Socio-Economic implications of nanotechnology applications: A case of copper and copper dependent countries

Nanotechnology Law and Business

Volumn 6, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 278-310

  Chaudhury, Saswata ^a   Sarma, Shilpanjali Deshpande ^a  

^a THE ENERGY AND RESOURCES INSTITUTE   (India)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

NEGATIVE IMPACTS; SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS; SOCIO-ECONOMICS;

CIVIL AVIATION; COMMERCE; NANOTECHNOLOGY;

COPPER;

EID: 68549122617     PISSN: 15462080     EISSN: 15462080     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

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30. See id.
31. See Debbie Haught, Overview of DOE High Temperature Superconductivity (HTS) Cable Projects, U.S. Dept. of Energy (2007), available at http://www.narucmeetings.org/Presentations/Haught.NARUC.pdf. See also American Superconductor, Suporconductor Power Cables, http://www.amsc.com/products/ htswire/HTSCables.html (last visited May 30, 2009).
32. See Haught, supra note 30.
33. See American Superconductor, supra note 30.
34. See Sytnikov et al., supra note 24.
35. 34 See Sumito Electric, Sumitomo 3-in-One HTS Cable, http://www.sei.co. jp/super/cable-e/index.html (last visited May 30, 2009).
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37. See American Superconductor, supra note 30.
38. See David Lindsay, Southwire HTS Cable Programme Overview (2004), available at http://www.energetics.com/meetings/supercon04/pdfs/presentations/ columbus-cable-lindsay.pdf.
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41. See also Azomaterials, High Temperature Superconducting (HTS) Wires, http://www.azom.com/Details.asp?ArticleID=1094 (last visited May 30, 2009).
42. See Elcock, supra note 22.
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44. See id.
45. See American Superconductor, HTS Cable Demonstration Projects Underway, http://www.amsc.com/products/htswire/LIPAHTSCableProjectBrief.html (last visited May 30, 2009) [hereinafter American Superconductor Cable Demonstration].
46. HTS cables enhance flexibility by eliminating the need for transformers while supplying increasing power to urban areas.
47. The Energy Blog, supra note 38.
48. See id. See also American Superconductor Cable Demonstration, supra note 40; Das, supra note 21.
49. See Lawrence, supra note 28.
50. Oak Ridge Nat'l Lab., ORNL Helps Develop Superconducting Cable, Oak Ridge Nat'l Lab. Rev. 37 available at http://www.ornl.gov/info/ornlreview/sol-97/ pp34-38.pdf.
51. See Elcock, supra note 22.
52. See Sytnikov et al., supra note 24.
53. See Hessian Ministry supra note 25. See also Elcock, supra note 22.
54. See Hessian Ministry, supra note 25. See also Elcock, supra note 22. 53 See American Superconductor, Second Generation (2G) HTS Wire, http://www.amsc.com/products/htswire/2GWireTechnology.html (last visited May 30, 2009) [hereinafter American Superconductor 2G HTS].
55. See id.
56. Gizmag, Major Breakthrough for Electricity with 2G Wire, http://www.gizmag.com/go/5909/(last visited May 30, 2009).
57. See Superpower Inc., 2G HTS Wire, http://www.superpower-inc.com/content/ 2g-hts-wire (last visited May 30, 2009).
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59. Id.
60. Id.
61. Id.
62. See John Sarrao & Wai-Kwong Kwok, On Opportunities for Basic Research in Superconductivity, Dept. of Energy (2006), available at http://www.er.doe. gov/bes/reports/files/SC-rpt.pdf. See also Superconductor Week, AMSC Initiates Volume Production of 2G HTS Wire, Superconductor Week No.2216 (2008).
63. Bob Lawrence & Assoc., HTS Power Cable Project Update: Bringing New Power to Electricity, Superconductivity News Update 2 (2008), available at http://www.superconductivitynewsupdate.com/newsletters/PDF/NOV2008SNU.pdf.
64. See id.
65. Id. at 3.
66. See id.
67. See The Energy Blog, supra note 46.
68. See Hessian Ministry, supra note 25; See also Elcock, supra.
69. See Hessian Ministry, supra note 25.
70. See id.
71. See id. Elcock, supra note 22.
72. See Press Release, American Superconductor, American Superconductor's Nanotechnology Breakthrough Significantly Increases Performance of Superconductor Wire (Jan. 26, 2004), available at http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi- bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/01-26- 2004/0002095710&EDATE=.
