Nielsen, E.E., and Loeschcke, V. 2003. Fragmentation by weirs in a riverine system: a study of genetic variation in time and space among populations of European grayling (Thymallus thymallus) in a Danish river system. Conserv. Genet. 4(6): 735-747. doi:10.1023/B:COGE.0000006115. 14106.de.
90. Miller, K.M., Kaukinen, K., Li, S., Farrell, A.P., and Patterson, D.A. 2007. Expression profiling of Fraser River late-run sockeye salmon: migration physiology uncovered using cDNA microarray technology. Am. Fish. Soc. Symp. 54: 101-103.
91. Montgomery, J.C., Baker, C.F., and Carton, A.G. 1997. The lateral line can mediate rheotaxis in fish. Nature, 389(6654): 960-963. doi:10.1038/40135.
92. Morrissey, M.B., Suski, C.D., Esseltine, K.R., and Tufts, B.L. 2005. Incidence and physiological consequences of decompression in smallmouth bass after live-release angling tournaments. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 134(4): 1038-1047. doi:10.1577/T05-010.1.
93. Moser, M.L., Ocker, P.A., Stuehrenberg, L.C., and Bjornn, T.C. 2002. Passage efficiency of adult Pacific lampreys at hydropower dams on the lower Columbia River, USA. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 131(5): 956-965. doi:10.1577/1548-8659(2002) 131<0956:PEOAPL>2.0.CO;2.
94. Murchie, K.J., and Power, M. 2004. Growth-and feeding-related isotopic dilution and enrichment patterns in young-of-the-year yellow perch (Perca flavescens). Freshw. Biol. 49(1): 41-54. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2426. 2003.01163.x.
95. Murchie, K.J., and Smokorowski, K.E. 2004. Relative activity of brook trout and walleyes in response to flow in a regulated river. N. Am. J. Fish. Manage. 24(3): 1050-1057. doi:10.1577/M03-130.1.
96. Murchie, K.J., Hair, K.P.E., Pullen, C.E., Redpath, T.D., Stephens, H.R., and Cooke, S.J. 2008. Fish response to modified flow regimes in regulated rivers'' research methods, effects and opportunities. River Res. Appl. 24(2): 197-217. doi:10.1002/rra.1058.
97. Noga, E.J., and Udomkusonsri, P. 2002. Fluorescein: a rapid, sensitive, non-lethal methods for detecting skin ulceration in fish. Vet. Pathol. 39(6): 726-731. doi:10.1354/vp.39-6-726.
98. Palti, Y., Gahr, S.A., Hansen, J.D., and Rexroad, C.E., 3rd. 2004. Characterization of a new BAC library for rainbow trout: evidence for multi-locus duplication. Anim. Genet. 35(2): 130-133. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2052.2004.01112.x. PMID:15025574.
99. Pankhurst, N.W. 1995. Hormones and reproductive behaviour in male damselfish. Bull. Mar. Sci. 57: 569-581.
100. Parsley, M.J., Wright, C.D., van der Leeuw, B.K., Kofoot, E.E., Peery, C.A., and Moser, M.L. 2007. White sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) passage at the Dalles Dam, Columbia River, USA. J. Appl. Ichthyology, 23(6): 627-635. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0426.2007.00869.x.
101. Partridge, B.L., and Pitcher, T.J. 1980. The sensory basis of fish schools: Relative roles of lateral line and vision. J. Comp. Physiol. 135(4): 315-325. doi:10.1007/BF00657647.
102. Paukert, C., and Rogers, R.S. 2004. Factors affecting condition of flannelmouth suckers in the Colorado River, Grand Canyon, Arizona. N. Am. J. Fish. Manage. 24(2): 648-653. doi:10.1577/ M03-087.1.
103. Pelletier, D., Blier, P.U., Dutil, J.D., and Guderley, H. 1995. How should enzyme activities be used in fish growth studies? J. Exp. Biol. 198(Pt 7): 1493-1497. PMID:9319392.
104. Peterson, B.J., and Fry, B. 1987. Stable isotopes in ecosystem studies. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 18(1): 293-320. doi:10.1146/ annurev.es.18.110187. 001453.
