Herbaceous-layer impoverishment in a post-agricultural southern Appalachian landscape

American Midland Naturalist

Volumn 162, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 148-168

  Thiemann, Jennifer A ^a   Webster, Christopher R ^a   Jenkins, Michael A ^b   Hurley, Peter M ^a,e   Rock, Janet H ^c   White, Peter S ^d  

^a MICHIGAN TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b PURDUE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c Great Smoky Mountains National Park   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA   (United States)

^e University of St Francis   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COMMUNITY COMPOSITION; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; DEER; HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; HERB; HERBIVORY; HOMOGENEITY; PLANT COMMUNITY; UNGULATE;

CADES COVE; GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS NATIONAL PARK; NORTH AMERICA; TENNESSEE; UNITED STATES;

CERVIDAE; ODOCOILEUS VIRGINIANUS; UNGULATA;

EID: 67650961188     PISSN: 00030031     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1674/0003-0031-162.1.148     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. ALVERSON, W. S. D. M. WALLER AND S. L. SOLHEIM. 1988. Forests too deer: edge effects in northern Wisconsin. Conserv. Biol. 2:348-358.
2. ANDERSON, M. J. 2004. PERMDISP: a FORTRAN computer program for permutational analysis of multivariate dispersions (for any two-factor ANOVA design) using permutation tests. Department of Statistics. University of Auckland. New Zealand.
3. -. K E. ELLINGSEN AND B. H. MCARDLE. 2006. Multivariate dispersion as a measure of beta diversity. Ecol Lett. 9:683-693.
4. ANDERSON, R. C. 1994. Height of white-flowered trillium (Trillium grandiflorum) as an index of deer browsing intensity. Ecol. Applic. 4:104-109.
5. -. 1997. Native pests: the impacts of deer in highly fragmented habitats. P. 117-134. In: M. W. Schwartz (ed.). Conservation in Highly Fragmented Landscapes. Chapman and Hall. New York.
6. AUGUSTINE, D. J. AND D. DECALESTA. 2003. Defining deer overabundance and threats to forest communities: from individual plants to landscape structure. Ecoscience. 10:472-486.
7. -AND L. E. FRELICH. 1998. Effects of white-tailed deer on populations of an understory forb in fragmented deciduous forests. Conserv. Biol. 12:995-1004.
8. BAKER, T. T. AND D. H. VAN Lear. 1998. Relations between density of rhododendron thickets and diversity of riparian forests. For. Ecol. Manag. 109:21-32.
9. BARRETT, M. A. AND P. STILING. 2006. Effects of Key deer herbivory on forest communities in the lower Florida Keys. Biol. Conserv. 129:100-108.
10. BRATTON, S. P. 1979. Impacts of white-tailed deer on the vegetation of Cades Cove. Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Proceed. Ann. Conf. Southeast. Assoc. Game Fish Commis. 33:305-312.
11. BROOKS, T. M. M. I. BAKARR, T. BOUCHER, G. A. B. DAFONSECA, C. HILTON-TAYLOR, J. M. HOEKSTRA, T. MORITZ. S. OLIVIERI, J. PARRISH, R. L. PRESSEY, A. S. L. RODRIGUES, W. SECHREST, A. STATTERSFIELD, W. STRAHM AND S. N. STUART. 2004. Coverage Provided by the Global Protected-Area System: Is It Enough? Bioscience. 54:1081-1091.
12. CADENASSO, M. L. AND S. T. A. PICKETT. 2000. Linking forest edge structure to edge function: mediation of herbivore damage. J. Ecol. 88:31-44.
13. CAMPBELL, C. C. 1994. Birth of a national park in the Great Smoky Mountains. reprint edition. University of Tennessee Press. Knoxville. Tennessee. 184 p.
14. CAMPBELL, T. A. B. R. LASETER, W. M. FORD AND K. V. E. R. 2004. Topographic home ranges of white- tailed deer in the central Appalachians. Southeast. Nat. 3:645-652.