73. See id.
74. Id.
75. See Gizmag, supra note 55.
76. See American Superconductor 2G HTS,supra note 53.
77. See American Superconductor Cable Demonstration, supranote 44.
78. See Sarrao & Kwok, supra note 61.
79. See Haught, supra note 30.
80. See id.
81. See Haught, supra note 30. 81 See Elcock, supra note 22.
82. See Gizmag, supra note 55.
83. See e.g., ETC Group, supra note 6
84. Kathleen Davis, Tiny Dreams for the Future of Transmission Capacity, Utility Automation & Eng'g T&D (2006), available at http://uaelp. pennnet.com/articles/article-display.cfm?article-id=253316&Section= ONART&C=INDUS.
85. Carbon nanotube fibre bundles have been theoretically assessed to have a carrying capacity of 100 million amperes per square centimetre. See Elcock, supra note 22.
86. See Elcock, supra note 22.
87. Id.
88. See id.
89. See Baker III, supra note 19. See also Martin I. Hoffert, Renewable Energy Options - An Overview, The 10-50 Solution: Technologies & Policies for a Low-Carbon Future Workshop Proceedings (2004), available at http://www.pewclimate.org/docUploads/10-50-Hoffert.pdf.
90. See Baker III, supra note 19. See also Hoffert, supra note 89 .
91. See Press Release, Rice University, NASA Awards Rice $11M for Nanotube Research (April 25, 2005), available at http://www.media.rice.edu/ media/NewsBot.asp?MODE=VIEW&ID=7349.
92. See Press Release, NASA, NASA Awards $11 Million "Quantum Wire" Contract to Rice (April 22, 2005), available at http://www.nasa.gov/ centers/johnson/news/releases/J05-018.html
93. See Elcock, supra note 22.
94. See id.
95. See id.
96. Some of these manufacturers include American Elements (USA); Apex Nanomaterials (USA); AlphaNano Technology (China). See NanoWerk, Nanotechnology Nanomaterial Suppliers, http://www.nanowerk.com/nanotechnology/nanomaterial/ suppliers-plist.php?subcat1=cnt (last visited May 30, 2009).
97. See Elcock, supra note 22.
98. See Elcock, supra note 22.
99. Id.
100. See Davis, supra note 84.
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103. See Hessian Ministry, supra note 25.
104. See Davis, supra note 84.
105. See Hessian Ministry, supra note 25.
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107. American Superconductor, HTS Magnets, http://www.amsc.com/products/ magnets/index.html (last visited May 30, 2009).
108. American Superconductor, HTS Magnets, http://www.amsc.com/products/ magnets/index.html (last visited May 30, 2009). 108 American Superconductor, HTS Magnets vs. Copper Magnet http://www.amsc.com/products/magnets/ htsmagnetsvscopper.html (last visited May 30, 2009).
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119. See Hamada et al., supra note 115. See also Naeemi & Meindle, supra note 115.
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123. See id.
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128. See Press Release, Univ. of Cali., Scientists at Irvine Use Nanotechnology to Create World's Fastest Method for Transmitting Information in Cell Phones and Computers (June 9, 2005), available at http://www. universityofcalifornia.edu/news/article/7242.
129. See Morral et al., supra note 116.
130. See id.
131. See id.
132. See id.
133. See e.g., id.; Jun Li et al., Bottom-Up Approach for Carbon Nanotube Interconnects, 82 Applied Physics Letters 2491 (2003), available at http://technology.arc.nasa.gov/docs/ARC15042-CarbonNanotubeInterconnectPaper. pdf;
134. Maik Liebau et al., Nanoelectronics Based on Carbon Nanotubes: Technological Challenges and Recent Developments, 13 Fullerenes, Nanotubes and Carbon Nanostructures 255 (2005);
135. Mizuhisa Nihei et al., Simultaneous Formation of Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes and their End-Bonded Ohmic Contacts to Ti Electrodes for Future ULSI Interconnects, 43 Japanese J. of Applied Physics 1856 (2004).
136. 132 See Morral et al., supra note 116.
137. See id.
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140. See Press Release, Arrowhead Research Corp., supra note 117.
141. See id.
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146. See id.
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148. See Ohtsu Research Group, Nanophotonics, http://uuu.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp/eng/ jst/index.html (last visited May 30, 2009).
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150. See id.
