Advances in the treatment of menopausal symptoms

Women's Health

Volumn 5, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 361-384

  Pinkerton, JoAnn V ^a   Stovall, Dale W ^a   Kightlinger, Rebecca S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA HEALTH SYSTEM   (United States)

Author keywords

Alternative; Antidepressant; Complementary therapy; Gabapentin; Hot flash; Menopause; SERM; Vaginal atrophy

Indexed keywords

ANGELICA SINENSIS EXTRACT; BAZEDOXIFENE; CIMICIFUGA RACEMOSA EXTRACT; CITALOPRAM; CLONIDINE; CONJUGATED ESTROGEN; DESVENLAFAXINE; ESTRADIOL; ESTROGEN; FLUOXETINE; GABAPENTIN; GESTAGEN; GINSENG EXTRACT; ISOFLAVONE DERIVATIVE; MATRICARIA CHAMOMILLA EXTRACT; MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE; MF 101; NORETHISTERONE; PAROXETINE; PHYTOESTROGEN; PLACEBO; PRIMROSE OIL; PROGESTERONE; RALOXIFENE; RED CLOVER EXTRACT; SELECTIVE ESTROGEN RECEPTOR MODULATOR; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; TAMOXIFEN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; VENLAFAXINE;

ABSENCE OF SIDE EFFECTS; ACUPUNCTURE; ADJUVANT THERAPY; ANOREXIA; ASTHENIA; BLEEDING; BLOATING; BREAST CANCER; BREAST TENDERNESS; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; CONSTIPATION; CREAM; DIET RESTRICTION; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DIZZINESS; DROWSINESS; DRUG CONTRAINDICATION; DRUG DOSE COMPARISON; DRUG DOSE ESCALATION; DRUG DOSE TITRATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG ERUPTION; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG RECEPTOR BINDING; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; ENDOMETRIUM; ENDOMETRIUM HYPERPLASIA; EXERCISE; FLATULENCE; HOMEOPATHY; HORMONAL THERAPY; HOT FLUSH; HUMAN; HYPNOSIS; INSOMNIA; LEISURE; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; LOW DRUG DOSE; MAGNETOTHERAPY; MAINTENANCE THERAPY; MASTALGIA; MENOPAUSAL SYNDROME; MONOTHERAPY; NAUSEA; POSTMENOPAUSE OSTEOPOROSIS; RECOMMENDED DRUG DOSE; RECURRENT DISEASE; REFLEXOLOGY; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; RISK REDUCTION; SALIVA; SIDE EFFECT; SOMNOLENCE; SWEATING; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; UNSTEADINESS; UTERUS BLEEDING; VAGINA ATROPHY; VAGINA RING; VASOMOTOR DISORDER; XEROSTOMIA; YOGA;

ATROPHY; FEMALE; HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY; HUMANS; MENOPAUSE; VAGINA; VASOMOTOR SYSTEM;

EID: 68349137671     PISSN: 17455057     EISSN: 17455065     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2217/whe.09.31     Document Type: Review

References (185)

1. Kronenberg F: Hot flashes: epidemiology and physiology. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 592, 52-86; discussion 123-133 (1990).
2. Rossouw JE, Prentice RL, Manson JE et al.: Postmenopausal hormone therapy and risk of cardiovascular disease by age and years since menopause. JAMA 297(13), 1465-1477 (2007).
3. Farquhar C, Marjoribanks J, Lethaby A, Suckling JA, Lamberts Q: Long term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2(2), CD004143 (2009).
4. Avis NE, Stellato R, Crawford S et al.: Is there a menopausal syndrome? Menopausal status and symptoms across racial/ethnic groups. Soc. Sci. Med. 52(3), 345-356 (2001).
5. Gold EB, Colvin A, Avis N et al.: Longitudinal analysis of the association between vasomotor symptoms and race/ethnicity across the menopausal transition: Study of Women's Health Across the Nation. Am. J. Public Health 96(7), 1226-1235 (2006).
6. Gold EB, Block G, Crawford S et al.: Lifestyle and demographic factors in relation to vasomotor symptoms: baseline results from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation. Am. J. Epidemiol. 159(12), 1189-1199 (2004).
7. Ness J, Aronow WS, Newkirk E, McDanel D: Use of hormone replacement therapy by postmenopausal women after publication of the Women's Health Initiative Trial. J. Gerontol. A. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 60(4), 460-462 (2005).
8. Gold EB, Block G, Crawford S et al.: Lifestyle and demographic factors in relation to vasomotor symptoms: baseline results from the study of women's health across the nation. Am. J. Epidemiol. 159(12), 1189-1199 (2004).
9. Gold EB, Sternfeld B, Kelsey JL et al.: Relation of demographic and lifestyle factors to symptoms in a multi-racial/ethnic population of women 40-55 years of age. Am. J. Epidemiol. 152(5), 463-473 (2000).
10. Whiteman MK, Staropoli CA, Langenberg PW et al.: Smoking, body mass, and hot flashes in midlife women. Obstet. Gynecol. 101(2), 264-272 (2003).
