Bystanders' reactions to witnessing repetitive abuse experiences

Journal of Counseling and Development

Volumn 87, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 319-326

  Janson, Gregory R ^a   Carney, Jolynn V ^b   Hazier, Richard J ^b   Oh, Insoo ^b,c  

^a OHIO UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c Ewha Womans University   (South Korea)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 67650790316     PISSN: 07489633     EISSN: 15566676     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/j.1556-6678.2009.tb00113.x     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. Allen, R. H., McBee, G., & Justice, B. (1981). Influence of life events on psychosocial functioning. Journal of Social Psychology, 113, 95-100.
2. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: Author.
3. Bernstein, E. M., & Putnam, F. W. (1986). Development, reliability, and validity of a dissociation scale. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 174, 727-735.
4. Boney-McCoy, S., & Finkelhor, D. (1995). Psychosocial sequelae of violent victimization in a national youth sample. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 726-736.
5. Carney, J. V. (2000). Bullied to death: Perceptions of peer abuse and suicidal behavior during adolescence. School Psychology International, 21, 44-54.
6. Carney, J. V, & Hazler, R. J. (2001). How do you know if it's bullying? Common mistakes and their consequences. Topic-Educational Research, 26, 1-4.
7. Carney, J. V., Hazler, R. J., & Higgins, J. (2002). Characteristics of school bullies and victims as perceived by public school professionals. Journal of School Violence, 3, 91-106.
8. Cole, J. C. M., Cornell, D. G., & Sheras, P. (2006). Identification of school bullies by survey methods. Professional School Counseling, 9, 305-313.
9. Craig, W. M., Henderson, K., & Murphy, J. G. (2000). Prospective teachers' attitudes toward bullying and victimization. School Psychology International, 21, 5-21.
10. Crick, N. R., & Grotpeter, J. K. (1995). Relational aggression, gender, and social-psychological adjustment. Child Development, 66, 710-722.
11. Derogatis, L. R. (1992). SCL-90 administration, scoring & procedures manual-II. Townson, MD: Clinical Psychometric Research.
12. Dripchak, V. L. (2007). Posttraumatic play: Towards acceptance and resolution. Clinical Social Work, 35, 125-134. Espelage, D. L., & Swearer, S. M. (2003). Research on school bullying and victimization: What have we learned and where do we go from here? School Psychology Review, 32, 365-383.
13. Fitzpatrick, K. M., Dulin, A. J., & Piko, B. F. (2007). Not just pushing and shoving: School bullying among African-American adolescents. Journal of School Health, 77, 16-22.
14. Fox, S., & Stallworth, L. E. (2005). Racial/ethnic bullying: Exploring links between bullying and racism in the US workplace. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 66, 438-456.
15. Garbarino, J. (2001). An ecological perspective on the effects of violence on children. Journal of Community Psychology, 29, 361-378.
16. Gilligan, J. (1991, May). Shame and humiliation: The emotions of individual and collective violence. Paper presented at the Erickson Lectures, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.
17. Graham, S., & Juvonen, J. (2002). Ethnicity, peer harassment, and adjustment in middle school: An exploratory study. Journal of Early Adolescence, 22, 173-199.
18. Hanish, L. D., & Guerra, N. G. (2000). The roles of ethnicity and school context in predicting children's victimization by peers. American Journal of Community Psychology, 28, 201-223.
19. Hazler, R. J. (1996). Breaking the cycle ofviolence: Interventions for bullying and victimization. New York: Taylor & Francis.
20. Hazler, R. J., & Carney, J. V. (2000). When victims turn aggressors: Factors in the development of deadly school violence. Professional School Counseling, 4, 105-112.
21. Hazler, R. J., & Carney, J. V (2006). Critical characteristics of effective bullying prevention programs. In S. R. Jimerson & M. J. Furlong (Eds.), Handbook of school violence and school safety: From research to practice (pp. 273-292).
22. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. Hazler, R. J., Carney, J. V., Green, S., Powell, R., & Jolly, L. S. (1997). Areas of expert agreement on identification of school bullies and victims. School Psychology International, 18, 5-14.
23. Hazler, R. J., Miller, D., Carney, J. V, & Green, S. (2001). Adult recognition of school bullying situations. Educational Research, 43, 133-146.
24. Horowitz, M. J., Wilner, N., & Alvarez, W. (1979). Impact of Event Scale: A measure of subjective stress. Psychosomatic Medicine,41, 209-218.
25. Hosch, H. M., & Bothwell, R. K. (1990). Arousal, description and identification accuracy of victims and bystanders. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 5, 481-488.
26. Janson, G. R., & Hazler, R. J. (2004). Trauma reactions of bystanders and victims to repetitive abuse experiences. Violence and Victims, 19, 239-255.