15. -.-. W. M. FORD, R. H. ODOM AND K. V. MILLER. 2004. Feasibility of localized management to control white-tailed deer in forest regeneration areas. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 32:1124-1131.
16. -.-.-AND-. 2006. Abiotic factors influencing deer browsing in West Virginia. North. J. Appl. For. 23:20-26.
17. CARMAN, J. B. 2001. Wildflowers of Tennessee. Highland Rim Press. Tullahoma. Tennessee. 427 p. CLARKE, K. R. P.J. SOMERFIELD AND M. G. CHAPMAN. 2006. On resemblance measures for ecological studies. including taxonomic dissimilarities and a zero-adjusted Bray-Curtis coefficient for denuded assemblages. J. Exper. Marine Biol. Ecol. 330:55-80.
18. COLE, P. G. AND J. F. WELTZIN. 2004. Environmental correlates of the distribution and abundance of Microstegium vimineum. in east Tennessee. Southeast. Nat. 3:545-562.
19. DUNN, D. 1988. Cades Cove: the life and death of a southern Appalachian Community 1818-1837. University of Tennessee Press. Knoxville. Tennessee.
20. ERVIN, J. 2004. Rapid assessment of protected area management effectiveness in four countries. Bioscience. 53:833-841.
21. FAUZI, A. AND E. A. BUCHARY. 2002. A socioeconomic perspective of environmental degradation at Kepulauan Seribu Marine National Park. Indonesia. Coast. Manag. 30:167-181.
22. FIELD, J. G. K R. CLARKE AND R. M. WARWICK. 1982. A practical strategy for analyzing multispecies distribution patterns. Marine Ecol. Prog. Series. 8:37-52.
23. FLETCHER.J. D. L. A. SHIPLEY, W.J. MCSHEA AND D. L. SHUMWAY. 2001. Wildlife herbivory and rare plants: the effects of white-tailed deer. rodents. and insects on growth and survival of Turk's cap lily. Biol. Conserv. 101:229-238.
24. GORDON, D. R. 1998. Effects of invasive. non-indigenous plant species on ecosystem processes: lessons from Florida. Ecol. Applic. 8:975-989.
25. GRIGGS, J. A. J. H. ROCK, C. R. WEBSTER AND M. A. JENKINS. 2006. Vegetative legacy of a protected deer herd in Cades Cove. Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Nat. Areas Joum. 26:126-136.
26. GUTHERY, F. S. 1997. A philosophy of habitat management for northern bobwhites. J. Wildl. Manag. 61:291-301.
27. HESKE, E. J. S. R. ROBINSON AND J. D. BRAWN. 1999. Predator activity and predation on songbird nests on forest-field edges in east-central Illinois. Landscape Ecol. 14:345-354.
28. HORSLEY, S. B. S. L. STOUT AND D. S. D ECALESTA. 2003. White-tailed deer impact on the vegetation dynamics of a northern hardwood forest. Ecol. Applic. 13:98-118.
29. JENKINS, M. A. C. R. WEBSTER AND J. H. ROCK. 2007. Effects of chronic herbivory and historic land use on population structure of a forest perennial. Trillium catesbaei. Appl. Veg. Sri. 10:441-450.
30. KARTESZ, J. T. 1999. A Synonymized Checklist and Atlas with Biological Attributes for the Vascular Flora of the United States. Canada. and Greenland. first ed. J. T. Kartesz and C. A. Meacham (eds.). Synthesis of the North American Flora. Version 1.0. North Carolina Botanical Garden. Chapel Hill. North Carolina.
31. KININCHAM, M.J. 1980. Density and Distribution of White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Cades Cove. Great Smoky Mountains National Park. M.S. thesis. The University of Knoxville. Knoxville. Tennessee.
32. KNOX, W. M. 1997. Historical changes in the abundance and distribution of deer in Virginia. p. 27-36. In: W.J. McShea. H. B. Underwood and J. H. Rappole (eds.). The science of overabundance: deer ecology and population management. Smithsonian Institute Press. Washington. DC.
33. KOURTEV, P. STIF J. G. EHRENFELD AND M. HADDBLOM. 2002. Exotic plant species alter the microbial community structure and function in the soil. Ecology.83:3152-3166.