11. Li S, Holm K: Physical activity alone and in combination with hormone replacement therapy on vasomotor symptoms in postmenopausal women. West J. Nurs. Res. 25(3), 274-288 (2003).
12. Freedman RR: Pathophysiology and treatment of menopausal hot flashes. Semin. Reprod. Med. 23(2), 117-125 (2005).
13. Freedman RR: Core body temperature variation in symptomatic and asymptomatic postmenopausal women: brief report. Menopause 9(6), 399-401 (2002).
14. Freedman RR, Blacker CM: Estrogen raises the sweating threshold in postmenopausal women with hot flashes. Fertil. Steril. 77(3), 487-490 (2002).
15. Freedman RR: Hot flashes: behavioral treatments, mechanisms, and relation to sleep. Am. J. Med. 118(12B), 124S-30S (2005).
16. Freedman RR: Pathophysiology and treatment of menopausal hot flashes. Semin. Reprod. Med. 23(2), 117-125 (2005).
17. Freedman RR: Biochemical, metabolic, and vascular mechanisms in menopausal hot flashes. Fertil. Steril. 70(2), 332-337 (1998).
18. Freedman RR, Dinsay R: Clonidine raises the sweating threshold in symptomatic but not in asymptomatic postmenopausal women. Fertil. Steril. 74(1), 20-23 (2000).
19. Ockene JK, Barad DH, Cochrane BB et al.: Symptom experience after discontinuing use of estrogen plus progestin. JAMA 294(2), 183-193 (2005).
20. Maclennan AH, Broadbent JL, Lester S, Moore V: Oral oestrogen and combined oestrogen/progestogen therapy versus placebo for hot flushes [update of Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 1, CD002978 (2001); PMID: 11279791]. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (4), 002978 (2004).
21. Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL et al.: Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results From the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 288(3), 321-333 (2002).
22. Anderson GL, Limacher M, Assaf AR et al.: Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 291(14), 1701-1712 (2004).
23. Fournier A, Berrino F, Clavel-Chapelon F: Unequal risks for breast cancer associated with different hormone replacement therapies: results from the E3N cohort study. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 107(1), 103-111 (2008).
24. Hsia J, Langer RD, Manson JE et al.: Conjugated equine estrogens and coronary heart disease: the Women's Health Initiative. Arch. Intern. Med. 166(3), 357-365 (2006).
25. Manson JE, Allison MA, Rossouw JE et al.: Estrogen therapy and coronary-artery calcification. N. Engl. J. Med. 356(25), 2591-2602 (2007).
26. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Women's Health Care Physicians: executive summary. Hormone therapy. Obstet. Gynecol. 104(Suppl. 4), 1S-4S (2004).
27. Utian WH, Archer DF, Bachmann GA et al.: Estrogen and progestogen use in postmenopausal women: July (2008) position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause 15(4 Pt 1), 584-602 (2008).
28. Utian WH, Shoupe D, Bachmann G, Pinkerton JV, Pickar JH: Relief of vasomotor symptoms and vaginal atrophy with lower doses of conjugated equine estrogens and medroxyprogesterone acetate. Fertil. Steril. 75(6), 1065-1079 (2001).
29. Bachmann GA, Schaefers M, Uddin A, Utian WH: Lowest effective transdermal 17β-estradiol dose for relief of hot flushes in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet. Gynecol. 110(4), 771-779 (2007).
30. Lindsay R, Gallagher JC, Kleerekoper M, Pickar JH: Effect of lower doses of conjugated equine estrogens with and without medroxyprogesterone acetate on bone in early postmenopausal women. JAMA 287(20), 2668-2676 (2002).
31. Ettinger B: Vasomotor symptom relief versus unwanted effects: role of estrogen dosage. Am. J. Med. 118(12B), 74S-8S (2005).
32. Ettinger B, Ensrud KE, Wallace R et al.: Effects of ultralow-dose transdermal estradiol on bone mineral density: a randomized clinical trial. Obstet. Gynecol. 104(3), 443-451 (2004).
33. Diem S, Grady D, Quan J et al.: Effects of ultralow-dose transdermal estradiol on postmenopausal symptoms in women aged 60 to 80 years. Menopause 13(1), 130-138 (2006).
34. Panay N, Ylikorkala O, Archer DF, Gut R, Lang E: Ultra-low-dose estradiol and norethisterone acetate: effective menopausal symptom relief. Climacteric 10(2), 120-131 (2007).
35. Pasqualini JR: Progestins and breast cancer. Gynecol. Endocrinol. 23(Suppl. 1), 32-41 (2007).
36. Loprinzi CL, Levitt R, Barton D et al.: Phase III comparison of depomedroxy-progesterone acetate to venlafaxine for managing hot flashes: North Central Cancer Treatment Group Trial N99C7. J. Clin. Oncol. 24(9), 1409-1414 (2006).
37. Lange CA, Sartorius CA, Abdel-Hafiz H et al.: Progesterone receptor action: translating studies in breast cancer models to clinical insights. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 630, 94-111 (2008).
