Seasonal variations of elemental carbon in urban aerosols as measured by two common thermal-optical carbon methods

Science of the Total Environment

Volumn 407, Issue 18, 2009, Pages 5176-5183

  Bae, Min Suk ^a   Schauer, James J ^a   Turner, Jay R ^b   Hopke, Philip K ^c  

^a University of Wisconsin Madison   (United States)

^b WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY IN ST LOUIS   (United States)

^c CLARKSON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

ACE Asia; Comparison; EC; IMPROVE; NIOSH; OC

Indexed keywords

ACE-ASIA; COMPARISON; EC; IMPROVE; NIOSH; OC;

ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS; BIOMASS; OCCUPATIONAL RISKS; ORGANIC CARBON; PERMANENT MAGNETS; TIME SERIES; WIRELESS NETWORKS;

ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY MEASUREMENT;

CARBON; ELEMENT; MOLECULAR MARKER;

AEROSOL; LABORATORY METHOD; MEASUREMENT METHOD; ORGANIC CARBON; PARTICULATE MATTER; SEASONAL VARIATION; TIME SERIES ANALYSIS;

AIR POLLUTION; ARTICLE; BIOMASS PRODUCTION; CONCENTRATION PROCESS; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY; MASS SPECTROMETRY; PARTICULATE MATTER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SEASONAL VARIATION; SUMMER; URBAN AREA; WINTER;

AEROSOLS; CARBON; ORGANIC CHEMICALS; SEASONS;