34. KRUSKAL, J. B. 1964. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling: a numerical method. Psychomelrika. 29:115-129.
35. LEOPOLD, A. 1933. Game management. Charles Scribner's Sons. New York. 520 p.
36. LEVINE, J. M. M. VILA, C. M. D'ANTONIO, J. S. DUKES, K. GRIGUUS AND S. LAVOREL. 2003. Mechanisms underlying the impacts of exotic plant invasions. Proc. Royal Soc. London B. 270:775-781.
37. LIDICKER, W. Z. JR. 1999. Responses of mammals to habitat edges: an overview. Landscape Ecol. 14:333-343. MARTIN. J. L. AND C. BALTZINGER. 2002. Interaction among deer browsing. hunting. and tree regeneration. Canad. J. For. Resear. 32:1254-1264.
38. MATHER, P. M. 1976. Computational methods of multivariate analysis in physical geography. John Wiley and Sons. London. 532p.
39. MCCUNE, B. AND J. B. GRACE. 2002. Analysis of ecological communities. MjM Software Design. Gleneden Beach. Oregon. 300 p.
40. -AND M. J. MEFFORD. 1999. PG-ORD. Multivariate analysis of ecological data. Version 4.0. MjM Software Design. Gleneden Beach. Oregon. 237 p.
41. MCSHEA, W.J. AND G. SCHWEDE. 1993. Variable acorn crops: response of white-tailed deer and other mast consumers. J. Mammal. 74:999-1006.
42. MILNE, B. T. K. M.JOHNSTON AND R. T. T. FORMAN. 1989. Scale-dependent proximity of wildlife habitat in a spatially-neutral Bayesian model. Landscape Ecol. 2:101-110.
43. MONTGOMERY, G. G. 1963. Nocturnal movements and activity rhythms of white-tailed deer. J. Wildl Manag. 27:422-427.
44. MORELLET, N. J.-M. GAILLARD, A. J. M. HEWISON, P. BALLON, Y. BOSCARDIN, P. DUNCAN, F. KLEIN AND D. MAILLARD. 2007. Indicators of ecological change: new tools for managing populations of large herbivores. J. Appl. Ecol. 44:634-643.
45. MURPHY, R. K. N. F. PAYNE AND R. K. ANDERSON. 1985. White-tailed deer use of an irrigated agricultural- grassland complex in central Wisconsin. J. Wildl. Manag. 49:125-128.
46. NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE. 2007. United States Department of Agriculture. Official Soil Series Descriptions [Online WWW]. Available URL: http://soils.usda.gov/ technical/classification/osd/index.html [Accessed 13 Apr. 2007].
47. NIXON, C. M. M. W. MCCLAIN AND K. R. RUSSELL. 1970. Deer food habits and range characteristics in Ohio. J. Wildl. Manag. 34:870-886.
48. -. L. P. HANSEN, P. A. BREWER AND J. E. CHELSVIG. 1991. Ecology of white-tailed deer in an intensively farmed region of Illinois. Wildl. Monog. 118:1-77.
49. OLIVER, C. D. AND B. C. LARSON. 1996. Forest stand dynamics. update edition. John Wiley and Sons. New York. 520 p.
50. PEET, R. K. AND N. L. CHRISTENSEN. 1988. Changes in species diversity during secondary forest succession on the North Carolina Piedmont. P. 233-245. In: H. J. During. M. J. A. Werner and J. H. Williams (eds.). Diversity and Pattern in Plant Communities. SPB Academic Publishing. Hague.
51. -. T. R. WENTWORTH AND P. S. WHITE. 1998. A flexible multipurpose method for recording vegetation composition and structure. Castanea. 63:262-274.
52. PORTER, W. F. AND B. UNDERWOOD. 1999. Of elephants and blind men: deer management in the U.S. National Parks. Ecol. Appl. 9:3-9.
53. PYLE, C. 1988. The type and extent of anthropogenic vegetation disturbance in the Great Smoky Mountains before National Park Service acquisition. Castanea. 53:225-235.
54. QIAN, H. AND R. E. RICKLEFS. 2006. The role of exotic species in homogenizing the North American flora. Ecol. Lett. 9:1293-1298.
55. ROONEY, T. P. AND W. J. DRESS. 1997. Species loss over sixty-six years in the ground-layer vegetation of Heart's Content. an old-growth forest in Pennsylvania. USA. Nat. Areas Journ. 17: 297-305.