38. Stovall DW, Pinkerton JV: Estrogen agonists/antagonists in combination with estrogen for prevention and treatment of menopause-associated signs and symptoms. Womens Health (Lond. Engl.). 4(3), 257-268 (2008).
39. Grady D, Ettinger B, Tosteson AN, Pressman A, Macer JL: Predictors of difficulty when discontinuing postmenopausal hormone therapy. Obstet. Gynecol. 102(6), 1233-1239 (2003).
40. Heiss G, Wallace R, Anderson GL et al.: Health risks and benefits 3 years after stopping randomized treatment with estrogen and progestin. JAMA 299(9), 1036-1045 (2008).
41. Chlebowski RT, Kuller LH, Prentice RL et al.: Breast cancer after use of estrogen plus progestin in postmenopausal women. N. Engl. J. Med. 360(6), 573-587 (2009).
42. Boothby LA, Doering PL, Kipersztok S: Bioidentical hormone therapy: a review. Menopause 11(3), 356-367 (2004).
43. Boothby LA, Doering PL: Bioidentical hormone therapy: a panacea that lacks supportive evidence. Curr. Opin. Obstet. Gynecol. 20(4), 400-407 (2008).
44. Sites CK: Bioidentical hormones for menopausal therapy. Womens Health (Lond. Engl.) 4(2), 163-171 (2008).
45. Komesaroff PA, Black CV, Cable V, Sudhir K: Effects of wild yam extract on menopausal symptoms, lipids and sex hormones in healthy menopausal women. Climacteric 4(2), 144-150 (2001).
46. Leonetti HB, Longo S, Anasti JN: Transdermal progesterone cream for vasomotor symptoms and postmenopausal bone loss. Obstet. Gynecol. 94(2), 225-228 (1999).
47. Cooper A, Spencer C, Whitehead MI et al.: Systemic absorption of progesterone from Progest cream in postmenopausal women. Lancet 351(9111), 1255-1256 (1998).
48. Wren BG, Champion SM, Willetts K, Manga RZ, Eden JA: Transdermal progesterone and its effect on vasomotor symptoms, blood lipid levels, bone metabolic markers, moods, and quality of life for postmenopausal women. Menopause 10(1), 13-18 (2003).
49. Lewis JG, McGill H, Patton VM, Elder PA: Caution on the use of saliva measurements to monitor absorption of progesterone from transdermal creams in postmenopausal women. Maturitas 41(1), 1-6 (2002).
50. Stanczyk FZ, Paulson RJ, Roy S: Percutaneous administration of progesterone: blood levels and endometrial protection. Menopause 12(2), 232-237 (2005).
51. Gavrilova N, Lindau ST: Salivary sex hormone measurement in a national, population-based study of older adults. J. Gerontol. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci. (2009) (Epub ahead of print).
52. Versi E, Harvey MA, Cardozo L, Brincat M, Studd JW: Urogenital prolapse and atrophy at menopause: a prevalence study. Int. Urogynecol. J. Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 12(2), 107-110 (2001).
53. Mehta A, Bachmann G: Vulvovaginal complaints. Clin Obstet. Gynecol. 51(3), 549-555 (2008).
54. Brizzolara S, Killeen J, Severino R: Vaginal pH and parabasal cells in postmenopausal women. Obstet. Gynecol. 94(5 Pt 1), 700-703 (1999).
55. Nilsson K, Risberg B, Heimer G: The vaginal epithelium in the postmenopause - cytology, histology and pH as methods of assessment. Maturitas 21(1), 51-56 (1995).
56. Bygdeman M, Swahn ML: Replens versus dienoestrol cream in the symptomatic treatment of vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women. Maturitas 23(3), 259-263 (1996).
57. Loprinzi CL, Abu-Ghazaleh S, Sloan JA et al.: Phase III randomized double-blind study to evaluate the efficacy of a polycarbophil-based vaginal moisturizer in women with breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 15(3), 969-973 (1997).
58. Willhite LA, O'Connell MB: Urogenital atrophy: prevention and treatment. Pharmacotherapy 21(4), 464-480 (2001).
59. van der Laak JA, de Bie LM, de Leeuw H, de Wilde PC, Hanselaar AG: The effect of Replens on vaginal cytology in the treatment of postmenopausal atrophy: cytomorphology versus computerised cytometry. J. Clin. Pathol. 55(6), 446-451 (2002).
60. Suckling J, Lethaby A, Kennedy R: Local oestrogen for vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 4(4), CD001500 (2006).
61. Cardozo L, Bachmann G, McClish D, Fonda D, Birgerson L: Meta-analysis of estrogen therapy in the management of urogenital atrophy in postmenopausal women: second report of the Hormones and Urogenital Therapy Committee. Obstet. Gynecol. 92(4 Pt 2), 722-727 (1998).
62. Johnson SR, Ettinger B, Macer JL et al.: Uterine and vaginal effects of unopposed ultralow-dose transdermal estradiol. Obstet. Gynecol. 105(4), 779-787 (2005).