105. Pickering, A.D., and Pottinger, T.G. 1987. Crowding causes prolonged leucopenia in salmonid fish, despite interregnal acclimation. J. Fish Biol. 30(6): 701-712. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649. 1987.tb05799.x.
106. 15N among fish tissues: implications for the study of trophic interactions. Funct. Ecol. 83: 703-718.
107. Poff, N.L., Allan, J.D., Bain, M.B., Karr, J.R., Prestegaard, K.L., Richter, B.D., Sparks, R.E., and Stromberg, J.C. 1997. The natural flow regime. Bioscience, 47(11): 769-784. doi:10.2307/ 1313099.
108. Pon, L.B., Cooke, S.J., and Hinch, S.G. 2006. Passage efficiency and migration behaviour of salmonid fishes at the Seton dam fishway. Final report for the Bridge Coastal Restoration Program, Project 05.Se.01. 105 pp.
109. Pon, L.B., Hinch, S.G., Cooke, S.J., Patterson, D.A., and Farrell, A.P. 2009. Physiological, energetic, and behavioural correlates of successful fishway passage of adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in the Seton River, British Columbia. J. Fish Biol. 74(6): 1323-1336. doi:10.1111/j.1095- 8649.2009.02213.x.
110. Post, D.M. 2002. Using stable isotopes to estimate trophic position: Models, methods, and assumptions. Ecology, 83: 703-718.
111. Purcell, M.K., Nichols, K.M., Winton, J.R., Kurath, G., Thorgaard, G.H., Wheeler, P., Hansen, J.D., Herwig, R.P., and Park, L.K. 2006. Comprehensive gene expression profiling following DNA vaccination of rainbow trout against infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus. Mol. Immunol. 43(13): 2089-2106. doi:10.1016/ j.molimm.2005.12.005. PMID:16426680.
112. Quinn, T.P., Unwin, M.J., and Kinnison, M.T. 2000. Evolution of temporal isolation in the wild: genetic divergence in timing of migration and breeding by introduced chinook salmon populations. Evolution, 54(4): 1372-1385. PMID:11005303.
113. Richter, B.D., Braun, D.P., Mendelson, M.A., and Master, L.L. 1997. Threats to imperiled freshwater fauna. Conserv. Biol. 11(5): 1081-1093. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1997.96236.x.
114. Ricklefs, R.E., and Wikelski, M. 2002. The physiology/life-history nexus. Trends Ecol. Evol. 17: 462-468.
115. Roberge, C., Einum, S., Guderley, H., and Bernatchez, L. 2006. Rapid parallel evolutionary changes of gene transcription profiles in farmed Atlantic salmon. Mol. Ecol. 15(1): 9-20. doi:10. 1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02807.x. PMID:16367826.
116. Roscoe, D.W., and Hinch, S.G. 2008. Fishway passage, water diversion and warming temperatures: Factors limiting successful spawning migration of Seton-Anderson watershed sockeye salmon. Final Report for the Bridge Coastal Restoration Program, Project 07.BRG01. 99 pp.
117. Roscoe, D.W., and Hinch, S.G. 2009. Effectiveness monitoring of fish passage facilities: historical trends, geographic patterns and future directions. Fish Fish. doi:10.1111/j.1467-2979.2009. 00333.x.In press.
118. Rosenburg, D.M., McCully, P., and Pringle, C.M. 2000. Globalscale environmental effects of hydrological alterations: introduction. Bioscience, 50: 747-751.
119. San Martín, R., Hurtado, W., Quezada, C., Reyes, A.E., Vera, M.I., and Krauskopf, M. 2007. Gene structure and seasonal expression of carp fish prolactin short receptor isoforms. J. Cell. Biochem. 100(4): 970-980. doi:10.1002/jcb.21081. PMID:17131379.
120. Sato, Y., Bazzoli, N., Rizzo, E., Boschi, M.B., and Miranda, M.O.T. 2005. Influence of the Abaeté River on the reproductive success of the neotropical migratory teleost Prochilodus argenteusin the São Francisco River, downstream from the Três Marias dam, southeastern Brazil. River Res. Appl. 21(8): 939-950. doi:10.1002/rra.859.