151. See supra Section 0.
152. See Colin Bennett, Use of Copper and Electricity in the Development of Nations, Eur. Copper Inst. (2008), available at http://www.leonardo-energy.org/ copper/wp-content/uploads/2008/06/development-cycle- report.pdf.
153. Id. at 15.
154. See id.
155. See e.g. China Mining,China's Copper Demand to Increase by Just 9% This Year,http://www.chinamining.org/News/2008-04-21/1208744159d13114.html (last visited May 25,2009).
156. http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2008/08/30/stories/2008083052481300. htm. In 2006-2007, consumption of copper in electrical and telecom sectors accounted for 52% of total copper use in India. The demand for copper in India's telecom sector, however, has declined in recent years because manufacturers are using jelly filled telecom cables. See Hindustan Copper Ltd., Annual Report (2008), available at http://www.hindustancopper.com/Admin/FlatFile/HCLAR07-08. pdf.
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164. See Int'l Copper Study Group, supra note 11.
165. See Int'l Trade Centre, supra note 153.
166. See id.
167. See id.
168. See id.
169. See id.
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172. See Int'l Trade Centre, supra note 153.
173. See id.
174. See U.S. Dept. of State, Background Note: Chile, supra
175. See Int'l Trade Centre, supra note 153
176. See id.
177. See id. Chile, supra note 163 at Economy.
178. United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 2007/08 (2008), available at http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR-20072008-EN-Complete.pdf.
179. Centeral Intelligence Agency, World Fact Book: Zambia, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the- world-factbook/geos/za.html (last visited May 30, 2009).
180. Pav Jordan, CORRECTED - Chile Jan-July Physical Copper Exports Off 4.1 pct, Reuters, Sept. 24, 2008, http://www.reuters.com/article/economicNews/ idUSN2339358520080924.
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182. See id.
183. See Robert A. Hawsey, HTS 2G Coated Conductor R&D in Japan: Status, Directions and Investments, Wire Dev. Workshop (2006), available at http://www.energetics.com/meetings/wire06/pdfs/session1/hawsey.pdf.
184. Joe Eck, Uses for Superconductors, http://superconductors.org/Uses.htm (last visited May 30, 2009).
185. Richard Silberglitt, Emile Ettedgui & Anders Hove, Strengthening the Grid: Effect of High-Temperature Superconducting Power Technologies on Reliability, Power Transfer Capacity, and Energy Use - Appx. A: Technical Characteristics and Demonstration Status of HTS Power Technologies, RAND Sci. & Tech. 91 (2002), available at http://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph-reports/ MR1531/MR1531.appa.pdf.
186. See e.g., Press Release, American Superconductor Corp., American Superconductor Corporation and Electricite de France Forge Strategic Alliance (April 2, 1997), available at http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi-m0EIN/is- 1997-April-2/ai-19273467/.
187. See H. Yumura et al., Albany Hts Cable Project Long Term In-Grid Operation Status Update, 985 Advances in Cryogenic Eng'g: Transactions of the Cryogenic Eng'g Conference Proceedings 1051 (2008).
188. See e.g., The Energy Blog, supra note 38. See also U.S. Dept. of Energy Nat'l Energy Tech. Lab., A Compendium of Modern Grid Technologies 11-12 (2007), available at http://www.netl.doe.gov/moderngrid/docs/ Compendium%20of%20Modern%20Grid%20Technologies%20 V1%200%20Final.pdf; Mass. Tech. Collaborative & Nano Sci. & Tech. Inst., Nanotechnology in Massachusetts 17-18 (2004), available at http://www.nsti.org/outreach/NIM/NIM. pdf.
189. See The Energy Blog, supra note 38.
190. Copper Dev. Assoc., Copper in the USA: Bright Future Glorio, http://www.copper.org/education/history/g-fact-mkts.html (last visited May 30, 2009).
191. Simone Scholze, Debating Science Issues, 5 A World of Sci. April/June (2007), available at http://www.bdi.ie/education-outreach/ DSI%20folder%20inserts/DSI%20Insert%2005%20-%20Nanotechnology%20D3.pdf.
192. See Int'l Trade Centre, supra note 153.
193. See Catherine Brahic, Developing World ?Needs Nanotech Work,' SciDev Net, Feb. 11, 2005, http://www.scidev.net/en/news/developing-world-needs-nanotech- network.html.
194. See London Metal Exchange, supra note 14.