63. North American Menopause Society: The role of local vaginal estrogen for treatment of vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women: (2007) position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause 14(3 Pt 1), 355-369; quiz 370-371 (2007).
64. Keil K: Urogenital atrophy: diagnosis, sequelae, and management. Curr. Womens Health Rep. 2(4), 305-311 (2002).
65. Simon JA: Vulvovaginal atrophy: new and upcoming approaches. Menopause 16(1), 5-7 (2009).
66. Rioux JE, Devlin C, Gelfand MM, Steinberg WM, Hepburn DS: 17β-estradiol vaginal tablet versus conjugated equine estrogen vaginal cream to relieve menopausal atrophic vaginitis. Menopause 7(3), 156-161 (2000).
67. Simon JA, Reape KZ, Wininger S, Hait H: Randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of synthetic conjugated estrogens B for the treatment of vulvovaginal atrophy in healthy postmenopausal women. Fertil. Steril. 90(4), 1132-1138 (2008).
68. Santen RJ, Pinkerton JV, Conaway M et al.: Treatment of urogenital atrophy with low-dose estradiol: preliminary results. Menopause 9(3), 179-187 (2002).
69. Simon J, Nachtigall L, Gut R et al.: Effective treatment of vaginal atrophy with an ultra-low-dose estradiol vaginal tablet. Obstet. Gynecol. 112(5), 1053-1060 (2008).
70. Bachmann G, Lobo RA, Gut R, Nachtigall L, Notelovitz M: Efficacy of low-dose estradiol vaginal tablets in the treatment of atrophic vaginitis: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet. Gynecol. 111(1), 67-76 (2008).
71. Perrotta C, Aznar M, Mejia R, Albert X, Ng CW: Oestrogens for preventing recurrent urinary tract infection in postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2(2), CD005131 (2008).
72. Labrie F, Cusan L, Gomez JL et al.: Effect of one-week treatment with vaginal estrogen preparations on serum estrogen levels in postmenopausal women. Menopause 16(1), 30-36 (2009).
73. Weisberg E, Ayton R, Darling G et al.: Endometrial and vaginal effects of low-dose estradiol delivered by vaginal ring or vaginal tablet. Climacteric 8(1), 83-92 (2005).
74. Tourgeman DE, Slater CC, Stanczyk FZ, Paulson RJ: Endocrine and clinical effects of micronized estradiol administered vaginally or orally. Fertil. Steril. 75(1), 200-202 (2001).
75. Cicinelli E, Di Naro E, De Ziegler D et al.: Placement of the vaginal 17β-estradiol tablets in the inner or outer one third of the vagina affects the preferential delivery of 17β-estradiol toward the uterus or periurethral areas, thereby modifying efficacy and endometrial safety. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 189(1), 55-58 (2003).
76. Yumru AE, Bozkurt M, Inci Coskun E, Baykan G: The use of local 17β-oestradiol treatment for improving vaginal symptoms associated with post-menopausal oestrogen deficiency. J. Int. Med. Res. 37(1), 198-204 (2009).
77. Naessen T, Rodriguez-Macias K: Endometrial thickness and uterine diameter not affected by ultralow doses of 17β-estradiol in elderly women. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 186(5), 944-947 (2002).
78. Dugal R, Hesla K, Sordal T et al.: Comparison of usefulness of estradiol vaginal tablets and estriol vagitories for treatment of vaginal atrophy. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 79(4), 293-297 (2000).
79. Weiderpass E, Baron JA, Adami HO et al.: Low-potency oestrogen and risk of endometrial cancer: a case-control study. Lancet 353(9167), 1824-1828 (1999).
80. Johnston SL, Farrell SA, Bouchard C et al.: The detection and management of vaginal atrophy. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Can. 26(5), 503-515 (2004).
81. Rosenberg LU, Magnusson C, Lindstrom E et al.: Menopausal hormone therapy and other breast cancer risk factors in relation to the risk of different histological subtypes of breast cancer: a case-control study. Breast Cancer Res. 8(1), R11 (2006).
82. Kendall A, Dowsett M, Folkerd E, Smith I: Caution: vaginal estradiol appears to be contraindicated in postmenopausal women on adjuvant aromatase inhibitors. Ann. Oncol. 17(4), 584-587 (2006).
83. Smith RE: A review of selective estrogen receptor modulators and national surgical adjuvant breast and bowel project clinical trials. Semin. Oncol. 30(5 Suppl. 16), 4-13 (2003).
84. Sestak I, Kealy R, Edwards R, Forbes J, Cuzick J: Influence of hormone replacement therapy on tamoxifen-induced vasomotor symptoms. J. Clin. Oncol. 24(24), 3991-3996 (2006).
85. Jin Y, Hayes DF, Li L et al.: Estrogen receptor genotypes influence hot flash prevalence and composite score before and after tamoxifen therapy. J. Clin. Oncol. 26(36), 5849-5854 (2008).
86. Osborne CR, Duncan A, Sedlacek S et al.: The addition of hormone therapy to tamoxifen does not prevent hot flashes in women at high risk for developing breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 13 (2009).