121. Schwalme, K., and Mackay, W.C. 1985. Suitability of vertical slot and denil fishways for passing north-termperate, nonsalmonid fish. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 42: 1815-1822.
122. Scruton, D.A., McKinley, R.S., Kouwen, N., Eddy, W., and Booth, R.K. 2002. Use of telemetry and hydraulic modeling to evaluate and improve fish guidance efficiency at a louver and bypass system for downstream-migrating Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts and kelts. Hydrobiologia, 483(1/3): 83-94. doi:10.1023/ A:1021350722359.
123. Scruton, D.A., Booth, R.K., Pennell, C.J., Cubitt, F., McKinley, R.S., and Clarke, K.D. 2007a. Conventional and EMG telemetry studies of upstream migration and tailrace attraction of adult Atlantic salmon at a hydroelectric installation on the Exploits River, Newfoundland, Canada. Hydrobiologia, 582(1): 67-79. doi:10.1007/s10750-006-0558-5.
124. Scruton, D.A., Pennell, C.J., Bourgeois, C.E., Goosney, R.F., Porter, T.R., and Clarke, K.D. 2007b. Assessment of a retrofitted downstream fish bypass system for wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts and kelts at a hydroelectric facility on the Exploits River, Newfoundland, Canada. Hydrobiologia, 582(1): 155-169. doi:10.1007/s10750-006-0557-6.
125. Shrimpton, J.M., Patterson, D.A., Richards, J.G., Cooke, P.M., Schulte, S.G., Hinch, S.G., and Farrell, A.P. 2005. Ionoregulatory changes in different populations of maturing sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka during ocean and river migration. J. Exp. Biol. 208(21): 4069-4078. doi:10.1242/jeb.01871. PMID: 16244166.
126. Stier, D.J., and Kynard, B. 1986. Use of radio telemetry to determine the mortality of Atlantic salmon smolts passed through a 17-MW Kaplan turbine at a low-head hydroelectric dam. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 115(5): 771-775. doi:10.1577/1548-8659(1986) 115<771:UORTTD>2.0.CO;2.
127. Strange, R.J., and Schreck, C.B. 1978. Anaesthetic and handling stress on survival and cortisol concentration in yearling chinook salmon (Onycorhynchus tshawytscha). J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 35: 345-349.
128. Sullivan, G.H., Hoefener, C., and Bolie, V.W. 1963. Ecectronic systems for biological telemetry. In Bio-Telemetry: the use of telemetry in animal behaviour and physiology in relation to ecological problems. Edited by L.E. Slater. Pergamon Press, Oxford. pp. 83-106.
129. Tejeda-Vera, R., Lopez-Lopez, E., and Sedeno-Diaz, J.E. 2007. Biomarkers and bioindicators of the health condition of Ameca splendens and Goodea atripinnis (Pisces: Goodeaidae) in the Ameca River, Mexico. Environmental International 33: 521-531.
130. Thorsen, J., Zhu, B., Frengen, E., Osoegawa, K., de Jong, P.J., Koop, B.F., Davidson, W.S., and Høyheim, B. 2005. A highly redundant BAC library of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): an important tool for salmon projects. BMC Genomics, 6(1): 50. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-6-50. PMID:15807896.
131. Thorstad, E.B., Økland, F., Kroglund, F., and Jepsen, N. 2003. Upstram migration of Atlantic salmon at a power station on the River Nidelva, Southern Norway. Fish. Manag. Ecol. 10(3): 139-146. doi:10.1046/j.1365- 2400.2003.00335.x.
132. Tiffan, K.F., Rondorf, D.W., and Wagner, P.G. 2000. Physiological development and migratory behaviour of subyearling fall Chinook salmon in the Columbia River. N. Am. J. Fish. Manage. 20(1): 28-40. doi:10.1577/1548-8675(2000) 020<0028:PDAMBO>2.0.CO;2.