27. Keane, T. M., Caddell, J. M., & Taylor, K. L. (1988). Mississippi Scale for Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 35-90.
28. Kot, S., & Tyndall-Lind, A. (2005). Intensive play therapy with child witnesses of domestic violence. In L. A. Reddy, T. Files-Hall, & C. Schaefer (Eds.), Empirically based play interventions for children (pp. 31-49). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
29. Landreth, G. L. (2002). Play therapy: The art of the relationship (2nd ed.). New York: Brunner-Routledge.
30. Marmar, C. R., Weiss, D. S., Metzler, T., Ronfeldt, H., & Foreman, C. (1996). Stress responses of emergency services personnel to the Loma Prieta Earthquake Interstate 880 freeway collapse and control traumatic incidents. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9, 63-85.
31. Monks, C. P., & Smith, P. K. (2006). Definitions of bullying: Age differences in understanding of the term, and the role of experience. Journal of Developmental Psychology, 24, 801-821.
32. Morgan, J., & Zedner, L. (1993). Researching child victims: Some methodological difficulties. International Review of Victimology, 2, 295-308.
33. Nansel, T. R., Overpeck, M., Pilla, R. S., Ruan, W. J., Simons-Morton, B., & Scheidt, P. (2001). Bullying behaviors among US youth: Prevalence and association with psychosocial adjustment. Journal of the American Medical Association, 285, 2094-2100.
34. Nishina, A., Juvonen, J., & Witkow, M. R. (2005). Sticks and stones may break my bones, but names will make me feel sick: The psychosocial, somatic, and scholastic consequences of peer harassment. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 34, 37-48.
35. O'Brien, L. S. (1998). Traumatic events and mental health. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
36. Olweus, D. (1996). Bully/victim problems at school: Fact and effective intervention. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Problems, 5, 15-22.
37. Payne, M. (2006). Narrative therapy: An introduction for counselors (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
38. Richters, J. E., & Martinez, P. (1993). The NIMH Community Violence Project: I. Children as victims of and witnesses to violence. Psychiatry, 56, 7-21.
39. Rigby, K. (2002). New perspectives on bullying. Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
40. Rigby, K., & Slee, P. (1999). Suicidal ideation among adolescent school children, involvement in bully-victim problems and perceived social support. Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior, 29, 119-130.
41. Rosenbloom, R. R., & Way, N. (2004). Experiences of discrimination among African American, Asian American, and Latino adolescents in an urban high school. Youth & Society, 35, 420-451.
42. Royse, D., Rompf, E. L., & Dhooper, S. S. (1991). Childhood trauma and adult life satisfaction in a random adult sample. Psychological Reports, 69, 1227-1231.
43. Safran, S. P., & Safran, J. S. (1985). A developmental view of children's behavioral tolerance. Behavioral Disorders, 10, 87-94.
44. Sanders Thompson, V. (1996). Perceived experiences of racism as stressful life events. Community Mental Health Journal, 32, 223-233.
45. Selye, H. (1976). The stress of life. New York: MacMillan.
46. Shakoor, B., & Chalmers, D. (1991). Co-victimization of African- American children who witness violence: Effects on cognitive, emotional, and behavioral development. Journal of the National Medical Association, 83, 233-238.
47. Shapiro, J. P., Friedberg, R. D., & Bardenstein, K. K. (2006). Child and adolescent therapy: Science and art. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
48. Shopper, M. (1995). Medical procedures as a source of trauma. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 59, 191-204.
49. Smith, P. K., Nika, V., & Papasideri, M. (2004). Bullying and violence in schools: An international perspective and findings in Greece. Psychology: The Journal of the Hellenic Psychological Society, 11, 184-203.
50. Sundin, E. C., & Horowitz, M. J. (2003). Horowitz's Impact of Event Scale evaluation of 20 years of use. Psychosomatic Medicine, 65, 870-876.
51. Weiss, D. S. (2004). The Impact of Event Scale-Revised. In J. P. Wilson & T. M. Keane, Assessing psychological trauma andPTSD (2nd ed., pp. 168-189). New York: Guilford Press.
52. Weiss, D. S., & Marmar, C. R. (1997). The Impact of Event Scale- Revised. In J. P. Wilson & T. M. Keane, Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD (pp. 399-411). New York: Guilford Press.
53. Weiss, D. S., Marmar, C. R., Metzler, T. J., & Ronfeldt, H. M. (1995). Predicting symptomatic distress in emergency services personnel. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 361-368.
54. Wolke, D., Woods, S., Bloomfield, L., & Karstadt, L. (2001). Bullying involvement in primary school and common health problems. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 85, 197-201.
55. Zilberg, N. J., Weiss, D. S., & Horowitz, M. J. (1982). Impact of Event Scale: A cross-validation study and some empirical evidence supporting a conceptual model of stress response syndromes. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 50, 407-414.