87. Cummings SR, Eckert S, Krueger KA et al.: The effect of raloxifene on risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women: results from the MORE randomized trial. Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation. JAMA 281(23), 2189-2197 (1999).
88. Vogel VG, Costantino JP, Wickerham DL et al.: National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP). Effects of tamoxifen vs raloxifene on the risk of developing invasive breast cancer and other disease outcomes: the NSABP Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene (STAR) P-2 trial. JAMA 295(23), 2727-2741 (2006).
89. Barrett-Connor E, Mosca L, Collins P et al.: Effects of raloxifene on cardiovascular events and breast cancer in postmenopausal women. N. Engl. J. Med. 355(2), 125-137 (2006).
90. Martino S, Disch D, Dowsett SA, Keech CA, Mershon JL: Safety assessment of raloxifene over eight years in a clinical trial setting. Curr. Med. Res. Opin. 21(9), 1441-1452 (2005).
91. Siris ES, Harris ST, Eastell R et al.: Continuing Outcomes Relevant to Evista (CORE) Investigators. Skeletal effects of raloxifene after 8 years: results from the Continuing Outcomes Relevant to Evista (CORE) study. J. Bone Miner. Res. 20(9), 1514-1524 (2005).
92. Gordon S, Walsh BW, Ciaccia AV et al.: Transition from estrogen-progestin to raloxifene in postmenopausal women: effect on vasomotor symptoms. Obstet. Gynecol. 103(2), 267-273 (2004).
93. Stovall DW, Utian WH, Gass ML et al.: The effects of combined raloxifene and oral estrogen on vasomotor symptoms and endometrial safety. Menopause 14(3 Pt 1), 510-517 (2007).
94. Pinkerton JV, Shifren JL, La Valleur J et al.: Influence of raloxifene on the efficacy of an estradiol-releasing ring for treating vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women. Menopause 10(1), 45-52 (2003).
95. Valiati B, Capp E, Edelweiss MI, de Freitas FM, Wender MC: Effect of raloxifene and low-dose percutaneous 17β-estradiol on menopause symptoms and endometrium - a randomized controlled trial. Maturitas 62(1), 81-84 (2009).
96. Lewiecki EM: Bazedoxifene and bazedoxifene combined with conjugated estrogens for the management of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs 16(10), 1663-1672 (2007).
97. Komm BS, Kharode YP, Bodine PV et al.: Bazedoxifene acetate: a selective estrogen receptor modulator with improved selectivity. Endocrinology 146(9), 3999-4008 (2005).
98. Miller PD, Chines A, Christiansen C et al.: Effects of bazedoxifene on bone mineral density and turnover in postmenopausal women: 2-year results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo- and active-controlled study. J. Bone. Miner. Res. 23(4), 525-535 (2008).
99. Pinkerton JV, Utian WH, Constantine GD, Olivier S, Pickar JH: Relief of vasomotor symptoms with the tissue selective estrogen complex (TSEC) containing bazedoxifene/conjugated estrogens: a randomized, controlled Trial. Menopause (2009) (In press).
100. Stovall DW, Pinkerton JV: MF-101, an estrogen receptor β agonist for the treatment of vasomotor symptoms in peri- and postmenopausal women. Curr. Opin. Investig. Drugs 10(4), 365-371 (2009).
101. Pinkerton JV, Pastore LM: Perspective on menopausal vasomotor symptoms, CAM, and the SWAN. Menopause 14(4), 601-605 (2007).
102. Dog TL, Powell KL, Weisman SM: Critical evaluation of the safety of Cimicifuga racemosa in menopause symptom relief. Menopause 10(4), 299-313 (2003).
103. Loprinzi CL, Sloan J, Stearns V et al.: Newer antidepressants and gabapentin for hot flashes: an individual patient pooled analysis. J. Clin. Oncol. (2009) (Epub ahead of print).
104. Casper RF: Is paroxetine an effective treatment for hot flashes? Nat. Clin. Pract. Endocrinol. Metab. (5), 250-251 (2006).
105. Loprinzi CL, Kugler JW, Sloan JA et al.: Venlafaxine in management of hot flashes in survivors of breast cancer: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 356(9247), 2059-2063 (2000).
106. Barton D, La VB, Loprinzi C et al.: Venlafaxine for the control of hot flashes: results of a longitudinal continuation study. Oncol. Nurs. Forum 29(1), 33-40 (2002).
107. Evans ML, Pritts E, Vittinghoff E et al.: Management of postmenopausal hot flushes with venlafaxine hydrochloride: a randomized, controlled trial. Obstet. Gynecol. 105(1), 161-166 (2005).
108. Schober CE, Ansani NT: Venlafaxine hydrochloride for the treatment of hot flashes. Ann. Pharmacother. 37(11), 1703-1707 (2003).
109. Speroff L, Gass M, Constantine G, Olivier S; Study 315 Investigators: efficacy and tolerability of desvenlafaxine succinate treatment for menopausal vasomotor symptoms: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet. Gynecol. 111(1), 77-87 (2008).