133. +-ATPase activity in juvenile spring chinook salmon following electroshock or handling stress. N. Am. J. Fish. Manage. 20(2): 528-533. doi:10.1577/1548-8675(2000) 020<0528:PSOGNK>2.3. CO;2.
134. Vijayan, M.M., Pereira, C., Forsyth, R.B., Kennedy, C.J., and Iwama, G.K. 1997. Handling stress does not affect the expression of the hepatic heat shock protein 70 and conjugation enzymes in rainbow trout treated with β-naphthoflavone. Life Sci. 61(2): 117-127. doi:10.1016/S0024- 3205(97)00366-4. PMID: 9217270.
135. Vijayan, M.M., Pereira, C., Kruzynski, G., and Iwama, G.K. 1998. Sublethal concentrations of contaminant induce the expression of hepatic heat shcok protein 70 in two salmonids. Aquat. Toxicol. 40(2-3): 101-108. doi:10.1016/S0166-445X(97)00057-X.
136. Wagner, T., and Congleton, J.L. 2004. Blood chemistry correlates of nutritional condition, tissue damage, and stress in migrating juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 61(7): 1066-1074. doi:10.1139/f04-050.
137. Weatherley, A.J., Rogers, S.C., Pincock, D.G., and Patch, J.R. 1982. Oxygen consumption of active rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, derived from electromyograms obtained by radiotelemetry. J. Fish Biol. 20(4): 479-489. doi:10.1111/j. 1095-8649.1982.tb03941.x.
138. Weatherley, A.J., and Gill, H.S. 1987. The biology of fish growth. Academic Press, London.
139. Wendelaar Bonga, S.E. 1997. The stress response in fish. Physiol. Rev. 77(3): 591-625. PMID:9234959.
140. Wenne, R., Boudry, P., Hemmer-Hansen, J., Lubieniecki, K.P., Was, A., and Kause, A. 2007. What role for genomics in fisheries management and aquaculture? Aquat. Living Resour. 20(3): 241-255. doi:10.1051/alr:2007037.
141. Wikelski, M., and Cooke, S.J. 2006. Conservation physiology. Trends Ecol. Evol. 21(1): 38-46. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2005.10.018. PMID:16701468.
142. Wood, C.M. 1988. Acid-base and ionic exchanges at the gills and kidney after exhaustive exercise in the rainbow trout. J. Exp. Biol. 136: 461-481.
143. Wood, C.M. 1991. Acid-base and ion balance, metabolism, and their
144. Wood, C.M., Turner, J.D., and Graham, M.S. 1983. Why do fish die after severe exercise? J. Fish Biol. 22(2): 189-201. doi:10. 1111/j.1095-8649.1983.tb04739.x.
145. Young, J.L., Bornik, Z.B., Marcotte, M.L., Charlie, K.N., Wagner, G.N., Hinch, S.G., and Cooke, S.J. 2006a. Integrating physiology and life history to improve fisheries management and conservation. Fish Fish. 7: 262-283.
146. Young, J.L., Hinch, S.G., Cooke, S.J., Crossin, G.T., Patterson, D.A., Farrell, A.P., Kraak, G.V.D., Lotto, A.G., Lister, A., Healey, M.C., and English, K.K. 2006b. Physiological and energetic correlates of en route mortality for abnormally early migrating adult sockeye salmon in the Thompson River, British Columbia. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 63: 1067-1077. doi:10.1139/F06-014.
147. Yüksel, I. 2007. Development of hydropower: a case study in developing countries. Energy Sources Part B, 2(2): 113-121. doi:10.1080/15567240600705201.
148. Zakhartsev, M., De Wachter, B., Johansen, T., Portner, H.O., and Blust, R. 2005. Hsp70 is not a sensitive indicatory of thermal limiation in Gadus morhua. J. Fish Biol. 67(3): 767-778. doi:10.1111/j.0022-1112.2005. 00778.x.
149. Zaugg, W.S., and McLain, L.R. 1972. Changes in gill adenosinetriphosphatase activity associated with parr-smolt transformation in steelhead trout, coho, and spring chinook salmon. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 29: 167-171.