EID: 67650995450     PISSN: 00489697     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.05.035     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. Babich P., Davey M., Allen G., and Koutrakis P. Method comparisons for particulate nitrate, elemental carbon, and PM2.5 mass in seven US cities. J Air Waste Manage Assoc 50 7 (2000) 1095-1105
2. Bae M.S., Schauer J.J., DeMinter J., and Turner J. Hourly and daily patterns of particle-phase organic and elemental carbon concentrations in the urban atmosphere. J Air Waste Manage Assoc 54 7 (2004) 823-833
3. Bae M.S., Schauer J.J., DeMinter J., Turner J., Smith D., and Cary R. Validation of a semi-continuous instrument for elemental carbon and organic carbon using a thermal-optical method. Atmos Environ 38 18 (2004) 2885-2893
4. Bae M.S., Schauer J.J., and Turner J.R. Estimation of the monthly average ratios of organic mass to organic carbon for fine particulate matter at an urban site. Aerosol Sci Technol 40 12 (2006) 1123-1139
5. Birch M., and Cary R. Elemental carbon-based method for monitoring occupational exposures to particulate diesel exhaust. Aerosol Sci Technol 25 3 (1996) 221-241
6. Conny J.M., Klinedinst D.B., Wight S.A., and Paulsen J.L. Optimizing thermal-optical methods for measuring atmospheric elemental (black) carbon: a response surface study. Aerosol Sci Technol 37 9 (2003) 703-723
7. Chow J., Watson J., Pritchett L., Pierson W., Frazier C., and Purcell R. The DRI thermal optical reflectance carbon analysis system - description, evaluation and applications in United State Air quality studies. Atmos Environ 27 8 (1993) 1185-1201
8. Chow J., Watson J., Crow D., Lowenthal D., and Merrifield T. Comparison of IMPROVE and NIOSH carbon measurements. Aerosol Sci Technol 34 1 (2001) 23-34
9. Chow J.C., Watson J.G., Chen L.W.A., Arnott W.P., Moosmuller H., and Fung K. Equivalence of elemental carbon by thermal/optical reflectance and transmittance with different temperature protocols. Environ Sci Technol 38 16 (2004) 4414-4422
10. Chow J.C., Watson J.G., Chen L.A., Chang M.O., Robinson N.F., Trimble D., and Steven K. The IMPROVE_A temperature protocol for thermal/optical carbon analysis: maintaining consistency with a long-term database. J Air Waste Manage Assoc 57 (2007) 1014-1023
11. Currie L., Benner B., Kessler J., Klinedinst D., Klouda G., Marolf J., Slater J., Wise S., Cachier H., Cary R., Chow J., Watson J., Druffel E., Masiello C., Eglinton T., Pearson A., Reddy C., Gustafsson O., Quinn J., Hartmann P., Hedges J., Prentice K., Kirchstetter T., Novakov T., Puxbaum H., and Schmid H. A critical evaluation of interlaboratory data on total, elemental, and isotopic carbon in the carbonaceous particle reference material, NIST SRM 1649a. J Res Nat Inst Stand Technol 107 3 (2002) 279-298
12. Eller P.M., and Cassinelli M.E. Elemental carbon (diesel exhaust): method 5040 (1996), NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH
13. Hopke P.K. Contemporary threats and air pollution. Atmos Environ 43 (2009) 87-93
14. Huebert B., and Charlson R. Uncertainties in data on organic aerosols. Tellus Ser B 52 5 (2000) 1249-1255
15. Jaeckels J.M., Bae M.S., and Schauer J.J. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis of molecular marker measurements to quantify the sources of organic aerosols. Environ Sci Technol 41 (2007) 5763-5769
16. Jang M., and Kamens R. Characterization of secondary aerosol from the photooxidation of toluene in the presence of NOx and 1-propene. Environ Sci Technol 35 18 (2001) 3626-3639
17. Leck C., Norman M., Bigg E.K., and Hillamo R. Chemical composition and sources of the high Arctic aerosol relevant for cloud formation. J Geophys Res 107 D12 (2002) 4135
18. Lough G., Christensen C., Schauer J., Tortorelli J., Mani E., Lawson D., Clark N., and Gabele P. Development of molecular marker source profiles for emissions from on-road gasoline and diesel vehicle fleets. J Air Waste Manage Assoc 57 10 (2007) 1190-1199
19. Mader B., Schauer J., Seinfeld J., Flagan R., Yu J., Yang H., Lim H., Turpin B., Deminter J., Heidemann G., Bae M., Quinn P., Bates T., Eatough D., Huebert B., Bertram T., and Howell S. Sampling methods used for the collection of particle-phase organic and elemental carbon during ACE-Asia. Atmos Environ 37 11 (2003) 1435-1449
20. Mazurek M., Simoneit B., Cass G., and Gray H. Quantitative high-resolution gas-chromatography and high-resolution gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry analyses of carbonaceous fine aerosol-particles. Int J Environ Anal Chem 29 1-2 (1987) 119-139
21. Ngan F., and Toofan M. Modification of preparation of diazomethane for methyl esterification of environmental-samples analysis by gas-chromatography. J Chromatogr Sci 29 1 (1991) 8-10
22. Oberdorster G., Sharp Z., Atudorei V., Elder A., Gelein R., Lunts A., Kreyling W., and Cox C. Extrapulmonary translocation of ultrafine carbon particles following whole-body inhalation exposure of rats. J Toxicol Environ Health Part A 65 20 (2002) 1531-1543
23. Subramanian R., Khlystov A., and Robinson A. Effect of peak inert-mode temperature on elemental carbon measured using thermal-optical analysis. Aerosol Sci Technol 40 10 (2006) 763-780
24. Schauer J. Evaluation of elemental carbon as a marker for diesel particulate matter. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 13 6 (2003) 443-453
25. Schauer J.J., and Cass G.R. Source apportionment of wintertime gas-phase and particle-phase air pollutants using organic compounds as tracers. Environ Sci Technol 34 9 (2000) 1821-1832
26. Schauer J.J., Rogge W.F., Hildemann L.M., Mazurek M.A., and Cass G.R. Source apportionment of airborne particulate matter using organic compounds as tracers. Atmos Environ 30 22 (1996) 3837-3855
27. Schauer J., Kleeman M., Cass G., and Simoneit B. Measurement of emissions from air pollution sources. 2. C-1 through C-30 organic compounds from medium duty diesel trucks. Environ Sci Technol 33 10 (1999) 1578-1587
28. Schauer J., Kleeman M., Cass G., and Simoneit B. Measurement of emissions from air pollution sources. 4. C-1-C-27 organic compounds from cooking with seed oils. Environ Sci Technol 36 4 (2002) 567-575
29. Schauer J., Kleeman M., Cass G., and Simoneit B. Measurement of emissions from air pollution sources. 5. C-1-C-32 organic compounds from gasoline-powered motor vehicles. Environ Sci Technol 36 6 (2002) 1169-1180
30. Schauer J., Mader B., Deminter J., Heidemann G., Bae M., Seinfeld J., Flagan R., Cary R., Smith D., Huebert B., Bertram T., Howell S., Kline J., Quinn P., Bates T., Turpin B., Lim H., Yu J., Yang H., and Keywood M. ACE-Asia intercomparison of a thermal-optical method for the determination of particle-phase organic and elemental carbon. Environ Sci Technol 37 5 (2003) 993-1001
31. Schmid H., Laskus L., Abraham H., Baltensperger U., Lavanchy V., Bizjak M., Burba P., Cachier H., Crow D., Chow J., Gnauk T., Even A., ten Brink H., Giesen K., Hitzenberger R., Hueglin E., Maenhaut W., Pio C., Carvalho A., Putaud J., Toom-Sauntry D., and Puxbaum H. Results of the "carbon conference" international aerosol carbon round robin test stage I. Atmos Environ 35 12 (2001) 2111-2121
32. Siegel S., and Castallen Jr. N.J. Nonparametric statistics for the behavioral sciences. Second edition (1988), Mac-Graw-Hill
33. Sheesley R., Schauer J., Chowdhury Z., Cass G., and Simoneit B. Characterization of organic aerosols emitted from the combustion of biomass indigenous to South Asia. J Geophys Res 108 D9 (2003) 4285
34. Sheesley R.J., Schauer J.J., Bean E., and Kenski D. Trends in secondary organic aerosol at a remote site in Michigan's Upper Peninsula. Environ Sci Technol 38 24 (2004) 6491-6500
35. Simoneit B., Schauer J., Nolte C., Oros D., Elias V., Fraser M., Rogge W., and Cass G. Levoglucosan, a tracer for cellulose in biomass burning and atmospheric particles. Atmos Environ 33 2 (1999) 173-182
36. Yang H., and Yu J.Z. Uncertainties in charring correction in the analysis of elemental and organic carbon in atmospheric particles by thermal/optical methods. Environ Sci Technol 36 (2002) 5199-5204
37. York D., Evensen N.M., Lopez Martinez M., and De Basabe Degado J. Unified equations for the slope, intercept, and standard errors of the best straight line. Am J Phys 72 3 (2004) 367-375