110. Archer DF, Dupont CM, Constantine GD et al.: Desvenlafaxine for the treatment of vasomotor symptoms associated with menopause: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of efficacy and safety. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 200(3), 238.E1-238.E10 (2009).
111. Loprinzi CL, Sloan JA, Perez EA et al.: Phase III evaluation of fluoxetine for treatment of hot flashes. J. Clin. Oncol. 20(6), 1578-1583 (2002).
112. Suvanto-Luukkonen E, Koivunen R, Sundstrom H et al.: Citalopram and fluoxetine in the treatment of postmenopausal symptoms: a prospective, randomized, 9-month, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Menopause 12(1), 18-26 (2005).
113. Stearns V, Beebe KL, Iyengar M, Dube E: Paroxetine controlled release in the treatment of menopausal hot flashes: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 289(21), 2827-2834 (2003).
114. Stearns V, Slack R, Greep N et al.: Paroxetine is an effective treatment for hot flashes: results from a prospective randomized clinical trial. J. Clin. Oncol. 23(28), 6919-6930 (2005).
115. Soares CN, Joffe H, Viguera AC et al.: Paroxetine versus placebo for women in midlife after hormone therapy discontinuation. Am. J. Med. 121(2), 159, 162.e1 (2008).
116. Pandya KJ, Raubertas RF, Flynn PJ et al.: Oral clonidine in postmenopausal patients with breast cancer experiencing tamoxifen-induced hot flashes: a University of Rochester Cancer Center Community Clinical Oncology Program study. Ann. Intern. Med. 132(10), 788-793 (2000).
117. Goldberg RM, Loprinzi CL, O'Fallon JR et al.: Transdermal clonidine for ameliorating tamoxifen-induced hot flashes. J. Clin. Oncol. 12(1), 155-158 (1994).
118. Laufer LR, Erlik Y, Meldrum DR, Judd HL: Effect of clonidine on hot flashes in postmenopausal women. Obstet. Gynecol. 60(5), 583-586 (1982).
119. Loibl S, Schwedler K, von Minckwitz G et al.: Venlafaxine is superior to clonidine as treatment of hot flashes in breast cancer patients - a double-blind, randomized study. Ann. Oncol. 18(4), 689-693 (2007).
120. Buijs C, Mom CH, Willemse PH et al.: Venlafaxine versus clonidine for the treatment of hot flashes in breast cancer patients: a double-blind, randomized cross-over study. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 115(3), 573-80 (2009).
121. Hammond MG, Hatley L, Talbert LM: A double blind study to evaluate the effect of methyldopa on menopausal vasomotor flushes. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 58(6), 1158-1160 (1984).
122. Guttuso T Jr, Kurlan R, McDermott MP, Kieburtz K: Gabapentin's effects on hot flashes in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet. Gynecol. 101(2), 337-345 (2003).
123. Pandya KJ, Morrow GR, Roscoe JA et al.: Gabapentin for hot flashes in 420 women with breast cancer: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 366(9488), 818-824 (2005).
124. Reddy SY, Warner H, Guttuso T et al.: Gabapentin, estrogen, and placebo for treating hot flushes: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet. Gynecol. 108(1), 41-48 (2006).
125. Loprinzi CL, Kugler JW, Barton DL et al.: Phase III trial of gabapentin alone or in conjunction with an antidepressant in the management of hot flashes in women who have inadequate control with an antidepressant alone: NCCTG N03C5. J. Clin. Oncol. 25(3), 308-312 (2007).
126. North American Menopause Society: Treatment of menopause-associated vasomotor symptoms: position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause 11(1), 11-33 (2004).
127. Freedman RR, Woodward S, Brown B et al.: Biochemical and thermoregulatory effects of behavioral treatment for menopausal hot flashes. Menopause 2, 211-218 (1995).
128. Germaine LM, Freedman RR: Behavioral treatment of menopausal hot flashes: evaluation by objective methods. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 52(6), 1072-1079 (1984).
129. Freedman RR, Woodward S: Behavioral treatment of menopausal hot flushes: evaluation by ambulatory monitoring. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 167(2), 436-439 (1992).
130. Irvin JH, Domar AD, Clark C, Zuttermeister PC, Friedman R: The effects of relaxation response training on menopausal symptoms. J. Psychosom. Obstet. Gynaecol. 17(4), 202-207 (1996).
131. Younus J, Simpson I, Collins A, Wang X: Mind control of menopause. Womens Health Issues 13(2), 74-78 (2003).
132. Elkins G, Marcus J, Stearns V et al.: Randomized trial of a hypnosis intervention for treatment of hot flashes among breast cancer survivors. J. Clin. Oncol. 26(31), 5022-5026 (2008).
133. Booth-LaForce C, Thurston RC, Taylor MR: A pilot study of a Hatha yoga treatment for menopausal symptoms. Maturitas 57(3), 286-295 (2007).
134. Chattha R, Raghuram N, Venkatram P, Hongasandra NR: Treating the climacteric symptoms in Indian women with an integrated approach to yoga therapy: a randomized control study. Menopause 15(5), 862-870 (2008).
