Cultural competency, race, and skin tone bias among pharmacy, nursing, and medical students: Implications for addressing health disparities

Medical Care Research and Review

Volumn 66, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 436-455

  White Means, Shelley ^a   Zhiyong Dong, ^a   Hufstader, Meghan ^a   Brown, Lawrence T ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE HEALTH SCIENCE CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Cultural competency; Curricula design; Health disparities; Implicit bias; Race bias; Skin tone bias

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CULTURAL COMPETENCE; ETHNIC DIFFERENCE; HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL; HEALTH DISPARITY; HEALTH SERVICE; MEDICAL RESEARCH; MEDICAL STUDENT; NURSING STUDENT; PHARMACY STUDENT; RACE; RACISM;

CONTINENTAL POPULATION GROUPS; CULTURAL COMPETENCY; FEMALE; HEALTHCARE DISPARITIES; HUMANS; MALE; PREJUDICE; PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; QUESTIONNAIRES; SKIN PIGMENTATION; STEREOTYPING; STUDENTS, HEALTH OCCUPATIONS; UNCERTAINTY; UNITED STATES;

EID: 68149150665     PISSN: 10775587     EISSN: 15526801     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1077558709333995     Document Type: Article

References (29)

1. Ashton, C., Haidet, P., Paterniti, D., Collins, T., Gordon, H., O'Malley, K., et al. (2003). Racial and ethnic disparities in the use of health services: Bias, preferences, or poor communication ? Journal of General Internal Medicine, 18, 146-152.
2. Assemi, M., & Cullander, C. (2003). Cultural competency in pharmaceutical care delivery: A training template for a one-day pharmacy student elective course. Retrieved March 10, 2009, from http://futurehealth.ucsf.edu/ pdf-files/Assemi-Cullander%202003%20Curricula-final.pdf
3. Assemi, M., Cullander, C., & Hudmon, K. (2004). Implementation and evaluation of cultural competency training for pharmacy students. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 38, 781-786.
4. Assemi, M., Cullander, C., & Hudmon, K. (2006). Psychometric analysis of a scale assessing self-efficacy for cultural competence in patient counseling. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 40, 2130-2135.
5. Berdik, C. (2004, December 19). A group of psychologists claim a test can measure prejudice we harbor without even knowing it: Their critics say they are politicizing psychology. The Boston Globe, p. K1.
6. Blanton, H., & Jaccard, J. (2006). Arbitrary metrics. American Psychologist, 61, 27-41.
7. Burgess, D., Fu, S., & Van Ryn, M. (2004). Why do providers contribute to disparities and what can be done about it ? Journal of General Internal Medicine, 19, 1154-1159.
8. Clark, K.B., & Clark, M.P. (1947). Racial identification and preference in negro children. In T. M. Newcomb & E. L. Hartley (Eds.), Readings in social psychology (p. 169). New York: Norton.
9. Crandall, S.J.S., Davis, S.W., Broeseker, A.E., & Hildebrandt, C. (2008). A longitudinal comparison of pharmacy and medical students' attitudes toward the medically underserved. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 72, Article 148. Retrieved March 10, 2009, from http://www.ajpe.org/view.asp? art=aj7206148&pdf=yes
10. Crandall, S.J.S., Reboussin, B.A., Michielutte, R., Anthony, J.E., & Naughton, M.J. (2007). Medical students' attitudes toward underserved patients: A longitudinal comparison of problem-based and traditional medical curricula. Advances in Health Sciences Education, 12, 71-86.
11. Crandall, S.J.S., Volk, R.J., & Cacy, D. (1997). A longitudinal investigation of medical student attitudes toward the medically indigent. Teaching and Learning in Medicine, 9, 254-260.
12. Crandall, S.J.S., Volk, R.J., & Loemker, V. (1993). Medical students' attitudes toward providing care for the underserved: Are we training socially responsible physicians ? Journal of the American Medical Association, 269, 2519-2523.
13. Gaskin, D.J., Briesacher, B.A., Limcangco, R., & Brigantti, B.L. (2006). Exploring racial and ethnic disparities in prescription drug spending and use among Medicare beneficiaries. American Journal of Geriatric Pharmacotherapy, 4, 96-111.
14. Green, A., Carney, D., Pallin, D., Ngo, L., Raymond, K., Iezzoni, L., et al. (2007). Implicit bias among physicians and its prediction of thrombolysis decisions for Black and White patients. Journal of General and Internal Medicine, 22, 1231-1238.
15. Greenwald, A.G., & Banaji, M. (1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102, 4-27.
16. Greenwald, A.G., Nosek, B., & Banaji, M. (2003). Understanding and using the implicit association test: An improved scoring algorithm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 197-216.
17. Haidet, P., Danis. J.E., Paterniti, D.A., Hechtel, L., Chang, T., Tseng, E., et al. (2002). Medical student attitudes toward the doctor-patient relationship. Medical Education, 36, 568-574.
18. Hargraves, J.L., & Hadley, J. (2003). The contribution of insurance coverage and community resources to reducing racial/ethnic disparities in access to care. Health Services Research, 38, 809-829.
19. Horsburgh, M., Perkins, R., Coyle, B., & Degeling, P. (2006). The professional subcultures of students entering medicine, nursing and pharmacy programmes. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 20, 425-431.
20. Lane, K.A., Banaji, M.R., Nosek, B.A., & Greenwald, A.G. (2007). Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: IV: Procedures and validity. In B. Wittenbrink & N. Schwarz (Eds.), Implicit measures of attitudes: Procedures and controversies (pp. 59-102). New York: Guilford Press.
21. McGuire, T.G., Alegria, M., Cook, B., Wells, K., & Zaslavsky, A. (2006). Implementing the institute of medicine definition of disparities: An application to mental health. Health Services Research, 41, 1979-2005.
22. Office of Minority Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (March 2001). National standards for culturally and linguistically appropriate services in health care (CLAS standards): Executive summary. http://www.omhrc.gov/assets/pdf/checked/executive.pdf
23. Rubin, R.M., & White-Means, S. (2001). Chronic conditions and assistive devices: Sociodemographics or discrimination. International Journal of Social Economics, 28, 927-941.
24. Schulman, K., Berlin, J.A., Harless, W., Kerner, J.F., Sistrunk, S., Gersh, B.J., et al. (1999). The effect of race and sex on physicians' recommendations for cardiac catheterization. New England Journal of Medicine, 340, 618-626. (Pubitemid 29093722)
25. Smedley, B., Stith, A., & Nelson, A. (2003). Unequal treatment: Confronting racial and ethnic disparities in health care. Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, Committee on Understanding and Eliminating Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care.
26. Van Ryn, M., & Burke, J. (2000). The effect of patient race and socio-economic status on physicians' perceptions of patients. Social Science and Medicine, 50, 813-828.
27. White-Means, S. (2000). Racial patterns in the elderly's use of community care. Journals of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 55, S76 - S89.
28. White-Means, S., & Rubin, R. (2004). Is there equity in the home health care market? Understanding racial patterns in the use of formal home health care. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 59B, S220 - S229.
29. Zuvekas, S.H., & Taliaferro, G.S. (2003). Pathways to access: Health insurance, the health care delivery system, and racial/ethnic disparities, 1996-1999. Health Affairs, 22, 139-153.