195. Anandajit Goswami & Shilpanjali Deshpande Sarma, Nanotechnology and Copper Trade - Is it Dialectical?, 1 Commodity Vision 11 (2008).
196. See Int'l Centre for Sci. & High Tech., The North-South Dialogue on Nanotechnology: Challenges and Opportunities (2005) (Pontsho Maruping of the Science and Engineering Research Council in Pretoria, South Africa, and Roop L. Mahajan, University of Colorado, Boulder, spoke at the meeting. Mosibudi Mangena, Minister of Science and Technology, delivered the opening address at a Project Autek Progress Report function at the Cape Town International Convention Centre, February 8, 2005).
197. See also ETC Group, Downsizing Development: An Introduction to Nano-Scale Technologies and the Implications for the Global South 24 (2008), available at http://www.un-ngls.org/IMG/pdf/0850177-UNCTAD-NGLS-FINAL3.pdf.
198. See Goswami & Sarma, supra note 18.
199. See William H. Dresher, Copper Applications in Innovative Technology Area, Copper Dev. Assoc. (2006), available at http://www.copperinyourhome.org/ publications/newsletters/innovations/2006/01/copper-nanotechnology.html.
200. See id. See also British Patent No.392556 (issued 1931).
201. See Dresher, supra note 191. See also U.S. Patent No.3953658 (filed May 12, 1972);
202. JOSEPH R. DAVIS, COPPER AND DAOYS 106 (2001)
203. Joseph R. Davis, Copper and Dopper Alloys 106 (2001); Copper Dev. Assoc., Applications of Copper-Base Powder Metals, http://www.copper.org/resources/ properties/129-6/applications-powder.html (last visited May 25, 2009).
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205. Press Release, Copper Dev. Assoc., Copper Alloy Surfaces Can Eliminate E. coli (Feb. 6, 2007), available at http://www.copper.org/about/pressreleases/ 2007/pr2007-02-06.html. Dresher, supra note 191.
206. Michael B. Sullivan et al., Theoretical Study of nano-Copper/Polyimide Composite, 9th Advanced Materials (2005), available at http://www.sullivan.sg/ research/conf6.html. Int'l Conference on
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210. Ryotaro Matsuda et al., Highly Controlled Acetylene Accommodation in a Metal-Organic Microporous Material, 436 Nature 238 (2005). (Pubitemid 41021271)
211. See e.g., U.S. Patent No. 6,221,275 (filed 11, 24, 1998).
212. See Dresher, supra note 191.
213. See also J. Schiøtz, et al., Simulations of Mechanics and Structure of Nanomaterials - From Nanoscale to Coarser Scales, Proceedings of the 19th Risø Int'l Symposium on Materials Science (1998), available at http://dcwww.camd.dtu.dk/~schiotz/papers/risoesymp/html/symp.html.
214. See Dresher, supra note 191.
215. See also Yinmin Wang et al., High Tensile Ductility in a Nanostructured Metal, 419 Nature 912 (2002). (Pubitemid 35345095)
216. See e.g., Armoloy of Western Pennsylvania Inc., XADC 98Rc Diamond Chromium Coating - The Mold Coating for Glass-Filled Resins, http://www.armoloy-wpa.com/(last visited May 25, 2009)
217. Paul Engelmann & Bob Dealey, Injection Mold Design Guidelines: Maximizing Performance Using Copper Alloys, Modern Plastics 49 (2000), available at http://www.copperinyourhome.org/applications/industrial/PDF-files/Jan-00.pdf
218. Paul Engelmann et al., Undercutting Mold Performance: Ejection Wear, 48 Technical Papers 850 (2002), available at http://www.copper.org/applications/ industrial/CuMolds/ANTEC/antec02-ejection-wear.html
219. See also Roger J. Narayan et al., Antimicrobial Properties of Diamond-Like Carbon-Silver-Platinum Nanocomposite Thin Films, 14 J. of Materials Eng'g & Performance 1059 (2005).
220. See Scholze, supra note 184.
221. See Guillermo Foladori & Verónica Fuentes, Nanotechnology in Chile: Towards a Knowledge Economy? Latinoamericana de Nanotecnologa y Sociedad 4 (2007), available at http://estudiosdeldesarrollo.net/relans/documentos/clile- ing.pdf (English version).
222. See id.
223. See id.
224. Fernando Geister Bühlmann, Presentation: Technological Challenges in Copper Mining (2004), available at http://www.prien.cl/seminarios/taller-apec/ archivos/presentations/day2/09-codelco-mr-geister.pdf.
225. See NANOsciences Africa Network, NANOafnet 2 Year Report 5 (2008), available at http://www.icsu- africa.org/nanonet-2008.pdf.
226. See e.g., Alfred Z. Msezane, US-Africa Workshop on Nanoscience 3 (2006), available at http://www.nanophysics.us/US-AfricaWorkshop.pdf.
227. See NANOsciences, supra note 208.