135. Cohen BE: Yoga: an evidence-based prescription for menopausal symptoms? Menopause 15(5), 827-829 (2008).
136. Lee MS, Kim JI, Ha JY, Boddy K, Ernst E: Yoga for menopausal symptoms: a systematic review. Menopause Jan 22 (2009).
137. Sternfeld B, Quesenberry CP Jr, Husson G: Habitual physical activity and menopausal symptoms: a case-control study. J. Womens Health 8(1), 115-123 (1999).
138. Stadberg E, Mattsson LA, Milsom I: Factors associated with climacteric symptoms and the use of hormone replacement therapy. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 79(4), 286-292 (2000).
139. Ivarsson T, Spetz AC, Hammar M: Physical exercise and vasomotor symptoms in postmenopausal women. Maturitas 29(2), 139-146 (1998).
140. Freedman RR, Krell W: Reduced thermoregulatory null zone in postmenopausal women with hot flashes. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 181(1), 66-70 (1999).
141. Aiello EJ, Yasui Y, Tworoger SS et al.: Effect of a yearlong, moderate-intensity exercise intervention on the occurrence and severity of menopause symptoms in postmenopausal women. Menopause 11(4), 382-388 (2004).
142. Guthrie JR, Dennerstein L, Taffe JR, Lehert P, Burger HG: Hot flushes during the menopause transition: a longitudinal study in Australian-born women. Menopause 12(4), 460-467 (2005).
143. Daley AJ, Stokes-Lampard HJ, Macarthur C: Exercise to reduce vasomotor and other menopausal symptoms: a review. Maturitas (2009) (Epub ahead of print).
144. Whitcomb BW, Whiteman MK, Langenberg P, Flaws JA, Romani WA: Physical activity and risk of hot flashes among women in midlife. J. Womens Health (Larchmt) 16(1), 124-133 (2007).
145. Wyon Y, Wijma K, Nedstrand E, Hammar M: A comparison of acupuncture and oral estradiol treatment of vasomotor symptoms in postmenopausal women. Climacteric 7(2), 153-164 (2004).
146. Avis NE, Legault C, Coeytaux RR et al.: A randomized, controlled pilot study of acupuncture treatment for menopausal hot flashes. Menopause 15(6), 1070-1078 (2008).
147. Borud EK, Alraek T, White A et al.: The Acupuncture on Hot Flushes Among Menopausal Women (ACUFLASH) study, a randomized controlled trial. Menopause 16(3), 484-493 (2009).
148. Cho SH, Whang WW: Acupuncture for vasomotor menopausal symptoms: a systematic review. Menopause (2009) (Epub ahead of print).
149. Carpenter JS, Neal JG: Other complementary and alternative medicine modalities: acupuncture, magnets, reflexology, and homeopathy. Am. J. Med. 118(12B), 109S-117S (2005).
150. Carpenter JS, Wells N, Lambert B et al.: A pilot study of magnetic therapy for hot flashes after breast cancer. Cancer Nurs. 25(2), 104-109 (2002).
151. Williamson J, White A, Hart A, Ernst E: Randomised controlled trial of reflexology for menopausal symptoms. BJOG 109(9), 1050-1055 (2002).
152. Thompson EA, Montgomery A, Douglas D, Reilly D: A pilot, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of individualized homeopathy for symptoms of estrogen withdrawal in breast-cancer survivors. J. Altern. Complement. Med. 11(1), 13-20 (2005).
153. Weatherley-Jones E, Thompson EA, Thomas KJ: The placebo-controlled trial as a test of complementary and alternative medicine: observations from research experience of individualised homeopathic treatment. Homeopathy 93(4), 186-189 (2004).
154. Ang-Lee MK, Moss J, Yuan CS: Herbal medicines and perioperative care. JAMA 286(2), 208-216 (2001).
155. Dog TL: Menopause: a review of botanical dietary supplements. Am. J. Med. 118(12B), 98S-108S (2005).
156. Borrelli F, Ernst E: Black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa), a systematic review of adverse events. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 199(5), 455-466 (2008).
157. Herbal medicines for menopausal symptoms. Drug Ther. Bull 47(1), 2-6 (2009).
158. Krebs EE, Ensrud KE, MacDonald R, Wilt TJ: Phytoestrogens for treatment of menopausal symptoms: a systematic review. Obstet. Gynecol. 104(4), 824-836 (2004).
159. Quella SK, Loprinzi CL, Barton DL et al.: Evaluation of soy phytoestrogens for the treatment of hot flashes in breast cancer survivors: a North Central Cancer Treatment Group Trial. J. Clin. Oncol. 18(5), 1068-1074 (2000).
160. Burke GL, Legault C, Anthony M et al.: Soy protein and isoflavone effects on vasomotor symptoms in peri- and postmenopausal women: the Soy Estrogen Alternative Study. Menopause 10(2), 147-153 (2003).