56. -. S. M. WEIGMANN, D. A. ROGERS AND D. M. WALLER. 2004. Biotic impoverishment and homogenization in unfragmented forest understory communities. Conserv. Biol. 18:787-798.
57. ROSSELL, C. R. B. GORSIRA AND S. PATCH. 2005. Effects of white-tailed deer on vegetation structure and woody seedling composition in three forest types on the Piedmont Plateau. For. Ecol. Manag. 210:415-424.
58. SAUNDERS, D. A. R. J. HOBBS AND C. R. MARGULES. 1991. Biological consequences of ecosystem fragmentation: a review. Conserv. Biol. 5:18-32.
59. SOUKUP, M. M. K. FOLEY, R. HEIBERT AND D. E. HUFF. 1999. Wildlife management in US national parks: natural regulation revisited. Ecol. Applic. 9:1-36.
60. SOUTHWORTH, S. A. SCHULTZ AND D. DENENNY. 2005. Geologic Map of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park Region. Tennessee and North Carolina. U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 2005-1225. scale 1:100.000.
61. -.-.-AND J. TRIPLETT. 2003. Surficial Geologic Map of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park Region. Tennessee and North Carolina. U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 03-381. scale 1:100.000.
62. TREMBLAY, J.-P. J. HUOT AND F. POTVIN. 2007. Density-related effects of deer browsing on the regeneration dynamics of boreal forests. J. Appl. Ecol. 44:552-562.
63. TURNER, K. AND K. BEAZLEY. 2004. An exploration of issues and values inherent in the concept of ecological integrity. Environments. 32:43-64.
64. USDA. NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database. Version 3.5. National Plant Data Center. Baton Rouge(http://plan ts.usda.gov)
65. VERCAUTEREN, K. C. AND S. E. HYGNSTROM. 1998. Effects of agricultural activities and hunting on home ranges of female white-tailed deer. J. Wildl. Manag. 62:280-285.
66. WATHEN, W. G. AND J. C. NEW. 1989. The white-tailed deer of Cades Cove: population status. movements. and survey of infectious disease. U.S. Department of the Interior. National Park Service. Research/Resources Management Report SER-89/01. Southeast Regional Office. Atianta. Georgia.
67. WEBSTER, C. R. M. A. JENKINS AND J. H. ROCK. 2005a. Long-term response of spring flora to chronic herbivory and deer exclusion in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. USA. Biol. Conserv. 125:297-307.
68. -.-AND-. 2005b. Twenty years of forest change in the woodlots of Cades Cove. Great Smoky Mountains National Park. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 132:280-292.
69. -. J. H. ROCK, R. E. FROESE AND M. A. JENKINS. 2008. Drought-herbivory interaction disrupts competitive displacement of native plants by Microstegium vimineum. 10-year results. Oecologia. 157:497-508.
70. WEISBERG, P.J. AND M. B. COUGHENOUR. 2003. Model-based assessment of aspen responses to elk herbivory in Rocky Mountain National Park. USA. Environ. Manag. 32:152-169.
71. WHITE, P. S. AND R T. BUSING. 1993. LTERM: Long-term monitoring and research in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. vegetation monitoring and an assessment of past studies. Technical Report NPS/sergrsm/nrtr-93/10.
72. WHITE, R. D. K. D. PATTERSON, A. WEAKLEY, C. J. ULREY AND J. DRAKE. 2003. Vegetation classification of Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Reports submitted to BRD-NPS Vegetation Mapping Program. NatureServe. Durham. North Carolina.
73. WIEGMANN, S. M. AND D. M. WALLER. 2006. Fifty years of change in northern upland forest understories: identity and traits of "winner" and loser" plant species. Biol. Conserv. 129:109-123.
74. ZAR, J. H. 1999. Biostatistical analysis. fourth ed. Prentice Hall. Inc. Upper Saddle River. New Jersey. 929 p.