161. Han KK, Soares JM Jr, Haidar MA, de Lima GR, Baracat EC: Benefits of soy isoflavone therapeutic regimen on menopausal symptoms. Obstet. Gynecol. 99(3), 389-394 (2002).
162. Unfer V, Casini ML, Costabile L et al.: Endometrial effects of long-term treatment with phytoestrogens: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Fertil. Steril. 82(1), 145-148 (2004).
163. Lethaby AE, Brown J, Marjoribanks J et al.: Phytoestrogens for vasomotor menopausal symptoms. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 4(4), CD001395 (2007).
164. van de Weijer PH, Barentsen R: Isoflavones from red clover (Promensil) significantly reduce menopausal hot flush symptoms compared with placebo. Maturitas 42(3), 187-193 (2002).
165. Jeri AR: The use of an isoflavone supplement to relieve hot flashes. Female Patient 27, 35-37 (2002).
166. Tice JA, Ettinger B, Ensrud K et al.: Phytoestrogen supplements for the treatment of hot flashes: the Isoflavone Clover Extract (ICE) study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 290(2), 207-214 (2003).
167. Kupfersztain C, Rotem C, Fagot R, Kaplan B: The immediate effect of natural plant extract, Angelica sinensis and Matricaria chamomilla (Climex) for the treatment of hot flushes during menopause. A preliminary report. Clinical & Experimental Obstet. Gynecol. 30(4), 203-206 (2003).
168. Verhoeven MO, van der Mooren MJ, van de Weijer PH et al.: Effect of a combination of isoflavones and Actaea racemosa Linnaeus on climacteric symptoms in healthy symptomatic perimenopausal women: a 12-week randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Menopause 12(4), 412-420 (2005).
169. Mahady GB: Is black cohosh estrogenic? Nutr. Rev. 61(5 Pt 1), 183-186 (2003).
170. Mahady GB: Black cohosh (Actaea/Cimicifuga racemosa), review of the clinical data for safety and efficacy in menopausal symptoms. Treat. Endocrinol. 4(3), 177-184 (2005).
171. Reed SD, Newton KM, LaCroix AZ et al.: Vaginal, endometrial, and reproductive hormone findings: randomized, placebo-controlled trial of black cohosh, multibotanical herbs, and dietary soy for vasomotor symptoms: the Herbal Alternatives for Menopause (HALT) study. Menopause 15(1), 51-58 (2008).
172. Huntley A, Ernst E: A systematic review of the safety of black cohosh. Menopause 10(1), 58-64 (2003).
173. Davis VL, Jayo MJ, Ho A et al.: Black cohosh increases metastatic mammary cancer in transgenic mice expressing c-erbB2. Cancer Res. 68(20), 8377-8383 (2008).
174. Freudenstein J, Dasenbrock C, Nisslein T: Lack of promotion of estrogen-dependent mammary gland tumors in vivo by an isopropanolic cimicifuga racemosa extract. Cancer Res. 62(12), 3448-3452 (2002).
175. Nisslein T, Freudenstein J: Concomitant administration of an isopropanolic extract of black cohosh and tamoxifen in the in vivo tumor model of implanted RUCA-I rat endometrial adenocarcinoma cells. Toxicol. Lett. 150(3), 271-275 (2004).
176. Bodinet C, Freudenstein J: Influence of marketed herbal menopause preparations on MCF-7 cell proliferation. Menopause 11(3), 281-289 (2004).
177. Joy D, Joy J, Duane P: Black cohosh: a cause of abnormal postmenopausal liver function tests. Climacteric 11(1), 84-88 (2008).
178. Mello NK: Commentary on black cohosh for the treatment of menopausal symptoms. Menopause 15(5), 819-820 (2008).
179. Hirata JD, Swiersz LM, Zell B, Small R, Ettinger B: Does dong quai have estrogenic effects in postmenopausal women? A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Fertil. Steril. 68(6), 981-986 (1997).
180. Chenoy R, Hussain S, Tayob Y et al.: Effect of oral gamolenic acid from evening primrose oil on menopausal flushing. BMJ 308(6927), 501-503 (1994).
181. Wiklund IK, Mattsson LA, Lindgren R, Limoni C: Effects of a standardized ginseng extract on quality of life and physiological parameters in symptomatic postmenopausal women: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Swedish Alternative Medicine Group. Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Res. 19(3), 89-99 (1999).
182. Coon JT, Ernst E: Panax ginseng: a systematic review of adverse effects and drug interactions. Drug Safety 25(5), 323-344 (2002).
183. Pittler MH, Ernst E: Efficacy of kava extract for treating anxiety: systematic review and meta-ana lysis. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 20(1), 84-89 (2000).
184. Chopin Lucks B: Vitex agnus castus essential oil and menopausal balance: a research update [Complementary therapies in nursing and midwifery, 8, 148-154]. Complement Ther. Nurs. Midwifery 9(3), 157-160 (2003).
185. Oerter Klein K, Janfaza M, Wong JA, Chang RJ: Estrogen bioactivity in fo-ti and other herbs used for their estrogen-like effects as determined by a recombinant cell bioassay. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88(9), 4077-4079 (2003).